PROBLEMS OF WOMEN IN THE WATER SECTOR OF KYRGYZSTAN: A SHORT REVIEW Текст научной статьи по специальности «Естественные и точные науки»

Гидрология

Гидрология

Hydrology

https://doi.org/10.55764/2957-9856/2023-3-16-22.14

IRSTI 70.01.99

Begishbek kyzy Minura

Master's degree student (Kazakh-German University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; begishbekovam@gmail. com)

PROBLEMS OF WOMEN IN THE WATER SECTOR OF KYRGYZSTAN: A SHORT REVIEW

Abstract. The aim of the study is to attract the main problems of women in the water sector of Kyrgyzstan through a brief overview.

Formally, in modern Kyrgyz legislation, there are no barriers and restrictions to women's participation in all spheres of life. However, in practice, some of them are declarative and they do not involve the involvement of either financial or organizational resources for their implementation. In the water sector of Kyrgyzstan, the total number of specialists is 5063 people, 956 of them are women, which is 19% of the total number. The management of water sectors and departments is also highly trusted by men.

Men's migration impacts the societal fabric of rural regions, with men of workforce age being abroad and women left alone to take care of agricultural work, children's education, and care of the elderly. The international donors are studying women's rights in the water legislation, women's participation in decision-making on the example of water user associations, and local problems related to water supply and drinking water quality, depending on the specific case, that helps improve their situation in the water sector.

Currently, Kyrgyz women view their position in society not from the point of view of their exclusive role in the family, but from the point of view of economic, social, and political significance. However, self-doubt and limited opportunities of women, especially young ones, force them to remain inactive even in the most critical situations.

Keywords: water sector, water problem, Kyrgyzstan, women, men migration.

1. Introduction. Worldwide, according to WHO and UNICEF, women and girls are responsible for collecting water in 8 out of 10 households with outdoor water supply [1]. Women collect water for household use, cooking, and family hygiene [2]. However, women have little, if any, access to the actual political and technical decision-making structures on water management.

As is well known, Kyrgyzstan is the most reformist country in Central Asia, and it is quite possible that the situation of women in the water sector is very different in other countries [3]. Since many men from rural areas migrate to work abroad, women have also taken over more farming responsibilities [4]. Still, according to the OSCE, women have little influence in the decisions on how water is managed, be it at the local, national, or transboundary levels [5]. Placing women in a central role as local, regional, and international leaders in the water sector leads to both short-term and long-term progress in improving human welfare at the local level while also promoting development and peace regionally [6].

According to the research of [7] four major historical and socio-cultural background factors influence women relations in Kyrgyz society: (a) a moderate Islamic background; (b) traditional nomadic Kyrgyz values, under which women played the a crucial role in family and society; (c) the influence of the Soviet period with a focus on gender equality and participation [8] and (d) the post-independence of traditional family norms that subordinate women [9].

In this study, the following water problems were identified in women living in Kyrgyzstan: access to water, representation of women in water organizations, women participation in decision-making processes, the impact of man labor migration to Kyrgyz women, and involving women in the water sector.

The aim of the study is to attract the main problems of women in the water sector of Kyrgyzstan through a brief overview.

2. Women in Kyrgyzstan: statistics and facts. In total, there are 3.3 million women in Kyrgyzstan, which is 50.4% of the total population of Kyrgyzstan at the beginning of 2021. Of these, 64% are rural women. Working-age women had a 48 % employment rate, while the average age of women employed in the economy was 39 years [4]. Types of activities in which women are mainly engaged: health care, education, social services for the population, trade, hotels, and restaurants [10].

The distribution of women and men by types of activities and groups of professions predetermined a higher educational level of working women. In 2019, the share of women with higher vocational education in the total number of employees was 27%, and men 18% with secondary vocational education, respectively 8%. The employment of men prevails in such types of activities and professions where secondary or incomplete secondary education is sufficient, but vocational training is necessary. Among employed men, the share of persons who received primary vocational education was more than 9%, among women 5% [4].

