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6Рекреацияльщ география жэне туризм
Рекреационная география и туризм
Recreational geography and tourism
https://doi.org/10.55764/2957-9856/2023-l-36-41.4
IRSTI 87.51.15
S. G. Platonova1, V. V. Skripko2
1 Candidate of Geological-mineralogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Senior Research (Institute for Water and Environmental Problems, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Barnaul, Russia)
2 Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Head of the Department of Nature Management and Geoecology (Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia)
RESULTS OF THE GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TOURIST ROUTE IN THE SALAIR NATIONAL PARK (RUSSIA)
Аbstract. The article presents the results of a geological survey of a part of the Chumysh River valley, and an analysis of published state geological maps. The study area «Chumysh» crosses the main watershed of the Salair Ridge. A basis has been created for the adaptation of geological data for tourism and environmental education purposes at borders of the Salair National Park.
Keywords: geological objects, the ecological enlightenment and tourism, Salair ridge, Salair National Park, area «Chumysh».
Introduction. One of the important modern directions in the functioning of specially protected areas is ecological tourism, which has been widely developed in natural and national parks. The main goal of ecological tourism is to promote the careful handling of natural objects by a person, the development of an ecological worldview among tourists, based on observations of both landscapes as a whole and individual component of nature, including geological and geomorphological monuments of nature. An example of the latter is, for example, landscape rocks. But in addition to the aesthetic beginning, geological formations carry information about the composition, the history of the development of the planet, and the processes that form the earth's surface. This knowledge, as a rule, is of great interest, but is hidden for a person who does not have a special education.
Making the contents of the «stone book» accessible to the mass tourist has become an important task in the formation of the thematic content of integrated tourist routes in the Salair National Park and its adjacent territories. One of these routes was laid on the section of «Chumysh».
Brief description of study object. The Salair National Park, established in 2020, is located within the Salair Ridge, in the eastern part of the Altai Territory along the administrative border with the Kemerovo Region (Russia) (figure 1). The park includes 6 cluster sites with a total area of 161,220.8 ha.
The low-hill terrain Salair ridge is located on the northwestern spurs of the Altai-Sayan Mountain region. In administrative terms, it covers the territories of the Altai Territory, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions, located, respectively, on its western, eastern and northern macrohills. The height of the watersheds of the Salair reaches 400-500 m, the relative elevations fluctuate within 100-250 m. Despite the significant separation, the relief as a whole has smooth outlines. In the axial part of the ridge, on leveled watersheds, there are remnant landforms (hills, ridges), composed mainly of weathering-resistant rocks: quartzites and volcanic rocks. The high separation of the surface is explained by the recent rejuvenation of the relief, which was the result of the activation of neotectonic processes.
Figure 1 - Geographical position of the Salair National Park. Clusters are marked in red
The territory of the ridge is surrounded by steppe and forest-steppe landscapes, now completely changed by man, and is an «island» that has preserved taiga ecosystems among the developed and densely populated regions of Southern Siberia. The main type of vegetation of the Salair National Park is black taiga - fir-aspen forests with broad grasses under a closed forest canopy and tall grasses in clearings and forest meadows. A feature of the Salair black taiga is a large number of relict plant species that have survived from the pre-glacial period. For example, Siberian linden is a living witness of distant pre-glacial geological eras, when broad-leaved forests dominated Siberia. [1].
Results and discussion. Actually, the tourist route is a rafting along the Chumysh - the right tributary of the Ob river - within the area-cluster «Chumysh». Here the river crosses the southern end of the Salair main watershed. On a section of the valley, located between the abandoned villages of Kazansky and Grobnitsa, Chumysh crush into Paleozoic rocks, forming a narrow valley with steep slopes and small fragments of low terraces
At the exit from the axial part along the fronts, a floodplain (0.5-1.5 m high, up to 40 m wide) and the first floodplain erosion terrace (4-7 m high) are marked, incised into the second accumulative terrace (1015 m high).
The rocky hillsides of Chumysh in the study area are composed of sedimentary, volcanic and meta-morphic rocks, which characterize the evolution of the earth's crust of the region from the pre-Cambrian to the Early Devonian (approximately in the interval of 600-390 million years BC). The most ancient geological formations are represented by the Vendian-Early Cambrian shale-volcanic formation, which are overlain by the volcanogenic-sedimentary Cambrian-Ordovician complex (volcanic and reefogenic-carbonate formations). The deposits of the latter are replaced by carbonate-terrigene rocks of Ordovician and Early Devonian period [2-4] (figure 2).
