Научная статья на тему 'الجودة في تعليم القراءة بالمرحلة الثانوية'

الجودة في تعليم القراءة بالمرحلة الثانوية Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

CC BY
415
86
i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.
Ключевые слова
معايير الجودة، تعليم القراءة، القراءة الثانوية، المرحلة الثانوية، معايير برنامج القراءة، معايير كتب القراءة، الجودة في تعليم القراءة / quality reading / quality criteria / high school reading / secondary reading / reading program evaluation / quality reading program

Аннотация научной статьи по языкознанию и литературоведению, автор научной работы — Reima Al-Jarf

أظهرت نتائج دراسة استطلاعية أجرتها الباحثة على عينة من الطالبات والأستاذات بجامعة الملك سعود سلبيات تعليم القراءة في المرحلة الثانوية. وحتى يكون الطالب قارئا جيدا أثناء الدراسة بالمرحلة الثانوية، وبعد التخرج منها، وضعت الباحثة مجموعة من المحاور ومجموعة من المعايير التي ينبغي توافرها في برنامج تعليم القراءة لطلاب المرحلة الثانوية ليتمكنوا من اكتساب المهارات وتحقيق الأهداف المرجوة. وشملت قائم معايير الجودة ما يلي: الجودة في تحديد مهارات قرائية شاملة، الجودة في تصميم كتب قراءة شائقة، الجودة في اختيار نصوص قراءة ذات موضوعات عالمية ومعاصرة ومختلفة من حيث الشكل والمضمون، الجودة في تصميم تدريبات القراءة، الجودة في تصميم اختبارات القراءة، الجودة في إعداد معلم القراءة، تعليم المهارات القرائية في مقررات المحتوى مثل الكيمياء والفيزياء والأحياء والتاريخ والجغرافيا جنبا إلى جنب مع المادة العلمية، غرس عادة القراءة لدى الطلاب، غرس عادة البحث عن المعلومات في المكتبة والانترنت، تدريب الطلاب على القراءة الالكترونية. وتقدم الدراسة معايير الجودة في برنامج تعليم القراءة بالمرحلة الثانوية بالتفصيل.

i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.
iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.
i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.

QUALITY IN TEACHING READING TO HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Findings of an exploratory study conducted with a sample of instructors and students at King Saud University showed several shortcomings in the teaching of reading at Saudi high schools. To enable high school students to be efficient readers while in school and after finishing school, the author set several quality criteria that the high school reading program should meet to help students acquire the reading skills and attain the required learning outcomes. The list of reading criteria included the following: (i) quality of defining comprehensive reading objectives (skills); (ii) quality of designing interesting and attractive reading textbooks; (iii) quality of selecting reading texts with contemporary and global themes and that are diverse in themes and forms; (iv) quality of designing reading exercises; (v) quality of designing reading tests; (vi) quality of preparing the reading teacher; (vi) teaching reading in the content areas such as chemistry, physics, history, geography and others together with the specialized material; (vii) instilling reading habits among the students; (viii) training students to search for information online and in the library; and (xi) training students to read online. The study gives detailed quality criteria for teaching reading to secondary school students.

Текст научной работы на тему «الجودة في تعليم القراءة بالمرحلة الثانوية»

ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ

УДК 373.1

QUALITY IN TEACHING READING TO HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

^jjjl^l thjAU SfljSl! fAj J

Reima Al-Jarf King Saud University reima.al.jarf@gmail. com

Submission Date: 10.09.2018

A^IJAJI

^Lll 4*aUj ^lil^Vlj ¿a Ai^ Jft Aj^Ull l^Jja.1 a^^lj^i A^lji ^jUj ^J^^i

A^iljjll pljj'l Ijja. Ujla ^¡llill ¿Jj&j ^J^j .Ajjl^ll ai^jaii ^i S^ljall '" jji'" ^¡a Ajji^aii ^¡a Aj^ljll ^j tLgJA ^j^jll J*Jj tAjjjljll ai^jaiU

^¡a IjjiAjjl ajjjijji ai^jaii ^¡^il S^ljall ^aUjj ^i lAjiljj ^Jll jjj1*a1i ^¡iji^a jjj^j S^jall ia SjjaJl jjji*a ^jls t * <!*Wj .sj^jaii ^ijavi ^Iiji^aii

S^ljS ^^J^aj jbJ^l ^i SjjaJl tAajLu Splj a „ SjjaJl tA^tu Ajjlj

Allj JM (ja Ailj^^j S j^Uaj ajaiic ^¡icj^ja

^¡iji^aii tS^ljall ^1*a jljcj ^i SjjaJl tS^ljall ^iljLS^l a ^i SjjaJl tS^ljall Jj 1jilj*^llj ¿J-jUllj ^Ij^Vlj frljjjellj ^IjAjill J^ ^jj^aii ^¡ijjsa ^i Ajjljall 4jj£a1i ^i ^¡iaj1*a1i ^c ^i^jll sjic oj^ t^i^ill S^ljall sjic oj^ tAjAi*ll sjiaii £a ^aUjj ^i SjjaJl jjjiaa A^ljjll ^Jaj'j .AjjjjJilVl S^ljall ^ic ^i^ill ^jjjj t^jjJjVlj

.Jj^aijllj ajjAjii ai^jailj S^ljall ^aUjj jjji** tAjjjljll ai^jaii tAjjjljll S^ljall tS^ljall ^j1*j tSjjaJl jjji*-* jAjAtji^l *t<t)

S^ljall ^j1*j ^i sjj^Ji tS^ljall jjjl** tS^ljall

Abstract

Findings of an exploratory study conducted with a sample of instructors and students at King Saud University showed several shortcomings in the teaching of reading at Saudi high schools. To enable high school students to be efficient readers while in school and after finishing school, the author set several quality criteria that the high school reading program should meet to help students acquire the reading skills and attain the required learning outcomes. The list of reading criteria included the

following: (i) quality of defining comprehensive reading objectives (skills); (ii) quality of designing interesting and attractive reading textbooks; (iii) quality of selecting reading texts with contemporary and global themes and that are diverse in themes and forms; (iv) quality of designing reading exercises; (v) quality of designing reading tests; (vi) quality of preparing the reading teacher; (vi) teaching reading in the content areas such as chemistry, physics, history, geography and others together with the specialized material; (vii) instilling reading habits among the students; (viii) training students to search for information online and in the library; and (xi) training students to read online. The study gives detailed quality criteria for teaching reading to secondary school students.