3. Right of women in legal documents of Kyrgyzstan. Under Soviet rule, the Central Asian region underwent an intensive process of modernization and dynamic transformations, including the establishment of gender equality before the law and universal access to basic health and education services [11]. For women, there have been improvements in the choice of professions, more visible participation in public life, equal access to education and health care, and relatively high participation of women in the workforce. However, gender equality has only been partially achieved [11].

In Kyrgyzstan, women received all the rights on an equal basis with men after the October Revolution in 1917, which were proclaimed in the Constitution of the republic since that time. According to article 16 of the actual Constitution of Kyrgyzstan: «Men and women have equal rights and freedoms, equal opportunities for their realization» [12]. In addition, Kyrgyzstan is currently a party to international human rights treaties, according to which the rights of all citizens of the republic are respected and protected.

In Kyrgyzstan, the essential right to access to water following documents, where was noted women rights to water:

- action plan for collecting mar del for water [13];

- convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women [14];

- convention on the rights of the child [15];

- dublin declaration on the water for sustainable development [16];

- the constitution of Kyrgyzstan [17].

Formally, there are no barriers and restrictions to women's participation in all spheres of life in modern Kyrgyz legislation. However, in practice, some of them are declarative, and they do not involve the involvement of either financial or organizational resources for their implementation.

4.1. Representation of women in the water sector of Kyrgyzstan in general. Analyzing various political documents, national legislation, international reports, and expert literature, it is not easy to establish a broad representation of women in Kyrgyzstan. Out of the total number of state employers, the share of women holding political and specific positions at the beginning of 2015 was 26,4%, the state employers holding administrative positions, women accounted for 40,7% 5 [18]. Women - deputies of local municipalities' councils were showed (results of 2016 elections): city councils - 21%, local councils - 10% (every five councils without women). Share of seats in parliament (% held by women) Kyrgyzstan - 19,2% (failure in achieving of gender quota is 30% according to electoral legislation) [19].

In the water sector of Kyrgyzstan, the total number of specialists is 5063 people, 956 of whom are women, which is 19 % of the total number [20]. The number of managers, their deputies, and heads of structural divisions is 10% of the same number, there are no women in the head position [21]. The management of water sectors and departments is also more trusted by men. At the same time, the vast majority of women are among the chief specialists about two times more often than men, although most of the work is performed by chief specialists. It can be noted that the water sector of Kyrgyzstan faces problems of gender equality against the background of clear leadership of men.

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As these number shows, women have an extremely depressing representation in the water sector of Kyrgyzstan. The small representation of women in the decision-making, water management restricts their access to natural resources. Consequently, men are more likely to be nature users.

Given the importance of women's protection of the health of future generations and health, it is necessary to recognize and support the contribution of women to economic, social, and environmental protection, which are complementary components of sustainable environmental development of Kyrgyzstan. In addition, until the contribution of women is recognized and supported, achieving sustainable development will be an elusive goal.

4.2. The involvement of women in water management issues: access to clean water. The involvement of women in water management issues could increase transparency and can reduce corruption. The World Bank came to these same conclusions in its report just released in January 2021 and titled, "Promoting Women's Participation in Water Resource Management in Central Asia" [22].

The problems of access to clean water in modern conditions of Kyrgyzstan are also actualized by the fact that the active participation of women at the national and international levels is important for the development and implementation of policies aimed at promoting and protecting the environmental aspects of human health, in particular when determining drinking water quality standards, since everyone has the right to access to clean water in quantity and quality that meet his or her urgent needs [23].

In Kyrgyzstan, lack of access to water, where agriculture is the dominant activity, has serious consequences, the main burden of which often falls on women and girls, since collecting water is considered their normal work. As the water source is depleted, they have to follow it further and longer, even after dark [24].

