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understanding the cultural significance behind words and expressions, learners are better equipped to navigate both language and culture, enhancing their overall communicative competence.
Innovative approaches to teaching Japanese also involve personalized learning, where educators use digital tools to track students' progress and provide tailored feedback. Adaptive learning systems, which adjust the difficulty of tasks based on a learner's performance, allow for a more customized learning experience. This not only helps students stay engaged but also addresses individual learning needs, allowing them to progress at their own pace. Additionally, online communities and forums enable learners to share their experiences, exchange tips, and receive peer feedback, further fostering a sense of belonging and motivation.
The combination of technology and intercultural communication also supports the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. By using online platforms and interactive activities, students are encouraged to think critically about the language they are learning and how it relates to broader cultural contexts. For instance, when discussing Japanese media, students might analyze how language reflects societal values, gender roles, or political issues. This kind of analytical approach promotes a deeper understanding of both the language and the culture.
In conclusion, the integration of modern technologies and intercultural communication in the teaching of Japanese has revolutionized the language learning process. These innovative approaches enhance learner engagement, provide immersive experiences, and ensure that students develop not only linguistic proficiency but also cultural awareness. As the field of language education continues to evolve, the use of technology and the emphasis on intercultural communication will remain crucial in helping students become competent and confident speakers of Japanese, capable of navigating the complexities of both the language and the culture.
Список использованной литературы:
1. Cook, V. (2016). Second language learning and language teaching (5th ed.). Routledge.
2. Dornyei, Z. (2009). The psychology of second language acquisition. Oxford University Press.
3. Hall, S. (2013). Cultural studies: Theory and practice (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
4. Hinkel, E. (2011). Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (Vol. 2). Routledge.
© Atayeva L., 2024
УДК 37
Shagulyyeva J.,
instructor. Atayev Sh.,
student.
Magtymguly Turkmen State University.
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
HISTORICAL FIGURES IN THE WORKS OF MAGTYMGULY PYRAGY
Annotation
Magtymguly Pyragy stands as one of the most significant figures in Turkmen literature, regarded for his poetic contributions to the culture, philosophy, and social thought of his time. His works reflect not only a deep
engagement with the socio-political climate of XVIII century Central Asia but also a sophisticated literary incorporation of historical figures. This article explores the presence and representation of historical figures in Magtymguly's poetry, examining how these figures were used to articulate national identity, cultural continuity, and philosophical reflection. By analyzing Pyragy's use of historical personas, the paper aims to illustrate how these figures served both as literary devices and as means of commenting on the social and political issues of his era.
Keywords:
Magtymguly Pyragy, historical figures, Turkmen literature, poetic devices, national identity, Sufi mysticism, cultural continuity.
Magtymguly Pyragy, often considered the national poet of Turkmenistan, is celebrated for his profound impact on Turkmen literary tradition and his engagement with themes of moral wisdom, spirituality, and social justice. His poetry combines Sufi mysticism with a strong commitment to the cultural and social realities of his time. Pyragy's works were written during a period of significant change in Central Asia, where various empires and khanates, including the Persian Empire and the Khanate of Khiva, influenced the region politically and culturally.
A distinctive feature of Pyragy's poetry is his strategic use of historical figures, who often serve as symbols of political authority, moral exemplars, or cautionary tales. These historical personas are not mere references to the past but are reimagined through Pyragy's poetic lens to convey broader philosophical and socio-political commentary. This paper examines the representation of such historical figures in Pyragy's work, focusing on the cultural and ideological roles they play within his poetry.
Historical Context and Literary Significance
Magtymguly Pyragy lived during a period marked by both external and internal turbulence. Central Asia was under the influence of various empires, and the Turkmen people were navigating shifting political allegiances, territorial struggles, and cultural transformations. The works of Pyragy reflect both the continuity of Turkmen traditions and a response to these external forces. At the same time, his writings convey a deep sense of Turkmen national identity, with Pyragy positioning himself as a poet who not only preserved Turkmen heritage but also challenged prevailing political and social norms.