On the «Chumysh» site, taking into account the «water» specifics of the route, it is advisable to get acquainted with geological objects, adhering to one thematic line of «time travel», stopping at the rocks, the formation of which is associated with the main events of the geological history of Salair.
The landforms and rocks that make up the rocky slopes along the Chumysh between Kazansky and Eltsovka give an idea of three ancient stages of the evolution of the earth's crust: oceanic, island-arc, and the stage of the continental margin, as well as one young - the modern stage of the development of the relief. The ancient stages cover a significant period of history from the pre-Cambrian to the early Devonian (approximately in the interval 600-390 million years BC). Young - about the tectonic events of the Holocene (the last 10-12 thousand years). Thus, the geological formations of the territory store information about the formation and development of the earth's crust throughout the northwestern part of the Altai-Sayan mountain region.
Figure 2 - Geological structure of the route area along the Chumysh [3]. Stratigraphic formations: 1 - Vendian - Lower Cambrian; 2 - Lower Cambrian; 3 - Middle-Upper Cambrian;
4 - Upper Cambrian - Lower Ordovician; 5 - Middle-upper divisions of the Ordovician; 6 - Lower - upper section of the Silurian; 7 - Lower Devonian; 8 - Tectonic faults; 9 - observation points (locations) of the tourist route
A brief description of the geological history of the Salair Ridge was made on the basis of the published State Geological Map of the Russian Federation at a scale of 1:500,000 (2004) and an explanatory note to map [3]. In this case, the data of published geological maps of scales 1:200000 (1964) [2] and 1:1000000 (2007) [4], studies by L.K. Zyatkova (1977) [5], G.A. Chernov, V.V. Vdovin, P.A. Okishev et al. [6], as well as field observations of the authors.
Oceanic stage: Vendian - the beginning of the early Cambrian (about 600-500 million years ago).
At the end of the Proterozoic (Late Vendian) on Salair, as well as throughout the Altai-Sayan Mountain region, an active formation of the oceanic crust took place. In deep-water depressions in open ocean conditions, at a considerable distance from the coastline, there was a long-term accumulation of predominantly calcareous formation.
At the turn of the Proterozoic and Paleozoic, the territory under study found itself in the zone of convergence of large lithospheric plates, where subduction processes begin to manifest themselves - the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental one, accompanied by volcanic eruptions. The results of these eruptions in the form of volcanic rocks - basalts (basalt porphyrites) come to the modern surface on the left bank of the Chumysh near the village Kazansky (point 161, here and below see figure 2). Despite their age, the rocks are quite resistant to destruction on the surface, forming a stepped-convex profile of a steep slope and determining the position of a cascade of small waterfalls in the channels of streams - tributaries of the Chumysh.
Island-arc stage: Cambrian (about 500-490 million years ago).
In the early Cambrian time, a collision of two lithospheric plates - oceanic from the west and continental from the east - took place in the area of modern Salair. As a result, volcanic islands elongated into an arc, also predominantly of basaltic composition, were formed (modern analogues are the archipelagos of the Kuril and Aleutian Islands). New islands grew and were simultaneously destroyed by sea waves, and sediments - the products of their destruction accumulated at the foot. Geological formations of this time in the form of rocks of various composition are manifested on most of the route.
Almost the entire segment of the Chumysh valley in the direction from northeast to southwest (points 167-177) coincides with the strike of the basalt layer. Basalts (basaltic porphyrites) have a greenish-dark gray to black color, porphyritic structure. Porphyry phenocrysts are represented by elongated prismatic plagioclases and pyroxenes 1-2 mm in size. The texture of the basalts is amygdaloidal, in fragments -
brecciated. Voids (or pores) from volcanic gases released during the outpouring of lava and remaining after it cooled, were eventually filled with chalcedony tonsils. An ornamental variety of chalcedony -agate - is found in pebbles along with fragments of volcanic rocks.
Numerous outcrops of basalts, processed by weathering processes, form landscape rocks, the forms of which are based on all possible separations for volcanic rocks: block, spherical and columnar form. Basalts with block separation form, for example, on the left bank of the river a composition in the form of 3 human faces «Presidents» (between points 169 and 170) (figure 3). The cape on the right bank of the Chumysh (point 170), composed of basaltic porphyrites, has a spherical structure. Columnar separation, reminiscent of the famous Krasnoyarsk pillars, is noted on the left bank of the Chumysh at point 172.