According to Bruck et al. [25], in Kyrgyzstan, most of the household burden is traditionally carried by younger women (daughters-in-law). They usually have no say in their family, let alone in society. They are expected to be obedient and subordinate to the older women and men of the husband's family [26]. This creates a vicious circle for women, as they are given a secondary role, they do not participate in decision-making processes at the local level. In turn, local self-government bodies do not make significant efforts to create conditions for their development and well-being (by providing appropriate services, such as education, culture, recreation, employment), since there are not enough women in the structures of local administration.

Many rural women in Kyrgyzstan earn from agriculture, working 8-10 hours in the field every day [27]. However, fieldwork has recently become impossible due to the aggravation of the water crisis. Several factors influence the water crisis, which worsens in the spring and summer periods. First, as a result of climate change, less snowfalls in the mountains, which lead to shallowing of rivers fed by meltwater from glaciers.

It can be concluded that women in Kyrgyzstan should be involved in the decision-making process regarding access to water, improvement of water supply and sanitation systems, and projects in the field of industry, agriculture, and land use that affect the quality and quantity of water resources. Women should be able to use clean, affordable water to meet their human and economic needs. One of the necessary conditions is to ensure universal access to safe drinking water and sanitary and hygienic services and for this, it is necessary to develop cooperation both at the national and international levels.

4.3. Impact of man labor migration to Kyrgyz women in the water sector. In Kyrgyzstan, 50% of all employed women and 68% of all employed men in Kyrgyzstan are engaged in agriculture [28]. Over the past decade, the proportion of women has increased partly due to the employment opportunities of men in other sectors and the migration of men from rural to urban areas [29].

According to the Kyrgyz, societies are deeply shaped by labor migrations: about 1 million people of Kyrgyzstan (of a total of about 7 million for Kyrgyzstan) work abroad, seasonally or for longer periods, mostly in Russia [30]. Migrants send remittances home, which constitutes a large part of the national GDP (Kyrgyzstan follows closely with about one-third). These labor migrants impact the societal fabric of rural regions, with men of workforce age being abroad, and women left alone to take care of agricultural work, children's education, and care of the elderly.

In the works of Acosta; Amuedo-Dorantes et al.; Lokshin et al.; Mendola et al., forthcoming, Rodriguez et al. [31-35] was highlighted how international migration of household members is likely to influence women labor force participation in Kyrgyzstan. The preponderance of evidence from migrant-sending countries seems to point to a decline in labor force participation for women as a consequence of

the migration of other household members the common explanation is that migration brings remittance income, which increases the reservation wage of those left behind, thus leading to a decline in labor supply.

The migration of men leaves women with more and more responsibilities and opportunities in areas that were once dominated by men, such as agriculture and, more specifically, in the water sector. Such significant participation in agriculture, as well as dependence on irrigation in Kyrgyzstan's agriculture, indicate that access to irrigation water is vital for many women in this country. Consequently, it follows that women should play a role in irrigation management and decision-making in Kyrgyzstan [36].

4.4. Activity of international donors with a focus on the women in the water sector of Kyrgyzstan. The activities of the international donors are very diverse. At the local level, most work on practical issues and needs, conducting educational, informational, propaganda, humanitarian work, or providing legal, social support to women from various vulnerable groups (poor, rural residents, unemployed, victims of violence). For example, women or gender NGOs (organizations dedicated to protecting women's interests, women's rights, and the promotion of gender equality) account for approximately 10-20% of the total number of NGOs [37].

In Central Asia, the Scientific Information Center of the Interstate Coordination Commission on Water Resources Management was the first to draw attention to this problem and gender mainstreaming in the water sector in 2004, and then implemented the project "Gender and Water" [38]. In this context, it is also worth mentioning the sociological studies of Central Asia and the Caucasus with the support of the Canadian International Development Agency, as well as the gender assessment of the Kyrgyz water sector sponsored by the European Union in 2018. This study was aimed at studying the following issues of women's rights in the water legislation of Kyrgyzstan, women's participation in decision-making on the example of water user associations, as well as local problems related to water supply and drinking water quality, depending on the specific case.

