CC BY
0
of Cyrene (276 BC - 195/194 BC) is believed to have first used the word, combining the Greek words «geo» (earth) and «graphein» (to write or describe). This term aptly captured the essence of the burgeoning field - the study and description of the Earth.
Geographical terms often reflect the languages of the people who first encountered or inhabited a particular location. For instance, the word «continent» comes from the Latin word «continere,» meaning «to hold together,» signifying the vast landmasses that seem to hold continents together. Similarly, «archipelago» originates from the Greek words «arkhion» (chief) and «pelagos» (sea), vividly portraying a cluster of islands reigning supreme over the surrounding sea.
The natural world itself plays a significant role in shaping geographical terminology. Mountains, for instance, derive their name from the Latin word «mons,» while rivers often echo the Latin «rivus» (stream). Even seemingly simple terms like «island» and «peninsula» are rooted in Latin, with «insula» meaning «island» and «paene» and «insula» combining to form «peninsula,» signifying «almost an island.»
Beyond the influence of nature, human cultures and activities have also left their mark on geographical terms. «City,» for example, stems from the Latin «civitas,» referring to a community of citizens. Similarly, «village» finds its roots in the Latin «villa,» signifying a rural estate or settlement. These terms reflect the way humans have organized themselves throughout history and continue to shape the landscape with their settlements.
As exploration and discovery unfolded, new geographical terms emerged, often reflecting the explorers' own languages and experiences. For instance, the term «fjord,» referring to a long, narrow inlet with steep sides, originates from the Old Norse word «fjórár.» Similarly, «canyon,» signifying a deep valley with steep sides, finds its roots in the Spanish word «cañón,» meaning «tube» or «pipe.» These terms showcase the influence of exploration and cultural exchange in shaping our understanding of the planet.
The origin of geographical terms takes us on a fascinating journey through time, revealing the evolution of human knowledge, culture, and interaction with the environment. Each term, like a piece in a grand puzzle, contributes to the rich tapestry of our planet's story. By understanding their origins, we gain a deeper appreciation for the world around us and the diverse perspectives that have shaped our understanding of it. References:
1. Thompson, Morris M. (1988). Maps for America: Cartographic products of the U.S. Geological Survey and others (PDF) (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
2. Mayhew, Susan (1997). A Dictionary of Geography (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. Clarke, Keith C. (1999). Getting started with geographic information systems. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
© Atayeva M., 2024
УДК 37
Aydogdyyeva B.R.,
Student of Magtymguly Turkmen State University,
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
HOW TO TELL THE NOVELS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES Annotation
Literature provides opportunities for foreign language classes and can appeal to the students with various
learning styles. Literary texts are reliable sources of linguistic inputs and can help the students practice the four skills-speaking, listening, reading and writing.
Keywords:
foreign languages, foreign literature, teaching literature, famous novels.
Айдогдыева Б. Р., студентка Туркменского государственного университета имени Махтумкули,
Ашхабад, Туркменистан
КАК РАССКАЗЫВАТЬ РОМАНЫ НА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКАХ
Аннотация
Литература предоставляет возможности для занятий иностранным языком и может понравиться учащимся с разными стилями обучения. Литературные тексты являются надежным источником лингвистической информации и могут помочь учащимся практиковать четыре навыка: говорение, аудирование, чтение и письмо.
Ключевые слова:
иностранные языки, зарубежная литература, учебная литература, известные романы.
Language helps us express our feelings and thoughts — this is unique to our species because it is a way to express unique ideas and customs within different cultures and societies. By learning a foreign language, you can understand ideas and thoughts that may be different from your own culture. Here are several ways to tell if a novel is written in a foreign language:
Language on the cover and spine: Look for the language explicitly mentioned on the cover or spine, usually below the title or author's name. This is the most straightforward indicator.
Publishing information: Check the publisher and publication date. Publishers specializing in specific languages or countries may be a good sign.
Script: If the writing system appears unfamiliar, it's likely not in English. Be aware that some languages use modified versions of the Latin alphabet, like French with accents or Spanish with upside-down exclamation marks.
Names: Characters typically have names associated with the language the novel is written in. For example, a novel with mostly French names is likely written in French.
Setting: If the setting is specific to a particular country or region, it may be written in the language spoken
there.
Cultural references: The presence of cultural references specific to a particular nationality or region can be a clue.
For the avid reader venturing beyond the confines of their native tongue, exploring foreign literature can be an enriching journey. But navigating a bookshelf filled with unknown languages can be daunting. Fear not, curious explorer! Here's a guide to identifying novels written in foreign languages:
Language Identification: The most straightforward clue is often right on the cover. Look for the language explicitly mentioned below the title or author's name.
Publisher's Tale: Publishing houses often specialize in specific languages or regions. Researching the publisher can provide valuable insight.
Character Clues: the names of characters can be a telltale sign. A novel with predominantly French names suggests a French origin.
Setting the Scene: Does the story unfold in a specific country? The language spoken in that location might be a strong indicator.
Cultural Compass: Pay attention to cultural references specific to a particular region. These can be subtle hints towards the language of origin. Unveiling Worlds: The Role of Learning Novels in Foreign Languages. Delving into novels written in a foreign language offers a unique and powerful approach to language learning. Here's how: Enhanced Vocabulary and Fluency:
Exposure to Rich Language: Novels immerse you in authentic language used in everyday contexts, expanding your vocabulary and exposing you to diverse sentence structures and writing styles.
Contextual Learning: Words and grammar come alive within a compelling narrative, aiding comprehension and retention.
Natural Repetition: Reading encounters the same vocabulary and grammar repeatedly, solidifying understanding through subconscious absorption.
Window to a New World: Novels offer a glimpse into the culture, traditions, and perspectives of the language's origin, fostering intercultural understanding and appreciation.
Authentic Expressions: Characters' dialogue and descriptions showcase how the language is used in reallife situations, enriching your communication skills.
Understanding Beyond Words: Novels evoke emotions and connect you with the cultural nuances woven within the narrative.
Improved Critical Thinking: Analyzing characters, plotlines, and themes encourages critical thinking skills and fosters deeper engagement with the language.
Memory Enhancement: Recalling details and following storylines strengthens memory and cognitive function. Motivation and Engagement: The captivating nature of novels can make learning more enjoyable and sustainable, leading to increased motivation and engagement. However, it's important to consider your language proficiency: Start with simpler novels: Choose books translated from your native language or written for beginners in the target language. Use dictionaries and online resources: Don't be afraid to look up unfamiliar words and delve deeper into cultural references. Join book clubs or online communities: Discussing the book with others in the target language can enhance comprehension and provide valuable learning opportunities. So, open a foreign language novel and embark on a journey of linguistic and cultural discovery! References:
1. Polanski, Kazimierz, ed. (1999). Encyklopedia j^zykoznawstwa ogólnego (in Polish). Wroctaw: Ossolineum.
2. Matti Rissanen, History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 1992.
3. Elaine M. Treharne, Old and Middle English C.890-c.1400: An Anthology, Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
4. Pat Rogers, The Oxford Illustrated History of English Literature, Oxford University Press, 2001.
© Aydogdyyeva B.R., 2024
УДК 37
Aydogdyyeva B.R.,
Student of Magtymguly Turkmen State University,
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
ROLE OF POEMS OF MAGTYMGULY PYRAGY IN LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Annotation
Beyond language learning, Magtymguly's poems serve as a gateway to Turkmen culture and history.