Keywords: quality reading, quality criteria, high school reading, secondary reading, reading program evaluation, quality reading program

For citation: Al-Jarf R. (2019). AjjjUJl ILjlLi pIjJIJ* ^J SjJl[Quality in teaching reading to high school students]. Eurasian Arabic Studies, 5, 36-62.

AASLA

ijjj r'nL .^¡^Lll Ig^lxj (jl Sjl^x ^Al SpljaJl

ja ^itxjl*xj ^iljji SpljaJl .AjjjljJl ailjaii jx ^jl ^Jj jjjxj^jj

^i^j'j ajji^iaii aj^ijaii ^^jJj ^jill .Jlx^Jlj ^g-illj A£jluixll ^ilalj^Jl

ajxjjji ^^^all ^IjUS^VI A£jluxll ^ilLjj Ax^J Ajalx^Jl Sj£|jJl

j^xll x t jj .^j^Jl j^jilj Aj^I^iI Sbl Spljallj .AiJillj Spljall ^la Sjja. SjjS technical ^Ijjaxllj A*xl^Jl ^¡Ijjax ' t L** iAjUillj Spljall ^la SjjS

Ajuil^il Sjl^x ^A A^a^a^J^ll jljxll SpljS jl ^l .AiJSllj Spljall jlajVI jx IjJla ^jl^ix jl IjJ .jjjjJllj ^J^aj* a SjS j^^ax AjUillj SpljaJl .SIj^JI

pljj'l Aaj^JIj jj*ul

I j AS^LJl Aj^jJl AjJla

Sjja. ^¡li ^^j^jJl jx A*^lj a]j£uj ^¡^LJl ljaj

Jjx ^jiVI ^Ijjaxlb AjU^llj SpljaJl ^Jjl A^ji j^Jij jl ^¿jjjj .SpljaJl

Spljall ^la ^¡^LJl ^jjjj jl .^jl*Jlj ^ij'ijjiij Ajalxl^VI t^l-mljjJlj ^jjUll

^l^Vl <_a^^JU -¿Iff-«* jx wJJVl JL j*Jl A^li ^¡V^Jl aju1j|j

Jib IjxjJ ^Vl^xJl ^^j^aj SpljS ^la ^^LJl ^Jjjj jA Aj^j1*j1| Aj!x*J| jx

^Sj l^Jj^ljjj Ailll jjxl*Jj iS^ SpljS jjljSj jjjJl ^LJl jV il^^jlij A^jjuJl AJ^VI ^J^a* ^la Sjl^^Jlj SjJaJl jjo^u^jj tjjj*Jll Aalli^Jl ^jLllj ^l^ji^Jl jjjajjj 'j^Jx

.^Ajllai ^a^l

JJ t^guiil ptaij' j* l^jjj uJij jl _i^ill I^JJJ Sjlg* ^ * ujl S^ljall ¿¡I SjluVl jJ^J'j

^Jll J*lj*ll ^ic t_aj*jll Jjl^. ^iluljjll JJc ^IJAJ .JJJ^ ^JJJJ ^U^j' Sja** Sjlg*

Durley, Emlen, jjj^b JjP AuIjj Igi* S^ljall ^i jju^J' Jj ^JjJ'

fg ^ic _aill SjjS jj^^Jl UjjJ ^Jll Knox, Meeker & Rhea (2001)

_iLul ^¡l IjJ^j Aajluill ^iluljjll ^ic ^^^Vl J*jj .WJJ^AII ^¡Ijja* ^i S^JJSAII ^^j^ajll t a».u tS^ljall ^IJ^JJIJJUI ^^AIJ^JUI ^Jc ^JJ^AII ^gi ^i ^VjA

a ■jj Ijxlai .S^ljall ^ic ^jjJjll ajis£ ^Jcj tAjjiill ^gj'jj^ij tA^l*!! ^gjl^ji** tAjjiill fgL ■ ^^ AjAjJ'j t_i^ill ^jl Aajluill ^1*j1*a1| Sjljj ^ic

^Jjj'lj .S^ljall ^i Aa^ill jj^^Jj tA^aall ^Ijji* ^j^jj'j tS^ljall ^iIJ^JJ'IJJUII ^ic ^gjjjjJ'j ^^i ^iljlg* ^i l^j^i* 1jjAi*Allj pljVl ^I^^^AJ ^IjljJuVlj ^IjljJ^Vl ^jUj

ajiac ^i _i^ill o1a*ji Ajiac ^ijjiaii a UwijVl jc ^jj ._i^ill ^VjA pjj^aii

aaj^ji ^l j^Vlj _j1*a1| ^gjjl ^j'lj t^g awj jc ajijjuiailj ^gU "i^jj tjj£l Sjj^aj

^Jll Shellard (2001) Jj^U Auljj ^Uaj .^jJ^aII ^ljja* ^i S*jja*ll SjUII ^gil

^i S^ljall ^jjjj AjaAI ^ijjjlj tS^ljall ^j1*j1 ¿jljJ* ^hViul A^l^ll ^ijjjl AuljJ ^¡JJ^j .S^ljall ^i jj^^j jjAi*Ail Aj'g a1i AjAjJllj ^jj^aii ^ljja*

jjl l^i ^l^jVl ^JUj ^jiui ^Jll ^jAliAll j* ijjc DiChiara (1998) ljl^ ^J

S^ljall ^i JJ* ' ^ j* jjjll JjJ^j' Ajjiill ^IJI^AII ^i

^i Sjj^ll j* ^jlui* ^j'a^jlj .^IjjA^all JJ^^ ^Jjj' ^Jll AJAJ1*J1| ^IUJIAAIIJ ^IJJVIJ jjAi*All Jjjjj'j JUIJAII ^jjJjll IjjAj l^Vl Sjjj^J ^^Ijll ^^ajl tOjIjAll

.Ajjiill ^iji^aii Jl*i ^ji'Jl ^jjjSllj

sjjj£ ^^ji jjijJ l^j* S^ljall ^i A^^ljll ^iujiaaii ^ic ^j^l aioai ^IjAj * ^jl tSjjjAj Aajlu SpljS ^aijj ^i ^IjJulj tS^ljall ^jj^ jc

