CC BY
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ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 5 (52), 2023
УДК 331.56
Батрисиа Бинти Сри Нор Шамсул Ризал, студент международного медицинского института Курского государственного медицинского университета, Курск, Россия
Email: [email protected]
Мухаммад Фазрил Алифф бин Мд Фаизал, студент международного медицинского института Курского государственного медицинского университета, Курск, Россия
Email: [email protected]
Нурэлисса Азфира бинти Разеим Азфар, студент международного медицинского института Курского Государственного Медицинского Университета, Курск, Россия
Email: [email protected]
УРОВЕНЬ БЕЗРАБОТИЦЫ В СТРАНАХ С РЫНОЧНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКОЙ
Аннотация: в статье рассматривается проблема безработицы в условиях нестабильной экономики. Рассматривается как термин "безработица", так и методы расчета численности безработных. Также в статье рассматриваются причины безработицы и ее влияние на население, правительство и экономику стран. В статье приводятся данные об уровне безработицы в развитых странах с 2010 по 2021 год, включая Россию и Малайзию, а также государственные инициативы по решению этой проблемы.
Ключевые слова: уровень безработицы, рыночная экономика
Batrisyia Binti Sri Nor Shamsul Rizal, student of the International Medical Institute, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
Email: [email protected]
Muhammad Fazril Aliff Bin Md Faizal, student of the International Medical
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 5 (52), 2023 Institute, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
Email: [email protected]
Nurelissa Azfira Binti Razeim Azfar, student of the International Medical Institute, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
Email: [email protected]
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN COUNTIES WITH MARKET ECONOMY
Abstract: the issue of unemployment in the shaky economy is taken into consideration in the article. Both the term "unemployment" and the methods of calculating the number of unemployed persons is examined. The article examines the causes of unemployment and its effects on the populace, the government, and the economy. The article provides data on the rate of unemployment in developed nations from 2010 to 2021 including Russia and Malaysia as well as government initiatives to address the issue.
Key words: unemployment rate, market economy
According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), unemployment is defined as individuals over a certain age, typically 16, who are not currently engaged in paid employment or self-employment but are nonetheless currently available for employment during the reference period [3]. Unemployment is one of the measures of a nation's economic status and is calculated as the employment rate, which is the product of the number of jobless persons and the total number of people in the labor force. The unemployment rate is a lagging indicator, which means it fluctuates in response to shifting economic conditions instead of influencing or forecasting them. The employment market is robust and the unemployment rate declines when the economy expands at a healthy rate. The job market typically contracts and the unemployment rate rises as a result of economic turmoil, such as recessions.
There are three different types of unemployment: frictional, structural and
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 5 (52), 2023 cyclical. Frictional unemployment is the period of time between jobs during which a worker looks for or changes jobs. It exists because there can be a mismatch in the characteristics of supply and demand due to the heterogeneity of both occupations and people. Such a mismatch can be caused by a variety of variables, including attitude, taste, location, seasonal industries, talents, salary, and work hours. Both newcomers, like recently graduated students, and returning employees, like former stay-at-home moms, might experience a period of frictional unemployment. When a labor market is unable to accommodate everyone who seeks employment due to a mismatch between the skills of the unemployed workers and the skills required for the open positions, structural unemployment results. Lastly, cyclical unemployment happens when the economy's total demand is insufficient to accommodate all job seekers. Demand for the majority of products and services declines, which results in less output and, in turn, fewer workers being needed. Because wages are sticky and do not decrease to the equilibrium level, unemployment results [4].
Tables 1 and 2 show the countries with the lowest and highest unemployment rate, (% of total labor force) according to the International Labor Organization Modelled Estimates and Projections Database (ILOEST) in the year 2021 [1,2].
Table 1- Top 10 country with the lowest unemployment rate in 2021
Country Unemployment Rate (%)
Qatar 0.1
Faroe Islands 0.3
Cambodia 0.6
Niger 0.8
Thailand 1.2
Laos 1.3
Benin 1.6
Burundi 1.8
Chad 1.9
Liechtenstein 1.9
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Table 2 - Top 10 Country with Highest Unemployment Rate in 2021
Country Unemployment Rate (%)
Nigeria 33.3
South Africa 32.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina 31.5
Angola 30.2
Djibouti 28.4
Swaziland 25.8
Palestine 25.0
Lesotho 24.6
Botswana 24.5
Republic of Congo 23.0
The main reason for unemployment that frequently occurs during a recession is demand deficit unemployment. When businesses encounter a decline in the demand for their goods or services, they react by reducing their production, necessitating a decrease in their internal personnel. The decision to leave the workforce willingly is one factor in unemployment. Some unemployed people have enough money saved up to leave unfulfilling occupations. After that, when employees move, they are jobless until they find employment in the new city. New employees typically join the workforce later. Graduates of any higher education program, such as high school, college, or the military, are included in this. They hunt for employment that complements their qualifications and skill set. The underlying factor is technological advancements. Workers are then replaced by robots or computers. Jobs being outsourced is the final factor when a business relocates its call centers or production to another nation [5].
