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correlate a more popular language to the local language. In essence, when comparing one local language to another - usually a more popular one, the comparison is done with a preconceived notion of the sound, and the process unconscionably lead to emendation of words and sounds of words in one original language in terms of another. Such shift or "Sound camouflage" is PSM; Phono Semantic Matching, it is a special case in terms of very observable connection between languages. Although the comparative "camouflage" of sounds of words is not always the case in linguistic comparison, PSM easily appear at very defining moments of language comparison of the world. There are serious cases of what is especially right when we proceed through unknown territories of the languages and from there, we have a kind of subjective view of the whole, where the contractors of the idea and the detractors to the idea quarrel over what is right and wrong about specific carriers of sound.
Linguistics all over the world have always made it clear that comparing one language to another involves several degree of error, some of which are expected to result from the attempt to fit words into a particular context and so on. For instance, we can say about old Icelandic Saga, that we have the word, Rouda, which is taking today as red. It is now nearly impossible to see that the title Erik the Rouda may not exactly be Erik the Red, but may mean something else entirely. Since these words sound alike, the comparative linguistic may presume they are such and such connection at the absence of the given data. In the sense that loan words may actually be taken at a very critical level to be part of the more a secondary language, we are concerned that words that make a lot of difference in a more secondary languages may in the course of time, may influence the said language in such as we now assume the languages to be original to the primary language. In domestic Igbo for instance we have the word blu, which was clearly borrowed from English word, blue. This example is a typical PSM, largely on the account of what is misleading about the Igbo 'blu' and the English 'blue'. Blue color in Igbo is actually iggui /igguli/igwwuli from a fruit which is used in dyeing and one of the colors in Igbo for dye. Perhaps you think of iodine. The well known other is ure which is reddish in color, which can be used to paint the body. But blu is definitely not Igbo language. Used Literature:
1. Liberman A.. An analytic dictionary of English etymology. An introduction. Minneapolis,-MN: University of MinnesotaPress,2008.-P.45-46.
2. Liberman A.. Word origins and how we know them.-Oxford: Oxford University Press,2005.-P.79.
© XaMMflOBa X.A., 2024
УДК: 80. 801. 3310
Xolikova Sh.A.
4 th-year student of University of Economics and Pedagogy, Karshi city, Republic of Uzbekistan Scientific supervisor: prof. Daniyeva M. J.,
Doctor of Sciences in Philology, University of Economics and Pedagogy, Karshi city, Republic of Uzbekistan
PROBLEMS OF PRESENT DAY ETYMOLOGY IN ENGLISH
Abstract
The article deals with one of language features, which makes language real and concrete, it is etymology. The topicality of the article lies in opening opportunities learners to comprehend the etymology of the word of the learning language well. Its importance is that, language learners will be able to use and comprehend such
meaning of the word in its place instead of using only old (diachronic approach) and new meaning (synchronic approach) of the word in his speech.
Keywords
еtymology, semantic development, vocabulary, implementation, meaning, criteria, type.
Холикова Ш.А.
студентка 4 курса Университета Экономики и педагогики, г. Карши, Узбекистан Научный руководитель: проф. Даниева М.Дж.,
Доктор филологических наук, Университет Экономики и педагогики, г. Карши, Узбекистан
ПРОБЛЕМЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ЭТИМОЛОГИИ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Аннотация
Статья посвящена одной из особенностей языка, которая делает его реальным и конкретным — этимологии. Актуальность статьи заключается в открытии возможностей для учащихся глубже осмыслить этимологию слова в изучаемом языке. Ее важность заключается в том, что учащиеся смогут использовать и понимать такие значения слова в их контексте, а не ограничиваться только старым (диахроническим подходом) и новым значением (синхроническим подходом) слова в своей речи.
Ключевые слова
этимология, семантическое развитие, лексика, внедрение, значение, критерий, тип.
Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. By an extension, the term "the etymology of a word" means the origin of the particular word. For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during earlier periods of their history and when they entered the languages in question. Etymologists also apply the methods of comparative linguistics to reconstruct information about languages that are too old for any direct information to be available.
By analyzing related languages with a technique known as the comparative method, linguists can make inferences about their shared parent language and its vocabulary. In this way, word roots have been found that can be traced all the way back to the origin of, for instance, the Indo-European language family. Even though etymological research originally grew from the philological tradition, currently much etymological research is done on language families where little or no early documentation is available, such as Uralic and Austronesian.
The word etymology is derived from the Greek word etymologia, itself from etymon, meaning "true sense" and the suffix -logia, denoting "the study of".
Etymon is also used in English to refer to the source word of a given word. For example, Latin candidus, which means "white", is the etymon of English candid.
As a matter of fact, they are — if we regard them in the light of present-day English. If, however, their origins are looked into, the picture may seem somewhat bewildering. A person who does not know English but knows French (Italian, Latin, and Spanish) is certain to recognise a great number of familiar-looking words when skipping through an English book.
Etymologically the vocabulary of the English language is far from being homogeneous. It consists of two layers - the native stock of words and the borrowed stock of words. Numerically the borrowed stock of words is
considerably larger than the native stock of words. In fact native words comprise only 30 % of the total number of words in the English vocabulary but the native words form the bulk of the most frequent words actually used in speech and writing. Besides the native words have a wider range of lexical and grammatical valence, they are highly polysemantic and productive in forming word clusters and set expressions. Used Literature:
1. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. English Lexicology.- Moscow: Moscow Издательский дом "Дрофа",2001-С286.
2. Liberman A.. Word origins and how we know them.-Oxford: Oxford University Press,2005.-P.79.
3. Daniyeva M.Dj. Structural-semantic transferring in the derivation of phrases // Integration of scientific Solutions and methods into Practice. Abstracts of XVI International Scientific and Practical Conference. Paris, France, 2023. -Р. 269-276
© Холикова Ш.А., 2024
УДК 8
Аталыева Я.Ч.,
преподаватель
Туркменский государственный университет имени Махтумкули
Шаммыева О.А., студентка
Туркменский государственный университет имени Махтумкули
Туркменистан, г. Ашхабат
УЛУЧШЕНИЕ НАВЫКОВ ПИСЬМА С ПОМОЩЬЮ ИНВЕРСИИ
Аннотация
Инверсия является мощным стилистическим приемом, способствующим развитию гибкости и выразительности языка. Ее применение в преподавании письма позволяет учащимся лучше усваивать сложные синтаксические конструкции и обогащает их навыки письменной речи. Исследование роли инверсии в улучшении навыков академического и художественного письма.
Ключевые слова: инверсия, навыки письма, стилистика, синтаксис, обучение языку.
Atalyyeva Y.Ch.,
lecturer
Magtymguly Turkmen State University Shammiyeva O.A, student
Magtymguly Turkmen State University Turkmenistan, Ashgabat
IMPROVING WRITING SKILLS WITH INVERSION Abstract
Inversion is a powerful stylistic device that promotes the development of flexibility and expressiveness of