^Ijij tS^ljall ^i ^jiJ ^jJaJ'j tS^ljall ^jjjj jc jjAi*All

S^ljall ^i jj^^jj ^^l^ll ^jjaJll

jc AJIJ

^ij ^jijjaj ^jjja ^jj^a S^ljS ^aIjJ ^Ij^Julj t_^ill ^ ^ic _j*jil l^iji^Jj aja3j1 ajuijaii ^ ^j^'ll j* A*ulj AijiwiJ ^Ij^Julj t^ujJAll 'a1i ^i ^ijj^aii Ajajj Aa^c

.All*i Sjj^aj S^ljall

j* Ijj^^ ^l Vj tAjiA*llj AJAJJI£VIJ AJAJJII SIJ^II ^i S^ljall AJAAI j* ^^jll ^icj

j^ij S^ljall ^i jj^all j* jjc ^IjAj .Ajjljall j* jjc

Jj*' ^ j* .J^IJAII ^i SjjaAll S^ljall j*j J^eall

fljAjillj ^Ijjjillj ^Ij^ljjllj Ijilji^llj ^jjUll^ AUJJAII ^i JIJAII S^lja ^i

Aj.jj1j.il Ai^jxlb spljall ^xljjj ^i S^j^ll jlx^l jjjiax MAjJ^J. 1xx plj^^lj

Ai^b

jl ^j1£xljj tAj.jj1j.il Ai^jxll ^i^l jx Sjjij jj£l A*x1^jl ^i^L jj ^j^j

1xj aj*x1^J| ^iljjaxil pj^ ^i Ajjjljil Ai^jxib spljall ^ji*J ^ijji^jij '" <1 jji>» ^ic

j£xJ* ^Jc jl j£xJ* ^Jx a. A*x1^jl SjJl^il jj '"'"'J^J tAjjIjS ^iljl^x jx ajíujj

A^ij Aj^bll ^tA*xu]| ^lJJaxl AjjUxll ajjijail ^¡Ij^xll jx JjVI ^j^ixll ^¡^L A*x1^j ^j.jJj* ajja j^^ 56j ÜjVI ^jj^ixllj AjllL 143 jx Aij£x ajjc ^ic M

^bllUll ^ülil Jalj .Ajjjljil Ai^jxllj Spljall ^xljjj ^i ^jij! ^ic ^jAjil ojx^i i^^ljjil ^jjll jil ¿^aj* tAx^x jj¿ Ajjjlj ¿jlx jjj*j* ajjajíi Ai^jxll ^i Spljall ¿jlx jl vj t'¿jj£xj AxjJS Igjlj Spljall ^tcj^jx ^^ajjj .^jj^VI ^i sj^ij A*US ^ibllUll ^ijjjj Spljall ^xljjjj .ají jj^JAJ. ^jll J^*üj ^^jl^ll ^i jjJj. jjJj l^jjj AS^c

jx ^ilcj^jx SpljS ^ic jjjJjj. Vj Sj^il Spljall ^ic ^IjilUil ¿^'"'j V Ajjjljil Ai^jxllj

^iVI :jjx f^VI ^i ^jj* ^lll ^¡Ijjixll ^jUx jiJAJ. v j$i Iji .^jjjyi tAjjLail Ajpl^Vl tAjp^*jil ^UxJ^il t^1jlXjjil tJxUil jxjil A^UÍ Aji^jil .aj^iixjLjíi Ajl^a^ll t^x^j tjl^jVI ^ja^ t^Uxjail t^ljxVI Jj-^a t^iLjil jlj^il

jjx ^l^^jxilj tAjjlJilj ^ijVI Ajxi1*ll jjjj^il :jjx ^Icj^jx jc Sj^í j4j.ji ^jij

jj '*tAjjj*ll Aiill jjjíi ^lj t^jjjjVI ^l^Vlj tjjliil ^i^j t^j^jjjilj jl^jjjil

.Spljall uji ^i Vj ^Ijjaxll jx ^l ^i ^j^J* ^Icj^jxilj üJx

Aj^a^aail ^^j^ajil ^i J^a^jj* ü^ljxll ^Jx^ ^i l^ljaj. ^Jll ^^j^ajll jl ^l^lUll ^il^blj

SpljS ^i ^iijjj ^ji^il ¿Jx^ ^i l^áj l^jic jjj^jj. ^jil ^Ijl^xilj tAjjj^áJilj

jc AjI^VIj t^^all Aij^VI jx ^^c jc AjUVIj t^lxliil ^jl^ ^J^J t^^jll

jx lpj^ ^IjJlUJl Í jaj. tAAJlUxil ^IjjJil .Ajljixil ^lja.1 jJl ^i l^^ii All^Vl tl^j^i^. jlj t^^jil jx xi^ jc jil^J.j tAjj^A SpljS ^Uiil ^i 1^'nrtjJ jlj

Spljail ^il jixj. vj t^^il ^i Ix^jic jj^l jlj tlj^i^ jjjj'l jl Jlj^ jc jjj^jj

Spljaj ^l^lUJl ^jaJj plj^Vlj pljjjiilj pljxj^il ^jj^ j ^1^i*xll ^jaJ*j .ajaji^i

.^IJSll jx Ajx1*1I S^lxll SpljS jx V^j 1 ^ ^i^j jjJljj.j tAjjj*ll Aiill^ Ajj^^ll Spljall ^i IjUj A*x1^ll jl AjjA pl^bcl Jlilj

^^Jxjll ^1xl ^Ijjaxll J^l ^i Ij^j jl tcj^jx jjaL l^^jc ^IxUll ^Ui ^i jiU^jj jli tAjj£xil jl ^jjjiVI ^i Axji*x jc jj^jj. jl jii^ l^jj .^Ij^l^üil ^J^j ^i jl ü^aiil Spljall jii£ lijj tj^ill ^Jj ^1^ji*xll jj^^jj ^li JaÍj. jx j^jx JjiSj tjxjjj. j^jx jjj^il

^i^ajj. jiVI ^^»jllj tlj^lj ljaj. j^^Ajj tSjl^VI ^lj t^^ljx sjc jx

^ic jjaJ' SiUuVl Aj*u ^i Jj^uJll jgj* jjjill ^Jlajjj .Aj*Aj* Splja jjJ ^aa ^Jill Jj ^bllill j* jjjill jaJijj Aja^.VI AilaJll ^i ^ Splj ^bllill j* ^bllil! j| .lgJjj*j'j ^ilAjll Spljaj t^lAji*jll ^bJ'l Jj* AjijUjl| Spljall