Figure 3 - Basalts with block separation (between points 169 and 170)
Among the basalts there are interlayers and lenses of rocks of a different composition. Thus, lenses of ornamental red jasper were found on the rocks of the right bank of the Chumysh (point 167), at the entrance (along the stream) to an area abounding in large boulders in the channel, called «Kovens». It should be noted that fragments of jasper of varying degrees of roundness (figure 4) are found everywhere upstream and downstream of the river in the entire antecedent section of the valley. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that it was found on other parts of the route. Interlayers of silicified siltstones among basalts were noted at point 174. Sedimentary deposits form outcrops on the left bank of the Chumysh opposite the Sigilep tract (points 165-166). In river alluvium, along with basalts and andesite-basalts, one can find coarse-grained sandstones, siliceous and clay minerals, and siltstones.
Figure 4 - Jasper from the alluvium of the Chumysh River - 37 -
On the right bank of the river Chumysh between the villages of Eltsovka and Grobnitsa, there is a predominance of sedimentary rocks with the remains of trilobites and brachiopods - the ancient inhabitants of the seabed. On the slopes in a subordinate amount there are thin layers of tuffs and lavas of light gray felsite - volcanic rocks that differ from basalts in a high content of silica. The platy separateness of sedimentary rocks (green-gray sandstones, clay shales, siltstones, conglomerates with limestone interlayers) creates a peculiar appearance of the «Book-legged» rock on the right bank of the Chumysh (between points 176-177).
Stage of the continental margin: Ordovician - Silurian - Devonian (approximately 490-320 million years ago).
Starting from the Ordovician time, the territory occupied by the modern Salair Ridge develops as a shallow, well-heated continental shelf. In the Ordovician, numerous reef structures formed, composed of corals and stromatoporates, accumulated black clayey layered limestones interspersed with siltstones and sandstones of interreef facies. The deposits contain abundant fauna. Marbled limestones interspersed with siltstones and sandstones are exposed on both banks of the Chumysh near Eltsovka.
Devonian deposits are exposed along the Rybalny streams on the left bank of the Chumysh River. Near the villages of Rybalnoe and Krasny Yar (point 164), they are represented by conglomerates and tuff sandstones. Greenish-gray and lilac-brown conglomerates consist of fragments of porphyrites, siliceous rocks, sandstones and shales. On the right bank of the Chumysh below the village Krasny Yar, gray and dirty-gray organogenic limestones with interlayers of marly slates, as well as siltstones, sandstones, clay shales with intercalations of gravelstones and gray marly limestones with brachiopod fauna are exposed.
In the Mesozoic, the area experiences uplift and develops as a continental land, on the surface of which the formation of a chemical weathering crust takes place, which led to the appearance of deposits of nickel, magnesites, bauxites and some other minerals on Salair. Consideration of the Meso-Cenozoic history of the region is a separate topic, which is not considered in this paper. For the purposes of environmental education, it may be interesting to characterize the current stage of the development of the ridge - its growth, as a mountain structure, evidence of which can be seen when passing the route.
Modern stage of relief development: Holocene (10-12 thousand years ago).
Speaking of the present stage, we deliberately conditionally limit it to the Holocene, although strictly speaking, this extremely eventful time begins in the Neogene and covers the Pleistocene and Holocene. This is done in order to focus on the traces left on the surface by modern mountain building processes.
The continued growth of mountains is evidenced by weak, but quite numerous earthquakes that occur both on the western and eastern macroslopes of Salair. During one of these seismic events, a horizontal prismatic block, known as the «Grobnitsa» in the area of the now uninhabited village of the same name, could separate from the mountain range and collapse into the riverbed. Although the reasons for its formation require further study.
Traces of the manifestation of very young tectonic movements are reflected on the rocky banks of the river. Tectonic facets and small waterfalls at the mouths of the valleys of the Chumysh tributaries testify to the ongoing uplift of the Salair Ridge. Particular attention deserves facets - triangular slopes, the formation of which is directly the result of active tectonic movements (points 175-176). The growth rate of the ridge is currently quite high, and the tributaries of the main river do not have time to work out their channels, so often the mouth parts of their valleys are «suspended» above the water's edge, forming small waterfalls on the left bank of the Chumysh opposite the shoal (point 162).
Conclusion. The proposed tourist route has a complex landscape and geological content and is laid along the slopes of the low-mountain Salair Ridge with typical taiga landscapes.