Pyragy's poetry often speaks to themes of wisdom, justice, and the pursuit of truth, with frequent references to historical figures from Islamic and regional history. These figures were not only revered by Pyragy but also functioned as vehicles for his social and political critique. In Pyragy's world, historical figures represent the spectrum of human experience, from kings and rulers to scholars and saints, each contributing to the collective narrative of the Turkmen people.
Historical Figures in Pyragy's Works
The Prophet Muhammad
As a Sufi poet, Pyragy's works are heavily influenced by Islamic mysticism, and the Prophet Muhammad is one of the central figures in his poetry. Muhammad, the epitome of moral and spiritual leadership, is portrayed not only as a religious guide but also as an ideal leader whose attributes — justice, wisdom, and humility — are revered and emulated. In his poetry, Pyragy often invokes Muhammad's example to emphasize the qualities of good governance, piety, and personal integrity.
The Timurid Dynasty (Timur and his descendants)
Pyragy also draws on historical figures from the Timurid Empire, most notably Timur (Tamerlane), the 14th-century conqueror and founder of the Timurid dynasty. While Timur was known for his military conquests, Pyragy's representation of him is more complex. Pyragy portrays Timur as a figure of great power and ambition
but also as one whose actions led to destruction and suffering. This duality reflects Pyragy's philosophical meditation on the nature of power and its consequences.
In some of his poems, Pyragy contrasts the rise and fall of such figures with the transient nature of worldly authority, highlighting the futility of military conquest without moral and spiritual foundation.
The Caliphs and Islamic Rulers
Throughout his poetry, Pyragy references various caliphs and Islamic rulers, such as the Rashidun Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali), who are seen as paragons of justice and governance. Pyragy uses their lives as exemplars of ideal leadership, contrasting their moral integrity with the corrupt rulers of his own time. By invoking the names of these historical figures, Pyragy calls for a return to Islamic values and the principles of justice that these early leaders represented.
In particular, the figure of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth caliph, holds special significance for Pyragy, who views him as a symbol of wisdom, courage, and spiritual depth. Ali's role as a just ruler and a defender of the truth resonates deeply with Pyragy's own philosophical and political ideals.
Local Historical Figures
Pyragy also incorporates references to historical figures from the region, including various khans and military leaders of the Central Asian khanates. While many of these figures were contemporaries of Pyragy, he often reinterprets their roles within a larger moral and philosophical framework. For example, in his depiction of local khans, Pyragy frequently critiques their inability to maintain justice and their tendency toward tyranny. These historical figures become symbols of the moral decay and political instability that Pyragy seeks to expose and critique.
The Function of Historical Figures in Pyragy's Poetry
The historical figures in Pyragy's poetry serve multiple purposes. First, they provide a rich tapestry of cultural and historical references that reinforce Pyragy's vision of Turkmen identity and national history. These figures are often idealized or critiqued based on their alignment with the values Pyragy cherished — justice, wisdom, and moral integrity.
Second, these figures act as a medium through which Pyragy communicates his philosophical reflections on power, leadership, and morality. By invoking the figures of Muhammad, the caliphs, and various regional rulers, Pyragy connects his poetic message to a broader historical and religious tradition, grounding his work in a deep sense of spiritual and cultural continuity.
Finally, the use of historical figures allows Pyragy to offer a critique of his contemporary political environment. Whether presenting rulers as virtuous paragons or as corrupt tyrants, Pyragy's representations of historical figures underscore his belief that true leadership comes not from military conquest or political manipulation, but from spiritual wisdom and moral integrity.
Magtymguly Pyragy's works are deeply embedded in the historical and cultural context of XVIII century Central Asia, and the historical figures he references serve as powerful literary devices to explore complex themes of power, morality, and national identity. Through the careful portrayal of figures such as the Prophet Muhammad, the caliphs, and local rulers, Pyragy constructs a vision of leadership that transcends temporal power and emphasizes the eternal values of justice, wisdom, and spiritual integrity. These historical references not only enrich his poetry but also serve as a critique of the political realities of his time, reinforcing Pyragy's role as a poet-philosopher committed to guiding his people through both moral and political challenges. References:
1. Garryyev B. Magtymguly. Ashgabat, 1959.
2. Juvayni, A. (2002). The History of the World-Conqueror Timur. Cambridge University Press.
© Shagulyyeva J., Atayev Sh., 2024