A*1c jgj* jjjill ^Jl ^jlj .A - ^ AJJJ^II ^IJJSAII

lgjj£ljA AjjjUll a1^ja11j Spljall ' t \g'A uJJ ^Icj—jaII Ajcjj Jc _j*jilj

Spljall ^Icj—j* JjI^Jj (^2004) _j^ll t^jjAJ* j* Aj Uj j—Ull j^*il Ji^jj t%10 Ji^J Aajj^ll ^jJl^Vlj Ajjl jll ^bVl jl tAjJj\jll AkjaHj

fjjall ^Jj*ll ^lljjll t%13 AaIaII ^Icj—ja1|j t%29 ^a^uVI ¿jjUll

t%8 IgJjil AIIaaII ¿jjU' Jj^ jjjj' ^jll ^Icj—ja1Ij t%9 ^jj*1I j*^llj t%11 t%4 ^^.Vlj ^jj*ll jA\*ll Jj^j t%6 ^Uljjllj ^UljpJlj t%6 AjA*!! ^Icj—JAllj .%1 ^jl^Vl t%1 Ajljjllj Ajjj*1I ^lAkjAllj t%2 j'l*All ^Jj*ll _jVij

^jjjJll AjjA pl^cl tAjjjljll aI^jaIIj Auljjll pljjl Ijj^ Ujla ullill jjij J^j ^j—ja ^Ij^Ju! t_Uill plj^l Aij*a 1* Jc SjjU Ajllill jjiJ jl Sjjj— t^iUllillj J£ fj^'J AajjL fgij tJii J^aall fj^'J Aajj^ fgij tojgall J ''"'^.'У' _Uill j* jj** j^'il Ajij^aJll jliaVlj tSjai Jil Aujjjll Sjiallj Jii j^'H Aujjjll Sjiall ^Ijaaulj tSjai ^ljaallj J^l ^jjJ' ^Jll ^jljjllj AjUaJjVl ^ljlj*llj ^lJajUIJ tSja Jilj Jii jl t^j—jAll ^ ^ iJ ^Jll Sjiall Jj jj^j ^iljLc j* ^^jll ^i _j*J'j .'.'

^i jljaJuVI ji tjliaVl ^i ^aUJll j ^jUjllj ^Ij.Vl jj^J' ^Jll ^ljlj*llj ^ljaall ^Iajujj ^jIj^j jj^ j* ^^jll ^i Splja tSjjj^ Sjia JlaJjVl jl tAJj** Sjia ^^jc tAjjJiAll ^1AJ1*J]| ^gi tlgAgij jj^jj ¿jjljJ'j PIAUIJ ^Ijjl^^jj JjlJ^j AJJIJJ

AjjjjJilVl Spljall jlaJjj tjj** ^i Ajjjj^ll jjc jliaVlj Ajjjj^ll jliaVl JjJ^j

.AjjjjJilyij Ajajjll ^IJAII ^i ^^jllj

A^IJAII ^AA

AjjAjII a1^ja11j Spljall SJj^ ^jjua ^jjaJl jjjIaa ^^bj Auljjll o^A

^jl Spljall 1 gjA'j ^Jll ^IjI^aII ;Aj11j1I ^Vl^^ll Ja^j Ajjj*ull Ajjj*1I a£1aa11j

jljJ^lj t^jJ^rtll ^i \gjic ujjjj' ^Jll Spljall t_^ill

^ijijj^i ^jA^aJ'j tlgjJij Spljall ojjJ fJ a ■'j tSpljall ^IjjjjJ' ^jA^aJ'j tSpljall

.Spljall A^IJAII Ali^i

fjjaJ 1gjj— ^i jiAj ^Jll jjjIaaII 1a (1) ;Aj11j1| AiluVl jc ^J^J jl Auljjll olA ^jll ^lpl (2) ?AjjJ*ull AjJJ*1I AiiAAll ^i Ajjj\jll Ai^jAl1J Spl jall fji*j' jJ Sjj^

pj^ ^i 1 g U^xj ^Jll ^¡I^jjSxII I* (3) jjjIaxJI j* ^UU l^djj'l jlxj

?а£1ахь Ajjjlj.ll Al^jxJl ^i '¿pljSll '¿^j^ jjji**

iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.

A^lj^Jl Aja^i

^Jj ^AJLJ" ''' .^AJJ^J pljVlj ^AljxJl U^jjl^yij jjxl*xll Jjlj£ JJJIAXJI ^jil"

jl ^Jj ^iljl^xll ^^JJjJj' ^i JXJ' ^ ffij tlgjf^l ^Jj ^i^ill ^U—J ^jJl ^¡Ijl^xll J£ jl j* j£Ullj ^j* A*j\j*j ^i^ill ^jl AjjIjSII ^¡IjI^xJI ^JjSj' ^i J^I^jj tlAjjSjj

Jj^a—j ^jj^* £3jlj tl^^aj ^jIaxJIj ^IjlgXlj ^Jxjj jAj AjjjIj.1I aA^jxJI j* ^j^jj

^i j^f .^gjljalj Lpl^aJsl jj*jj—xll ^^l^ll jjj 4j\j——j\i '¿j^all j^j t^^l^ll

jj"—Jl ^ij^jjijj^i ^jJajj t^^^llj '¿¿jl^i^J j^i^axJl jjj—jj tS^ljSll

^luijli ^l^lj .^jgxll jxill ^i jjxl*xll je.fj t^xJ^xllj Jjjxllj A^jjxll jjj J^IjjJI

Aj^jjJ AjJ '¿IjI AjjiHl ^Ijl^xJl jjjIa* aSj-j jl Faust & Kieffer (1998) jaiSj pljjj jljSll ^i t^jle. jIxj^VI U^xjj t^i*Jllj ^jjSjJI jjj Jj—. jjxl*xll jjj ^Sill

jjjIaxJI ^Jj portfolio ^lxll ^IjVnul jl ^Jj IjlLlj .^^all Jilj ^I^ijIxxJIj ^AUxJI