The leading thematic line of the route on the Chumysh site - its leitmotif - can be a consideration of the geological history of Salair by changing rock complexes, as a journey in geological time: from the oceanic stage (Vendian - the beginning of the Early Cambrian) to the Devonian shallow well-heated continental shelf.
The presented description of the stages of geological history along the route forms the basis that can be used for its subsequent adaptation in a more popular form for the purposes of tourism and environmental education within the Salair National Park.
The work was carried out within the framework of the state task of the Institute of Water and Environmental Problems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FUFZ-2021-0007) and the economic agreement dated August 30, 2021 between the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Water and Environmental Problems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science «Tigireksky» State Nature Reserve.
REFERENCES
[1] Salair National Park. Salair National Park official website. // URL: http://salair.oopt22.ru/?page_id=20.
[2] Geological map of the USSR, scale 1 : 200,000. Kuzbass series. Sheet N-45-XXVII. Explanatory note / Compilers Zakharov A.P., Zakharova V.A., Kuzmin Yu.V. Ed. Gintzinger A.B. M.: Nedra, 1964. 87 p.
[3] State Geological Map of the Russian Federation. Scale 1:500,000. Red N.I. Gusev / Turkin Yu.A., Krivchikov V.A., Rusanov G.G., Fedak S.I. FSUGE Gorno-Altai SaSGE, 2004 (Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, FSUE VSEGEI, FSUGE Gorno-Altai Search and Survey Expedition).
[4] State Geological Map of the Russian Federation. Scale 1:1,000,000 (third generation). Altai-Sayan series. Sheet N-45 -Novokuznetsk. Explanatory note. St. Petersburg: VSEGEI map factory, 2007. 665 p. (Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, FSUE «VSEGEI», FGUGP «Zapsibgeolsemka»).
[5] Zyatkova L.K. Structural geomorphology of the Altan-Sayan mountain region. Novosibirsk: Science Publishing House. Siberian branch, 1977. 215 p.
[6] Relief of the Altai-Sayan Mountain region / Chernov G.A., Vdovin V.V., Okishev P.A. etc. Novosibirsk: Nauka, Sib. department, 1988. 206 p.
С. Г. Платонова1, В. В. Скрипко2
1 Доцент, г.-м. f. к., ага гылыми кызметкер (PFA Су жэне экологияльщ проблемалар институты, Барнаул, Ресей) 2 Доцент, г. г. к., Табигатты пайдалану жэне геоэкология кафедрасыныц менгерушга (Алтай мемлекетпк университет^ Барнаул, Ресей)
САЛАИР ¥ЛТТЬЩ САЯБАГЫНДАГЫ ТУРИСТ1К МАРШРУТТЬЩ ГЕОЛОГИЯЛЬЩ СИПАТТАМАСЫ (РЕСЕЙ)
Аннотация. Макалада далалык деректерге, сондай-ак жарияланган мемлекетпк геологиялык карта-ларды талдауга непзделген «Салаир» ^лтгык саябагындагы жоспарланган туристiк маршрут бойындагы геологиялык зертгеулердiн нэтижелерi келгiрiлген. Туризм жэне экологиялык бiлiм беру максаттары Yum геологиялык мэлiметтердi бейiмдеу жэне «Чумыш» учаскесiнде маршруттын кешендi такырыптык мазм^нын калыптастыру Yшiн негiз к¥рылды.
Тушн сездер: геологиялык нысандар, экологиялык бшм беру жэне туризм, Салайыр жотасы, Салайыр ^лттык саябагы, «Чумыш» учаскеа.
С. Г. Платонова1, В. В. Скрипко2
1 Доцент, к. г.-м. н., старший научный сотрудник (Институт водных и экологических проблем СО РАН, Барнаул, Россия)
2 Доцент, к. г. н., заведующий кафедрой природопользования и геоэкологии (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия)
ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ ТУРИСТИЧЕСКОГО МАРШРУТА В САЛАИРСКОМ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОМ ПАРКЕ (РОССИЯ)
Аннотация. Представлены результаты геологических исследований вдоль планируемого туристического маршрута в национальном парке «Салаир», основанные на полевых данных, а также на анализе опубликованных государственных геологических карт. Создана основа для адаптации геологических сведений для туризма, экологического просвещения и формирования комплексного тематического содержания маршрута на участке «Чумыш».
Ключевые слова: геологические объекты, экопросвещение и туризм, Салаирский кряж, Салаирский национальный парк, участок «Чумыш».
