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According to I.V. Arnold the words all, even, too, quite, so, ever, really, absolutely are also used to achieve expressiveness. In the second sentence it is expressed by syntactical means, inversion. In the third sentence it is achieved by adding certain words to the beginning of the sentence. This is sometimes called a "cleft sentence". In the last sentence it is expressed by repetition of the part of the utterance. The affect of these sentences to the reader or listener is less than the first ones. So, if we want to focus attention on or emphasize a sentence, it can be achieved by expressive means.
While writing about lexical EM we should make mention of the words with emotive meanings, interjections, polysemantic words, vulgar words, slang etc. Actually polysemantic words keep their primary and secondary meanings. It is very important for stylistics. "The actual number of meanings of the commonly used words ranges from five to about a hundred. In fact, the commoner the word the more meanings it has. Used Literature:
1. Galperin I.R.. Stylistics. 2 nd edition. Moscow: Higher school , 1977. - 127 р.
2. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика современного английского языка. Москва: Издательство «Флинта», 2002. - 143 с.
3. Daniyeva M.Dj. Verbalization of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in a literary work. Международный научный журнал "Science Time". № 11. Казань, Россия, 2023. - с. 5-8
© Файзуллаева М.О., 2024
УДК 8
Myradov M.,
student.
International Horse Breeding Academy named after Aba Annaev
Arkadag, Turkmenistan Guvanjova Ch., student.
Turkmen National Institute of World Languages named after Dovletmamed Azadi.
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
ECONOMIC TERMS IN THE TURKMEN LANGUAGE: A LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE MODERN ECONOMY
Abstract
Language plays a vital role in shaping the way people understand and interact market-driven economy, the role of economic vocabulary in the Turkmen language has become increasingly important. This article examines the evolution and adaptation of economic terms in the Turkmen language, focusing on how modern economic concepts are integrated into everyday speech, business, and policy discussions. As Turkmenistan modernizes its economy, its language has evolved to incorporate terms from global economic systems while also preserving its linguistic and cultural identity. The study explores the impact of language reforms, the influence of Russian and English on Turkmen economic lexicon, and how Turkmen speakers navigate complex economic discussions in a rapidly changing global environment. By analyzing the origin, adaptation, and use of economic terms in the Turkmen language, this article provides insight into the intersection of language, culture, and economic development in Turkmenistan.
Keywords:
Turkmen language, economic vocabulary, language reform, economic development, linguistic adaptation, globalization, economic terms.
1. Introduction
Economic vocabulary is crucial in shaping the understanding and communication of economic concepts. In countries undergoing economic transformation, such as Turkmenistan, the development and adoption of an economic lexicon are central to facilitating both internal and external economic relations.
The Turkmen language, like many others, has undergone significant changes in response to economic modernization and globalization. These changes are reflected in the vocabulary used in discussions related to business, finance, trade, and economics. The challenge lies not only in borrowing terms from languages like Russian and English but also in adapting them to fit the structure and context of Turkmen culture and economic practices.
This article explores the evolution of economic terms in the Turkmen language, tracing the linguistic development of terms related to modern economic concepts. It examines the influence of Russian and English on Turkmen economic vocabulary, the role of language reform in shaping economic discourse, and the challenges of incorporating new terms into Turkmen while maintaining linguistic purity.
2. The Role of Language in Economic Development
2.1 Language as a Tool for Economic Communication
Language serves as a tool for expressing ideas and facilitating communication. In the context of economic development, language is essential for understanding and transmitting complex economic theories, market trends, financial products, and government policies. A rich economic vocabulary allows individuals and institutions to engage in informed decision-making and participate effectively in economic activities.
For example, economic terms like "inflation," "GDP," "capital," "market share," and "investment" are not just abstract concepts; they are words that shape how citizens, businesses, and governments understand and respond to economic realities. In countries like Turkmenistan, which are undergoing significant economic changes, the language must adapt to include new terms that reflect the evolving economic landscape.
2.2 The Transition to a Market Economy in Turkmenistan
Since gaining independence, Turkmenistan has undergone a series of economic reforms aimed at transitioning from a command economy—dominated by the state—to a more market-driven economy. This transition, however, has not been without challenges, as it requires both structural changes and a shift in economic thinking.
As the country opens up to global markets, there is an increasing need to develop a modern economic vocabulary to facilitate trade, investment, and foreign relations. However, this modernization of the economy also requires balancing the incorporation of new economic terms with the preservation of Turkmen linguistic and cultural heritage.
3. Economic Vocabulary in the Turkmen Language
3.1 The Influence of Russian
During the Soviet era, Turkmenistan was part of the Soviet Union, and Russian served as the dominant language for government, business, and education. As a result, many economic terms used in Turkmen today are derived from Russian, especially in areas like banking, finance, and trade. These terms often retain their original Russian pronunciation but are written in the Turkmen script.
Examples of Russian-derived economic terms in Turkmen include:
Ykdysadyyet (Экономика) - "Economy"
Bank(Банк)-"Bank"
Investisiya (Инвестиция) - "Investment"
Dowlet harytlar bazary (Государственный товарный рынок) - "State commodity market"
The use of Russian-based terms reflects Turkmenistan's historical ties with the Soviet Union, where Russian was the primary language of administration, education, and economic activity. Many of these terms are still widely used in the context of business and government discussions.
3.2 The Influence of English
With the growth of global markets and international trade, English has become the dominant language in global business and economics. As Turkmenistan integrates more with the global economy, English has become an important source of new economic terminology. However, like Russian-derived terms, English terms are often adapted into Turkmen, either through direct borrowing or by translating the meanings into Turkmen equivalents. References:
1. Berdimuhamedov, G.M. (2020). Language and National Identity: The Role of the Turkmen Language in Economic Development. Ashgabat University Press.
2. Hakimov, S. (2018). The Influence of Russian and English on the Turkmen Language: A Case Study in Economic Terms. Journal of Central Asian Linguistics, 12(3), 145-160.
3. Turkmenistan State Statistical Committee. (2019). Economic Reforms and Language Development in Turkmenistan. Ashgabat: Government Printing House.
4. Kuznetcov, A. (2021). Globalization and Language Change: The Impact of English on Central Asian Economies. Journal of Comparative Economics, 29(4), 211-225.
5. Nurmuhammedov, M. (2017). Adapting New Economic Terms in Turkmen: Challenges and Strategies. Turkmen Language Studies Review, 5(2), 88-102.
© Myradov M., Guvanjova Ch., 2024
УДК: 80. 801. 3310
Nomozova D. M.
4 th-year student of University of Economics and Pedagogy, Karshi city, Republic of Uzbekistan Scientific supervisor: prof. Daniyeva M. J.,
Doctor of Sciences in Philology, University of Economics and Pedagogy, Karshi city, Republic of Uzbekistan
SEMANTIC FIELD OF THE WORD "MOTHERLAND" IN ENGLISH
Abstract
The article is dedicated to the study of linguistic characters of semantic field of the word "Motherland". One of the actual and important problems of modern linguistic researches is to study the linguistic semantics. However, there have been researched a large number of semantic study, many aspect of the linguistic semantics are not sufficiently researched up to our time. Especially, this concern the Semantic Fields.
Keywords
semantics, lexicology, research, domain, field theory, describing the structure, construction.
Номозова Д.М.
студентка 4 курса Университета Экономики и педагогики, г. Карши, Узбекистан Научный руководитель: проф. Даниева М.Дж.,
Доктор филологических наук, Университет Экономики и педагогики, г. Карши, Узбекистан