.Ax^Ij Ajxj1*j Ajjj Ajj^j'j ^IxajJll jjj—j ^i jjxl*xJl Jcl^j jl j£xj

A^iljJil JJ^A,

^j^j jl tAjJljll Al—jxJb '¿pljSll ^xijjj '¿jj— ^JjSj jjji** aj—.Ull ^jsj^i

^i JJJ^*xJI JjjLj Aj1£ АУ fJSj' jlj jjjIaxJI ^i ^¡Jjj ^jJI ^l—xll ^jj'j

OJA ^Ij—j^llj AjJl—Jl A^iljjll ^jsj' jlj t^^jll l^J ^jx^xji ^l^a^ll A^JjJ^xl ^JjJdll .Ajlc ~^—lij a<\xx\1 j ajjAjji ai^jxji '¿pljSll ^jlj^ '¿^j^ ^jjsj ^i jjj1*xji

j* Ajl Vj jfc AJj*j*J '¿^jij* JjJj' ^jijs ^i jjjiaxji ^^J^ j* ^¿jll ^laj

^^JJ ^¿ll VjjjJll ¿jji ^JJJ^ll j* ^jlj tJ*l£J* J^ l^jl J*Iajj jl ^jjj^ll

Aji

^l*ajj jl Ijxlc AUjj^xH ^jj^JI jl ^Ljjj^xJI jl ^li^ljxJl j* ArjxN * ^A jjjIaxJI jjjjjJjj A a\J4 xll Aj^ljjll J^IjxJI ^^^ll "J^j jl ^jJI ^Ijl^xllj Jj^a—Jll

Ajjj^Vl ^lilllj Aljx^ll jjjaJlj Ij^jlj'^Jllj ¿jjUllj ^jl*Jlj ^Ij^ljjllj Ailll ^i l^jlfc

UjjjIjVIj jjxl*xllj pljVl jlaSl jjjIaxJI oJA Jjxj'j .IAjj^j AjjjjJl AjjjjIIj A—^allj 1*j A^jjxll Ax1*j jl ^»j'j I* ^l^ Jlx^Vl Jl^jj ^xj^xji SjISj jjjxjpl£Vlj

^Jll ^IjI^xJIj ^jIaxII Jj - ^ a- ^^ajj t^^ixll Ijl^j jjjl*xJl Jj—jj .^^^ll Ax1*jj jl J£ ji| ^^^ll AiSjj jl ^»j'j I* jlj** J^ ^—jj .jjjiaxji ^s—jj ^^^ll "J^j jl

.Aj^IjJ a!^j* jl ^^IjJ

Jj' "'j tAjjj\jll a1^ja1\j Spljall fji*j' ^a\jjj1 lj1Lj jjj1*a1I jj^j' tAuljjll oiA Jj ^ljja* ^i jjj1*a1! AjjjUll aI^jaII \g.u"Jij jl ^jll Ajjljall ^IjI^aII

AJaJj jl ^ijjj. ^ill ^jJ^aIIj Ajjljall ^IjI^aII j1j*a Ji .Ajjjljll Spljall

.Ajljll Ai^JAll SJJ^J/

^1au1i aia— Igjlj jjjiaaii ^sjjavi jg*All 1gij*jj .a'j* л j| ..\uja1 AajliAll ^A

.A'J*A .' piijii jc Sjj\a \gi*^J AAJ^II jl ^JIAII J^J ■^iij

igji Sjj^II jjijJ' American National Standard Aj&jaVi AjajSII jjj\*a1I ¿Sja _jcj

^¡Iaj^JIj ^JUjll jlj t^lplj—Vlj jjj1*a]| ¿ja^j ^IjjlVl j* j£\j11 Si^jaII ^Iplj—Vl ¿ja—

^Jll Aa^iaII J1*iVlj ^Iplj—Vlj ^luljull igj j^ajj .A*ajjAll pIjVI ^biij

.IgJajj ^ililjjll a^' ^i Aajll j* jj*A ^jju* fjjaJ jl Jc ¿la^Jl 1л Auuja W

AA^iAII

a1i AiuiJVl 1a£ .^1—.j^aiij a^1\»a1!j ^ijj^jllj ^^^jaii ^li jaajj

.Acj—JAll Ajjall ^IjILjAII ¿* JJJ ^ikill j Sj^Jll j jJiAll jl j^ljil A*j^ll

SfilJJ!

Spljall AjIac ^jj*j' j* jj V tAjjjUll a1^ja11j Spljall fji*j' ^aUjj SJj— fjjaJ' jjjl** ¿—jl ^IjJ^l" jJJ CjljJJ' Spljail ^lajj*^! j* jjjill Jj—jl ^lij IgiA jjiJ' ^IjI^aII jjj^j'j AJJJiAll Al1uJll ^ljjj Jj t(Harris, 1969 oyj*) ^Uiill JliUV

^IjIac j* Aiuiu Jj t(Carroll, 1964 Jjjii) "Ajgq^ll Allujil AIjIaa sjj^j igA-ij _jcj .(NSSE, 1948) J^j Jji*Jllj Jji^Jllj ?iAl jlj'jj fjjaSllj jjiaJll

.AjjjiAll jjAjllj AijjjA Jjiaj AjIacj ^JUaII ^j—jJ' AjIac igji Jc 'Spljall jjj^i jjJjA SjIaII fgij Ajjj£a1I aK1I _j*j' ;1aA Spljall Aj1a*1 jjjulul jjiij ^j*a1I I1a ^^jJajj

.'SpjjaAll

fijjUf ^

SjIaII fgij AjjJia1I jjAjll _j*j' 1aA jjjujjj jjJ'jlgA j* jjiJJ' Spljall AjIac jl 1aj Sjjall AjAij jA ljA^jil Spljall fji*J j* olu^l _jgll jV pjjaAll fgi ^jj*j' t'SpjjaAll Jac J^Ij jjjJ' AjI^Ij AjIac olA fgall AjIacj .SpjjaAll SjIaII fgi ^ic IjaIJ Ji ^jl

