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ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (51), 2023
УДК 331.56
Сенанаяке Арахчиге Лакшани Мадхубхашини Сенанаяке, студент международного медицинского института Курского государственного медицинского университета, г. Курск, Россия.
Email: lakshanims21 @gmail. com
ПРИЧИНЫ И ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ БЕЗРАБОТИЦЫ
Аннотация: в статье описываются причины и последствия безработицы в странах с рыночной экономикой. Изучаются такие макроэкономические показатели, как Валовой внутренний продукт (ВВП), уровень безработицы.
Ключевые слова: безработица, ВВП.
Senanayake Arachchige Lakshani Madhubhashini Senanayake, student of thw International Medical Institute, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia.
Email: lakshanims21 @gmail .com
THE REASONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF UNEMPLOYMENT
Abstract: the article describes the reasons and consequences of unemployment in the countries with market economy. Macroeconomic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment rates are studied.
Key words: unemployment, GDP.
When someone actively seeks job but is unable to do so, this is referred to as being unemployed. One important indicator of the state of the economy is unemployment.
The unemployment rate is the most often used indicator of unemployment. It is computed by dividing the total work force by the number of jobless persons.
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (51), 2023
Several governments provide unemployment insurance to some jobless people who satisfy the criteria [1].
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the official definition of unemployment is "people are classified as unemployed if they do not have a job, have actively looked for work in the prior four weeks, and are currently available for work."
There are four categories of unemployment, including both voluntary and involuntary unemployment.
1.Frictional Unemployment
Often, this kind of unemployment is transient. Moreover, it has the fewest economic challenges. When individuals freely shift employment, it happens. Finding a new career normally takes some time after leaving a firm. Like graduates, those who are only now beginning to hunt for employment contribute to frictional unemployment.
The fact that market procedures take time and that knowledge might be expensive is a natural outcome that leads to frictional unemployment. It takes time and effort to look for a new job, acquire new employees, and match the appropriate employees with the right employment. Frictional unemployment is the effect of this.
2.Cyclical Unemployment
Cyclical unemployment is the variance in the labor force's unemployment rate over the course of economic ups and downs, such as those resulting from shifts in the price of oil. During recessions, unemployment increases, while during times of economic expansion, it decreases.
One of the main goals of studying economics and the many policy instruments used by governments to boost the economy during recessions is to prevent and reduce cyclical unemployment.
3.Structural Unemployment
A technical shift in the economy's structure, where labor markets are located, causes structural unemployment. The workers who are displaced from jobs that are no longer necessary as a result of technological advancement may become unemployed. Examples of such shifts include the automation of production and the replacement of horse-drawn transportation with vehicles.
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (51), 2023 These employees may require challenging, expensive, and time-consuming retraining. Workers that are displaced frequently wind up either being out of work permanently or experiencing prolonged unemployment [1]. Reasons for unemployment:
1. Frictional Unemployment
This is unemployment brought on by people taking their time to transition between jobs, such as recent graduates or those changing careers. A certain amount of frictional unemployment will always exist in an economy since the information isn't always accurate and it takes time to obtain job.
2. Structural unemployment - mismatch of skills
This happens because of a mismatch in skills in the job market; such causes include:
- Inactivity at work. In terms of technological progress and the challenges of learning new skills suitable to a new sector, this relates to how difficult it may be for an unemployed farmer to obtain employment in high-tech fields.
- Geographical immobility. This relates to the difficulty in migrating to a new area in search of employment; for instance, while there may be opportunities in London, it may be challenging for parents to locate acceptable housing or childcare.
3. Classical or real-wage unemployment:
- This happens when wages in a competitive labor market are pushed above equilibrium, for example, at W2, when there is more labor supply (Q3) than demand (Q2), which results in unemployment.
- Minimum wages or trade unions may cause wages to rise above the equilibrium level. Disequilibrium unemployment is another name for this.
In November 2022, Russia's unemployment rate dropped to 3.7% from the previous month's 3.9%, falling short of the market consensus of 4% [2].
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (51), 2023 The results were in line with earlier assertions by the Central Bank of Russia that the Russian military's deployment to Ukraine for war operations worsened labor shortages and reduced the capacity of the Russian economy. There were 152 thousand fewer unemployed persons, down to 2.745 million.
Figure 1 - Employment in Russia for the period 1991-2021
Russia is the world's largest country by land area, and it has a population of over 146 million people. The Russian economy is the eleventh largest in the world by nominal GDP and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity. However, despite its significant economic potential, Russia has struggled with high levels of unemployment in recent years.
According to the World Bank, Russia's unemployment rate stood at 4.6% in 2019, which was relatively low compared to other countries. However, the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on Russia's labor market, causing the unemployment rate to rise sharply to 6.4% in 2020. This increase was driven by the pandemic's economic fallout, as well as declining oil prices, which are a key source of revenue for the Russian government.
When we look at the breakdown of unemployment in Russia, certain groups are disproportionately affected. For example, youth unemployment (ages 15-24) was 13.6% in 2020, which is more than double the overall unemployment rate. Women also tend to have higher unemployment rates than men in Russia, with a rate of 5.7% compared to 6.9% for men in 2020.
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (51), 2023 In Russia, the natural rate of unemployment might be influenced by factors such as population growth, technological change, and labor market regulations. However, there are also structural issues in the Russian economy, such as a lack of diversification and overreliance on oil and gas exports, that could contribute to higher than natural levels of unemployment [2].
References
1. Debt Ceiling Debacle Could Double Unemployment https://www.thebalancemoney.com
2. Russian GDP Annual Growth Rate https://tradingeconomics.com/russia/gdp-growth-annual
