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УДК 9
Babayeva S.,
student.
International Academy of Horse Breeding named after Aba Annaev.
Arkadag, Turkmenistan
THE HISTORICAL GLORY OF AHAL-TEKE HORSES Annotation
The Akhal-Teke is a direct descendant of the horses of the Massagetae, the Bactrians and the Alans which were famous in antiquity. This unique breed is not less than three thousand years old. In ancient Persia these horses were known as Nisaean and several centuries later - as Parthian, but they were always spoken of as the best in the world. In the second century B.C. the Roman historian Oppian wrote of them: "These horses, worthy of the most powerful rulers, are strikingly beautiful in appearance, they move lightly under the rider and lightly accept the bit; the head with its Roman nose is carried high and their golden manes flow majestically in the wind."
Key words:
horses, history, Akhal-teke horses, horse breeding
This unique breed is not less than three thousand years old. The Akhal-Teke is a direct descendant of the horses of the Massagetae, the Bactrians and the Alans which were famous in antiquity. In ancient Persia these horses were known as Nisaean and several centuries later - as Parthian, but they were always spoken of as the best in the world. In the second century B.C. the Roman historian Oppian wrote of them: "These horses, worthy of the most powerful rulers, are strikingly beautiful in appearance, they move lightly under the rider and lightly accept the bit; the head with its Roman nose is carried high and their golden manes flow majestically in the wind."
There is clear evidence in modern literature on the subject that these horses were instrumental in the creation of such world famous breeds as the Arabian and the English Thoroughbred and in the improvement of breeds of horses in Russia, Europe and the Near and Middle East. In the words of Professor Witt, the Akhal-Teke horse "possesses the last drop of that valuable blood from which all the breeds of well-bred horses have been developed."
In the Middle Ages the horses of the Central Asian civilisations of antiquity passed into the hands of the Turkmens who kept pure the blood of these priceless animals as their qualities surpassed those of all other breeds. After the annexation of Turkmenia to the Russian Empire in l88l the Turkmen horse became known as the Akhal-Teke combining the name of the Teke Turkmen tribe and the Akhal oasis in the foothills of the Kopet-Dag mountains. At that time the horses there were kept singly, as part of the household, surrounded by love and affection and fed light but highly nutritious food such as alfalfa, barley and pellets containing mutton fat. Because the owner depended on his horse for his wellbeing and his very life, no expense was spared in its care and maintenance. As an old Turkmen saying goes: "The owner who rears a good horse turns into a lean dog." But the horse repaid his owner with an exceptional devotion. Mistrustful of strangers, he gave his heart to his one and only friend.
The Akhal-Teke is indeed endowed with legendary qualities. As a participant in the battle of Geok-Tepe testified: "An Akhal-Teke stallion wearing two heavy blankets and wounded by a sabre blow carried away three Teke tribesmen across the quicksand from pursuing Cossacks.."
These horses, renowned for their exceptional speed, strength and beauty, had long since been known as argamaks in Russia where they were highly valued. To possess an argamak was the dream of every prince and
the argamak was the most sought-after improver at stud. They were instrumental in the development of the Don and the Orlov riding horse. In the first half of the eighteenth century argamaks constituted a third of the stock at state studs. After the annexation of Turkmenia to Russia many connoisseurs and horse lovers had the opportunity of familiarising themselves with the breed and became its passionate admirers. Valuing the unique qualities of the Teke horse and concerned to preserve the breed which at that time was in decline for historical and economic reasons, the governor of the region, General Kuropatkin, organised at his own expense, the Transcaspian state stables and invited Russian specialists to work there. This marked the beginning of the breeding of Thoroughbred stock in the Transcaspian region and revived interest in the Akhal-Teke throughout the world. Horses from the Transcaspian stables which were shown at exhibitions in Kiev, Pyatigorsk and Paris caused a sensation,and vast sums of money were offered for Teke mares. Russian poet and breeder of Akhal Tekes, Irina Khienkina, described the conformation like "fusion of cheetah, snake and eagle".
Akhal Teke is elegant athlete exuding power and nobility.
The head is dry, fine, long, usually with straight profile, sometimes Roman-nosed, with wide cheeks and long flexible poll. The eyes are big, expressive, often hooded, similar to eyes of eagle or almond-shaped. The nostrils are wide, thin, ears are long, nicely shaped, alert. The head joins the neck at an angle of 45 degrees. The Akhal-Teke has a refined throatlatch, and long, lean neck, which is set high.