SjIaII fgi AjIac ji Yoakam (1951) flijj Jjajj SjU\j* ji^j Vj t^jlall

Sjiall \ g iaJij ^JIaaII fjjaJ' Ja^J'j t1gjj1*Aj aK1I jjAj jj. ^jjll Ja^j' SpjjaAll

j1isVl

oiA jiiJ'j igj'plja plij'l jliiVl fj^'Jj t^j^^ll ^j*a1I jIjj^Ij tpjjaAll ^^ill

jl Edwards (1957) jJjljJj ^j^jj .JjaJuA jl j—1^ .Ll^j ^i I^aIj^JuIj 1gc1—jJulj

^i Ji^J' ^Jll jlis^l Sjji^all LlaJll ^ic Sjjall Ja^j' SpjjaAll SjIaII fgi AjIac

Sj^JA Sjjji Sjii IgcjA^A

^A ^JjVl Ajj^jll .'¿pjjSxJI '¿jlxJl ^£3 Ajlxa jli^aj jUjj^j ^liA tpjjSxJl ^3 Ajlxa ^iJj Ja l^l^l JXJ*J tl^JJj—J USXJ V '¿J—IJ AJK Ajlxa '¿PJJSXJI '¿JIXJI ^43 jjJ*jj Ajl^ll Ajjkill Jali" Ajlxa Igjl ^l t'pljSll pljjl l£*j—J'.j t^jtSll jAj '¿Jj—jxJI ^¡1*j1*xJ|j Aij*xJl ^j.jJJ' ^jL jlxJal '¿jjj^ Ja Ajj^ill OJA J^jJj .'¿PjjSxJI '¿jlxJlj ^jlSJl jjJ jxJ'*

AJL*J Ajjlgill Ja Ajj^ill 0JA JJJ .^Lll ^JJ ¿JJll '¿jla '¿PIjSll

'¿ja ^liAj .^^ill J lix^ jl A—.Ij— ^Jjj jll jl^iVl ^$3 ^Aj ^jlSll Igj ^jSj jJl '¿pljSll .oljjl 1g\j—aJ ^^ill J jl A—lJ— ^IJJJ jJl jl£iVl ^¡IjjJ'* j£xj |j— '¿JS** Ajlxa pjjSxJI ^3 jJJ*j'j Al^aiixJl ^iljl^xJl Ajj^j ^£3 AjjUll Ajj^ill l*l JjJ—j' Ja '¿jjSllj t^^iW A'jjJI SjSill jjj—J' Ja '¿jjall Jj* AsjSj ^iljl^* '¿Ja Jj l^jjj—j

jjl A^ll* xj ^jlSll Aji ^jSj LlSa iLluij pjjSx\I ^3 JJJ*J lx£ jjaj Ajlj—aJll jl£aVl

jj*jJl _j*jj ^jSjj .^^ill ^j^j* ja ^iI*j1*x\Ij Jl*xJl lisjjv ^¡1*j1*xj| j* Ailj—*

A1x—Jl Ji|j Ajj—ill _j*Jjj t^lj'ill j* Aj*^aJl ^lljjixJl Jl** ^.''J'Jj tAjj&xJl

t^l*jl*xJlj jUaVl ^J'J'jj t^^ill ASjjLj t^^ill Jilj ^jIjjJI ^Ijjlj tJx—Jl jjjj

^^ill J '¿JjIjJ l '¿jjj—Jl ^il*jl*xJl ^^ill ^j^j* ja ASjl'll AjI*j1** ^j—J'jj

^l* j1*xJ| J j ^a'll J3j .^^ill '¿plJ J pjjJl Jji ja l^3j*j ^Jll ^1*j1*x\Ij

oJA jjj*jj .^^ill ^3 JJ* — Ajj'lJJ—Jl jl Ajjilll ^jlj—Jl oJA j* jJ^l jl ' < ^i Ajj^ill oja ^ij '¿pljSJl ~j\*J j^jj 1iA j* .Aajaj ^ijl^* j* Ajj£* '¿jl^* pjjSxJI Ajj^ill jjjJl ¿j*^j\Ij AjjIjjjVI AJ-Jx\I ¿j*^j Abajll 0ja wJa ^^Lll ^jjJj

'¿pljSll ¿uiljll ^j^ixJl A^j—J' j* ojjxJl USxJ I^jV t'pljsll ^3 ^Ijjt — j* jjjl*j '¿pIjsJI ~j\*J j* Ijjj^ J—j lij^a l¿J .ojjll pli-l l^jla jj^jjll jlxj '¿jj* — ^Ij—j

.(Richek, List and Lerner, 1983) Ajj^iJl o¿A jla ^jSJjl jS aIj*j

SfijjJull aJLJl i^iUjlma

^^^ll ^jjJ' '¿pIjsJI ~j\*J jlj tpjjSxJl ^.^a ^ijl^* ijj'J^i js ^^^ll jl j* ^8—j\\

'¿Jj^ eJ-jSJ' JJjl** ^3 Ig'jx^j ^jJlj pjjsxji AilJ—xji ^iji^xjij ^Ijjj'xJl jla

jai .l^jla ^^^ll ^jjjj' ^Jll pjjSxJI ^Ijjj'* JjJ—J' j* Jj V topljSJl «_slJAl

j]jl£j t Dechant and Smith (1977) ^jx^j ^lUijjj Barrett (1979) ^jjlj j* ^ ^Ijjjj jjIjj jlxljAj tOlson and Dillner (1980) jiljJj jj'ljlj tKarlin (1980)

^^ill ^IjjJ'* ¿jjl Heilman Blair and Rupley (1982) jl A\x—\i jl Ax\<\\ jLIjxJI ^jjjJI Jl Ji*xJl LlSJll jAj Jl Ji*xJl ^>43 .1

^3 Ija^ jl A—Ij^ lAj£j Jjj ^jJI ^Ij—Vlj ^l*jl*Xllj jUiVl ^^ij ^Ij'll j* '¿j£ill

.^ill

'1aj1*a ¿a SpjjaAll A*iail jijall ^jj^aii ^j* Jc Sjjall jAj J'J.«Vl fgall .2 1a Splja Jc Sjjall jAj .'l—ljJilj ' 'ja^J j* Aj fjaj 1a1 o\Ui AjL^j AuJ^j Sjiall uJlill IajIjI jl! AajA*ll Aj'a^II ^jl*All Llajll Jc Sjjallj tjjiull pljj 1aj jjiull jjj

.^^ill j AAI j' lAjiij fl Aiilj jlj^aj jAj igaj'j igjajj SpjjaAll SjIaII Sjj— Jc fiall jlj^j jAj ;j£1ill fgall .3

.AjuIIa jjjIaa pj— j ^^iil ^1a1| jjjUllj Aiill Jc fi^ll

Ai.^j ^j—ja ^^IjajuiI j ^Jlill SjlgA A..\^JuVlj ^ic _j*jll jAj ;jjiSll .4

.AaIj^JuiIj JjJA ^jj| _jiul jljj^l j Aj'jlgAj t'SjjjA 'Ij^aiuj t^llj^lj tlguslij ^ij^vi