Another international donor is the World Bank, which, together with the Central Asian Knowledge Network of the World Bank Group, within the framework of the Central Asian Water and Energy Resources Program, seeks to promote gender equality in water resources management in Central Asia and Afghanistan by raising awareness and facilitating the exchange of knowledge on gender issues between academic and expert communities in the region [39]. This is achieved by raising awareness and facilitating the exchange of knowledge on gender issues between academic and expert communities in Central Asia and Afghanistan. It is important for these donors to ensure that the water sector is better informed about gender issues, a process that should begin with training programs for local communities and other public activists in this area [40]. The Central Asian Knowledge Network, in partnership with the Kazakh-German University, is implementing a project to support young scientists at universities and research institutes in Central Asia and Afghanistan who conduct research in the field of water and energy conservation and/or climate change, especially those who pay special attention to gender aspects of water resources management. The project team held a series of online conferences on gender issues in water resources management - for example, "Women and access to water", "Women and Water education", "Women, Water and Health", "Women, Water, and Climate change" and "Women and disaster risk Reduction" [22].

These events provided important opportunities for young scientists, researchers, international and regional experts, and students to discuss key gender issues in water resources management and promote capacity development among all people in the local community.

The project "Women and Water in Central Asia and South Asia" promotes the development of people-to-people relations and the transfer of knowledge from south to south in order to strengthen capacity in the field of water resources management. It brings together young women social entrepreneurs and activists from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India to discuss their experiences and share innovative solutions for community-based water management [6]. It also serves to introduce them to U.S. institutions and the political community that works on water management and gender issues. The project helps women to work together on innovative solutions in the field of community-based water management, such as the distribution of new equipment and technologies at the community level; new irrigation technologies, such as drip irrigation or water sanitation using green energy; and new strategies for the reasonable payment of water services by the community.

In general, it can be concluded that all the actions of international donors in the water sector aimed at women have a positive impact on the development of Kyrgyzstan. Initiatives of international donors in the

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water supply and sanitation sector aimed at ensuring the sustainable use of natural water resources. Currently, international organizations have appeared in the republics that are actively engaged in the problems of women in rural areas, their education, and the protection of their rights. Women are provided with conditions for self-realization and understanding in one industry based on various studies. They include a participatory approach that reflects the views and needs of different end-users - men and women [10].

5. Conclusion. Today, Kyrgyz women look at their position in society not from the point of view of their exclusive role in the family but the economic, social, and political significance. Women in Kyrgyzstan have long gone beyond the private family sphere and have become an integral part of the country's work and public life.

Despite the progressive legislative framework and the various programs, Kyrgyzstan cannot achieve the aims set out in water documents in many areas.

Restrictions on women's access to water resources have a direct negative impact on the overall status of women and their position in society in Kyrgyzstan. Women, seeing and understanding the problems of water use, often use poor-quality drinking water. However, according to [41-43] research, legal illegality and lack of information do not allow women to contact the bodies responsible for water quality control on legal issues. In general, water management organizations are dominated by men at all levels of management. Targeted capacity-building programs targeting women are needed to address this problem, while programs targeting men are needed to ensure that the special needs of women are taken into account.

As the data on the representation of women in the water sector of Kyrgyzstan show, it is necessary to increase the self-confidence and limited opportunities of women, especially young ones, which will lead to an increase in the number of women in leadership positions. In addition, the contribution of women to achieving sustainable development should be recognized and supported. Women should be able to use clean, accessible water to meet their human and economic needs.

One of the necessary conditions is to ensure universal access to safe drinking water and sanitary and hygienic services, and for this, it is necessary to develop cooperation at the national and international levels.

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Бегишбек кызы Минура

Магистрант (Казахстанско-Немецкий университет, Алматы, Казахстан; [email protected])

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЖЕНЩИН В ВОДНОЙ СФЕРЕ КЫРГЫЗСТАНА: КРАТКИЙ ОБЗОР

Аннотация. Цель исследования - привлечь внимание к основным проблемам женщин водного сектора Кыргызстана посредством краткого обзора.