The summer of 2020 saw a worsening of the nation's labor market as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Between 2019 and 2020, there were approximately 2.8 million people listed as unemployed in job centers, an increase from under 700,000. Furthermore, the 2022 invasion of Ukraine has resulted in a company exodus from Russia. Leading multinational corporations including McDonald's, Renault Group, and PepsiCo halted operations there, putting thousands of Russian workers at risk of losing their jobs.[7] Another reason of the decrease in Russia's
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 5 (52), 2023 unemployment rate between 2020 and 2021 may possibly be related to a shortage of raw materials. When there is a shortage of coal, wood, or oil, the manufacturers must sit idle while they wait for the fuel to be delivered. The financial situation may also be the cause. A strict economy campaign is now being run. Large deficits were present in several factories. The running expenses are astronomically large [6]. This can be seen in figure 1[8].
8.0
■1.5
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 201B 2019 2020 2021
Figure 1 - Russia unemployment rate for 2010-2021 years
When compared to youth in the cities, Malaysian youth, particularly those living in rural regions, face disadvantages due to a lack of career options, wealth inequality, and the difficulty of hiring women. Typically, the B40 group (those earning less than RM4,850) makes up the majority of the population in rural areas, which they find difficult to enter the workforce due to lack of information about job prospects, lack of close contact for jobs, and lower pay. Next, although it has improved, the ratio of job openings to job seekers for college and university graduates is still low. The issues cited by own-account workers include poor economic conditions, severe competition, a lack of credit, and harassment by the authorities, whereas the young employers
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 5 (52), 2023 mention high labor expenses and a shortage of both skilled and unskilled workers [10]. In terms of paid workers, private limited corporations and governmental organizations are more likely to hire regular full-time employees, whereas single proprietors, who frequently run smaller businesses, are more likely to hire temporary, part-time, or casual workers. More than half of all paid workers report that their employers offer training, not only for the fundamentals of the job but also for upgrading existing skills, learning new ones, and using new technologies. This indicates that employers are making an investment in these young workers and that there may be room for career advancement. They believe that businesses favor hiring people with work experience but have fewer clear preferences regarding a young worker's gender, age, or language proficiency when it comes to employer preferences [11]. This can be seen in Figure 2
[9].
Figure 2 - Malaysia unemployment rate for 2010-2021 years
A high unemployment rate has a variety of effects on the economy. Unemployment may result in increased payments from the state and federal governments for things like food stamps because unemployed persons tend to spend
]
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 5 (52), 2023 less and may accumulate more debt. The researchers also discovered that those who have been jobless for more than a year are substantially more likely to experience sadness, stress, and anxiety [12]. People who had been out of work for a long time were also more likely to be admitted to mental health facilities. Unemployment may also have a detrimental impact on one's health if they are unable to pay for doctor visits. According to a University of Nevada study, employed individuals are four times more likely to have access to healthcare than unemployed individuals [13].
A difficulty with the economy is unemployment. The majority of the causes of unemployment have an economic undertone. However, unemployment's impacts extend beyond the world of business. There are several classifications of unemployment that are based on the causes of the problem. Furthermore, there are numerous causes that contribute to unemployment in various ways; there is not just one single source of unemployment. The study has examined unemployment in its entirety analytically. The types of unemployment and their causes have been given priority. Thus, the study discovered that economic, social, and political factors all contribute to unemployment. The paper also discovered that there is a distinct categorization of unemployment. This is normally done with the purpose of defining the essence of the unemployment problem in question.
References
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3. Wikipedia contributors. (2022, December 30). Unemployment. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment
4. Corporate Finance Institute. (2022, November 24). Unemployment. https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/unemployment/
5. 7 Causes of Unemployment. (2022, September 2). The Balance. https://www.thebalancemoney.com/causes-of-unemployment-7-main-reasons-
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 5 (52), 2023
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6. Why there is unemplyment in Russia, by Gareth Jones, Western Mail, April 10, 1933. (n.d.). https://www.garethjones.org/overview/article33-8.htm
7. Statista. (2023, January 4). Unemployment rate in Russia monthly 20202022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/277043/monthly-unemployment-rate-in-russia/
8. Unemployment Rate - Countries - List | World. (n.d.). https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/unemployment-rate?continent=world
9. Malaysia Unemployment Rate 1991-2023. (n.d.). MacroTrends. https://www. macrotrends.net/countries/MYS/malaysia/unemployment-rate
10. 111^1!!! (n.d.). http://203.250.218.71/
11. The Cost of Unemployment to the Economy. (2022, April 14). Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0811/the-cost-of-unemployment-to-the-economy.aspx
12. Waltower, S. (2022, October 12). The Real Effects of Unemployment. Business News Daily. https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/career/unemployment-effects
13. Economics: Types and Causes of Unemployment | Essay Example for Free. (2022, June 12). StudyCorgi.com. https://studycorgi.com/economics-unemployment-its-causes-and-types/