AjjJdJf Ab,J^J AfiSjJf ¿jt+Ji

igi—l j* jl! _IjaVIj tAgiJ^rtll Ajuljjll J^IjaII j oljaj jl ^ijb 1a Jc _j*j11

tAjJljall 'IjlgAll Jc vjjjJ' j igcljj'l ^ijij jl! J^IjaIIj Spljall fi*Jj

Ai^JAll j* p|jjj| AjjIJall 'Ij^Al fji*jl J^ljA jjj^Jj Chall (1983) J^u (2) Spljail jgll Ai^JA (1) Aj*a1a1I Ai^JAll AjjIjJjV! Al^JAll JjU' jll AjjjgAll jjj^ll fi*jl SplJall Ai^JA (4) Aa^illj Ai^JA (3) AJJJiAll jJAJll _J*j Ai^JA

pljjll Ai^JA (6) t'SjjAJA J^j '' g—j jA jjj^ll fi*jl Spljall Ai^JA (5) Sj^lj J^j Ag—j

.jlijVlj

aI^jaII Jj1*j liujljA ji Ajjjljll aI^jaII jl jjjjj tJjU igj'jj^ jJll J^IjaII Jc plijj

AI^ja jA AI^jaII OlAj (SjJaja J^j '"'\g-j j* jjj^ll fi*jl Spljall AI^ja ^l) AuaI^JI AjJjull ^^j^aill j* I jjji I JJcj AauIj AijiW'' Ijaj ' * t^uljll l&liAAJ Spljall

¿a tSjj*jA j^j '' g—j ^ic ^jj^j' jJllj Aclj^llj ^jj^aII a j* 'j Sja»rtll Aj^^allj _jVlj Ajc\ aJ-VIj Ajjlujyi ^ji*llj plj^Vlj pi^jjall Jlja AuljJj Sj^ll Spljall ^ic jjijjll jjJaJ liAj .IgjlalajUlj Sjj.j^II 'I^IU^aIIj 'IjjaAil Aa^jjaII Auljjllj t'^^Allj ^^^allj Sjljjj tSpljall ji Acjull ^ic a1^.ja1I oiA ji Spljall fji*j' jiJj.J .Ajljillj Spljall .Sjalill SplJallj Aj.ljjll 'lj1gAll ^lc ujjjjllj t'|jJaAll j* Ajjiill

Abi^Jl

Spljall fjl*j' ^aIjj SJj— fijaJl jjjIaa Sjjji Ajjjc 'luljJ ^ic Aj^.1j1| jj*j fl

^icVl fjl*jll AjJa (f2005) fji^jll ^lcVl ^l^All ^li Jia ^ai .^1*ll fjl*jll J^lJAJ

OjIaIaII _ljuj ^aj AjjjaII Aill jjj.Iaa jIjcIj ^a1ja1| pljj^ jA SjjAJA AjljJ Aj^j fjl*Jll

jl j* Jaajllj jjj.Jiall ^a1ja1I pljj^j OjaIaaII j* AaljAll Ja*1I ^ji ^aUj .fjl*jll Ajjgj jjjJiall 'l—lj2^v Aaj^* 1gj|j .AjJiall Ailajllj fjall j J uJJ ^aIjaII jjjIaa

a1! ¿ajA ji SJJ—JA JJC JjjiAAll AaJIS jilj .fgjlAlAjAlj

j^x J fjMl Ajxjall j¿j.l*xll jx Aajx—x ¿^jj (^2003) Au^xll fjMl ¿jljj ^xlSj

¿¿JJ—x Ajxjall jjjl*xll jl jljJal Ja ^ljj 'j^x J ^ AUUll ¿Jj—ll (Jja—*** ^J^j jjjl*xll .Uj lAj^lia J£j ^l*Jllj ^jl*Jll Axj^ix J ¿JjUiixll Alxlull ¿Jj—Jl ^AjjJuixl

Jl—x J£l (2)Domains A^j ^¡Vl—x ^x— (1) ^Ull Ajijll j^x J ^¿l*Jl] AjxjSll aj A^l—Jl ûjjj1*x ^aji Jl—x JSl (3) Sub-domains aj A^l—Jl Ajajill ajvi—x ^¿Jj

JSl (5) Indicators Ajla AJljJl A*lj^> jUx J£l (4)Standards

.Rubrics jjjSjJl

^jl*Jll ^ljljlj A^a^a—Jxll Ajxl*ll '"^j* ^jS* ''¿J—Jxll ^AjVjll J^x Ajji—Vl Jjjll Aj^iillj J lxj ^ji^all ¿jx—J Aj^ljjJl ^ljjSxll ¿jx— ^xljjl '¿Jj— jjjl*x ¿^ajJ AjVj J^ J

AjJjjJl A

j*x—ll íj^a—ll V JUxll Jjj^i .¿plj^ll l^ixj AjjilJl ^iljl^xll ^lj

^l—xll ¿x jjl*Jllj ^1996 ^la International Reading Association (IRA) SpljSll The National Council of Teachers of English Aú¿]—jVl A*lll ^xl*xl ^xjSll ùjjjxll ^Vî ^ ^jjUxl A—jJj ^pl— Ajjilll ^ljl^xll jjjl*x Aajjj (NCTE)

^jJaj* Jj ^JAj .¿J—Jxll ^ijvjll pl—jl ¿jx— J ^Ajjàj jljall pljVlj jjü—ljllj

^l—ill jx lji£xJjl Ajjjl—jyl AilJl ^lJ—J^l jjjaJj ^i^Dll ¿jx— jl jx J^Ull jl^jVlj Aj—jJll Ajl—xll Ailijll ljjJijlj 'AjjixJj ^jll Jx*ll Jl—jvj '¿xJ—xll J A£jluxllj 'À^ijJxll J

îjsj ;l^jx ljlj*x 13 jx ALujll .f$j*lj— ÁljL ^jjxj ^ijaí lj^—Jj íl^ji ljx^^Jj

iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.

ljx^iJj ^^j^aill ljx^ijl AajjDxll jjàj AajjDxll ^^j^aill jx A*^ilj ajj£u** ^i^Dll Jx*llj ¿xJ—xll — — ljjljj ¿JjJ—ll ^Ixjlxxll ljJ^J^Jj í^ll*llj ¿J—Jxll ^IjVjll AiliJj ¿pjjixll ^^j^aill ljx^ijlj í^lj—jj'ljJ^Vl jx A^^lj A Un ljá:Ujj í^^jljj ljia—jj í^USllj pljSll ¿x ^^lalÜj ASjl^ll ^la jjJxJ*jj .lAjSjijjj lAjxjajj lAjj^ijj