Формально в современном кыргызском законодательстве не существует барьеров и ограничений для участия женщин во всех сферах жизни. Однако на практике некоторые из них носят декларативный характер и не предполагают привлечения ни финансовых, ни организационных ресурсов для их реализации. В водном хозяйстве Кыргызстана общая численность специалистов составляет 5063 человека, из них 956 женщин, что составляет 19% от общего числа. Руководство водными отраслями и ведомствами также пользуется большим доверием у мужчин.

Мужская миграция влияет на социальную структуру сельских регионов: мужчины трудоспособного возраста уезжают за границу, а женщины остаются одни, чтобы заниматься сельскохозяйственными работами, образованием детей и уходом за пожилыми людьми. Международные специалисты изучают права женщин в водном законодательстве, участие женщин в принятии решений на примере ассоциаций водопользователей, местные проблемы, связанные с водоснабжением и качеством питьевой воды, в зависимости от конкретного случая, что помогает улучшить их положение в водном секторе.

В настоящее время кыргызские женщины рассматривают свое положение в обществе не с точки зрения своей исключительной роли в семье, а с точки зрения экономической, социальной и политической значимости. Однако неуверенность в себе и ограниченность возможностей женщин, особенно молодых, вынуждают их оставаться бездействующими даже в самых критических ситуациях.

Ключевые слова: водный сектор, водная проблема, Кыргызстан, женщины, миграция мужчин.

Бегишбек кызы Минура

Магистрант (Казакстан-Немю университет^ Алматы, Казахстан;

[email protected])

КЫРГЫЗСТАН СУ СЕКТОРЫНДАГЫ ЭЙЕЛДЕРДЩ МЭСЕЛЕЛЕР1:

кыс;а шолу

Аннотация. Зерттеудщ максаты - кыскаша шолу аркылы Кыргызстандагы су секторындагы эйелдердщ непзп мэселелерше назар аудару.

Ресми тYPде казiрri Кыргызстан зацнамасында эйелдердщ eмiрдщ барльщ салаларына катысуы Yшiн ешкандай кедергшер мен шектеулер жок. Алайда, ю жYзiнде олардыц кейбiреулерi декларативп сипатка ие жэне оларды жYзеге асыру Yшiн каржылык немесе ^йымдык ресурстарды тартуды кeздемейдi. Кыргызстан-ныц су шаруашылыгы саласында мамандардыц жалпы саны 5063 адамды к¥райды, оныц 956-сы эйелдер, б^л жалпы санныц 19% к¥райды. Су секторлары мен баскармаларыныц басшылары да ерлер арасында Yлкен сенiмге ие.

Ерлердщ дош-коны ауылдык аймактардыц элеуметтiк к¥рылымына эсер етедi: ецбекке жарамды жас-тагы ерлер шетелге кетедi, ал эйелдер ауылшаруашылык ж^мыстарымен, балаларды окытумен жэне карттарды кYтумен айналысу Yшiн жалгыз калады. Халыкаралык сарапшылар эйелдердщ су зацнамасындагы к¥кыктарын, су пайдаланушылар кауымдастыгы мысалында эйелдердiц шешiм кабылдауга катысуын, накты жагдайга байланысты сумен жабдыктау жэне ауыз су сапасына катысты жергiлiктi проблемаларды зерттейдi, б^л олардыц су секторындагы жагдайын жаксартуга кeмектеседi.

Казiргi уакытта кыргыз эйелдерi когамдагы ез орнын отбасындагы ерекше рeлi т^ргысынан емес, эконо-микалык, элеуметтiк жэне саяси мацыздылыгы т^ргысынан карастырады. Дегенмен, эйелдердiц, эсiресе жас эйелдердщ eзiне деген сенiмсiздiгi мен мYмкiндiктерiнiц шектеулiлiгi оларды ец киын жагдайларда да эре-кетсiз калуга мэжбYP етедi.

ТYЙiн сездер: су секторы, су мэселеа, Кыргызстан, эйелдер, ерлер миграциясы.