Withers is high, long, well muscled. Shoulder is of good slope, long with good muscling and extraordinary free movement. Chest is narrow (when viewed from front), but with deep heart girth. The back is long, but should be strong, croup well muscled, strong, with low set tail.Akhal-Tekes have short cannon bones and low-set hocks, while the forearm and gaskins are long and smoothly muscled. Legs are dry, with tendons well defined. Joints are large, dry. Hooves are usually small.
The skin is thin, the coat is very fine and silky. The mane is poor, and not too long, the forelock is sometimes missed. The average size is around 159 cm, but you can meet smaller, same as taller horses (today's tendency is to prefer taller horses).
There is variety of colors within the breed - bay, buckskin, sorrel, black, grey, palomino, cremello and perlino - usually with the typical metallic shine. Large white spots on the body are not desireable.
The Akhalteke is the oldest racehorse of the world. Nowadays, it is the second fastest breed behind English Thoroughbred. Except racing (races are still the official performance tests for Tekes, but they are organized only in Russia and Turkmenistan), Teke is typical all-arounder who can be used to some level in any sport. Of course if you look for top sport specialist, you have to search for desirable conformation x movement qualities suitable for certain discipline.
Some cultures, like Chinese, use Tekes as symbol of wealth, prosperity and fortune and breed them for their unique beauty.
Regulary, in different countries around the world, are organised breed championships with the aim to select the best representatives of the breed in the term of type and conformation.
The Turkmen horse was so much superior to other contemporary breeds, that he was widely used for improving them. Akhalteke influenced Arab horse (according to lover and breeder of Arab horses, Carl Raswan, Arabian strain "Muniqi" developed with contribution of Akhalteke), English Thoroughbred (the Turkmenian roots had the stallions Darcy Yellow Turk, Darcy White Turk, and probably Byerley Turk), Trakehner (through famous stallion Turkmen Atti and later Djeiran), and of course many Russian breeds, as Karabair, Lokai, Kabardin, Don (in 1839, 800 Akhaltekes were used in breeding of Don) and Orlov horses (through stallions Gussein-Khan, Ialangush-Khan, Shah, Drakon, according to Prof. V.O.Vitt, the famous Sultan wasn't the Arab, but Akhalteke). List of used literature:
1. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov. Medicinal plants of Turkmenistan - TI - A.: Turkmen State Publishing Service, 2009. - 383 p.
2. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov. "The Akhal -Teke horse is our pride and glory," -A.: TDNG, 2008. MK Rejepguliev. Feeding farm animals. - A.: TDNG, 2012.
3. About the Breed. https://www.akhal.net/about-the-breed
© Babayeva S., 2024
УДК 9
Esenmadova A.,
Candidate of philological sciences, senior lecturer of the department of Turkmen language of Turkmen State University named after Magtymguly.
THE FLORUSHING TURKIC STATES IN TURKIC MEDIEVAL CENTURIES AND THEIR INFLUENCE
IN DEVELOPING TURKIC LINGUISTICS
Abstract
The economy has grown rapidly in the above-mentioned countries. Agriculture and animal husbandry are widespread, and various irrigation facilities are used to irrigate crops. At that time, the cities of Bukhara, Merv, Samarkand, Khorezm, Urgench, Yarkent, Uzgent, Balasagun, Kashgar, Otrar, Kyat flourished economically and culturally.
Key words:
middle Turkic period, Central Asia, science, achievements, language, dialect.
Эсенмадова А.,
кандидат филологических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры туркменского языка Туркменского государственного университета имени Махтумкули
РАЗВИТИЕ ТЮРКСКИХ ГОСУДАРСТВ В ЭПОХУ ТУРЕЦКОГО СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ И ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА РАЗВИТИЕ ТУРЕЦКОГО ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЯ
Аннотация
В вышеупомянутых странах экономика росла быстрыми темпами. Широко распространено земледелие и животноводство, для орошения посевов используются различные ирригационные сооружения. В это время города Бухара, Мерв, Самарканд, Хорезм, Ургенч, Яркент, Узгент, Баласагун, Кашгар, Отрар, Кят процветали в экономическом и культурном отношении.
Ключевые слова:
среднетюркский период, Средняя Азия, наука, достижения, язык, диалект.
The economy, culture, and science of Central Asian nations developed at a high level as a result of the emergence of conditions that ensured the rapid development of economy, culture, and science in the period before the Mongol invasion. Let's get to know each of them separately.