í^íll ^Jl^— jjx^ijj íAjjJ^xll jjxjll ^Ij—jjljj^lj ^lJjixll ^jl*x jjij*jj

^l^jl*xll JaljS Jjx Aj—j]jj£j]l jJl^axllj ^l^jl*xll jJl^ax jx A*^lj a1j£uj jjxJ—J^jj

.l^líjj AijÄxll jl£jjVj l^—xJj ^lxjl*xll ¿x—j ^Kjwjj

New Hampshire State Department of jjUxlA jjj AjVjj ^jl*Jll ¿jlJj ^xlij u^Jl ^J-j A^jjJl ^i AjjilJl ^ljl^xll ^jl*J] ^la jlil ¿^jj Education (1998)

lxj í

jjUxlAjjj ^i ^^Lll

Aij*j jl ^*jjj l^ JJ— Ajjjjj jjjl*x ^»^jj í^jjljJl ^JljJl ^^j l^ix J£ j AjjiJ (J^ljl^x ^x— jl^Vl JJ—j .Ajjilll ^ljl^xll ^i ûjl*ij jl

ûjljj ^»^jj .jlaj'Vl jjjl*xj í^^ixll jjjl*xj íjj—x J£ jx ^J^Jl Aj^l^l ^ljj^x

AjllJll jjjl*xll California Department of Education ljjjjijJl^ ^i ^jl*Jllj AjjjJll JxUJj ^DJ Ajjilll ¿jj—jl] ¿jxJ^xll AjxiJllj ^lJjixll Jjl—j (1) :Ajjj\jll Al—jxll

^jl*x jiJ^l ^i x\<W Aji^J^llj AjSjjáVl Jj^Vl Ajjij*j l^ ^j^Dj*

sjiasi jc jjSjlll ¿a pjj5a1| fgi (2) .AiJj —lljjiAll ^Jj fljaJuilj 0Plj5Sl pljj| Igjjäjl^aJ

tlgAgij ^^iljjll t aj^IUaii ajjjsaii ^^J^ajll 0P!j3 ja^jj —¡iajjaa füj jll aojijSil

Je jj.JAJ*A t^jjljll ^lljll ^^all Ajlgj ¿a ^i^üi IjL ''' J .^^ill fJ^'j ^ji JjJajj

t—N^. a\ij j^iaaii ^jvi ¿A aa^iij ajjs^j aajs ^jjoja acja^a ia tfg^ajl

jja aaiasi ^jijjjj ajc^jji ^jll^Vlj ^^jl^a^ll jjJJajJ ( Aj^jSlVI —ia j!*a]|

fJ^Jl^J. ^jll ^jLllj —l^lUAl fj^lljAJ —¡ijji^aiij tj^ll

AäjAJl ^jSjUj A^jjjll jl£aVl jlj£"j ^ill fj^jJ' ^j^ Igj jJjJ jll Alj^ll jJJaj.j

^j^ill ja ^j^l j jjlS^ll jj^^jjj .jaasi ^j^j jc —bji*Sl jijj^ij

.tgJa^a ja j| jaasi jsiaij jjilgJ^Allj jjgA^JJ A. A\l JjA AjjjAl

^Jill jc jjASaJj .ajja^ fl Oj&l^ ^Jl^Jl pljVI jjJJaJj

ajjjjji Öjlj] —aÜj .^aajaii ^j^vi JjJ^Jll (3).Oj^j Ag^j fCjl ^ijaii i^aj^j^i

jjjiaa ¿^jj Arizona Department of Education (2003)tjjjjj ajvjj

jji^a a^ia^ ajjijsji ajj5aj| —¡ljaaii jc j£jj o^ljaJl ^jjaj ^aijj

j Sjpajl —bjAl j5jij —Ijl^) jj^Sl JjJ^Jl! j^Vl

ja |jJc jJ^A JS ^aJ ij*^jj pjj5a1| ^^ill fgil —AjtaJüljSui! fljaJuilj (aj^ija —iliLiui

.^^Ijj ^^ JSl jjji*a1i

.^ajacij 0Plj5Jl ^a!*a jjjiaa ¿^Jj —AjVjll j AjJjJll ^Ijljj ^aü ias Michigan State Board of

aj.vj ji AjjjjJ!

öjljj ^aÜ jijaii joj^ ^jaj. :1giA Ajjjlji! AJ^jaiij oPlj5ll ^a!*a ¿ja^ ^ijcv jiaj&i j!j*a 30 ¿^jj Education

t—alj\ g aj! ajjaisjji aajjuw AAgi jg (AjjgAll ^i^jiah aaij^j^i jg (SPlj5ll ^Ijj^j

jjlall ^jlall toPlj5ll jl fgaj t^jJa —ijj5a ¿ja^ ^i aj.j*jj|

toPlj5ll ji jjj^UAi! ^^^JJ ^jjjJllj fcjll fj5j t^^^ll jjj Ajjjäll ^jjäJJ I5ij ^jJj.

.iäjjcj ^jj^aii —ijj5a ji oPlj5Jl —IjlgA ajajj ji ^Ij^V AJl*i —io^jjijj^i ^j^jj

Indiana Department of Education IjljJj] ajvj ji fjJ*JJlj AjjjJll ¿jljj

fj*A fgaj :lgiA jji^a oj^c Ajjjljil aj^jaji ji oPlj5ll fJ*A —Ijias jjjiaa (2005) —Ijsjjj.j toPljll j Igj JA*j' ^jJl AljjLllJ —ijjvij ajj5*ji —1jja*ji fjAlaA j5ll fgjjl ^ajjj t^^l^ll fW'i.; ^jS ^jaaii fgSjj t^lli JSl ji*A oPlj5ll ja^j ajajjaj jjj AjjjaJl ^jjall fgajj t^Jljall ^ajaj ^cjj ajajjaj l^ji fgJ fJ5j.j t"0Plj5Jl —ij^jjijj^i fj^J^jj t^jjäll ^jj ¿a 'J' ajajjaj l^ji fJajj to^ljall ^jaj j ^gjoll^l ja ^^l^ll

fgaj tAjSJl^ll ^ijavij — j^j Jilill jjSiJll ^Jc ^^Lll ¿j^^js aj^jjj2 —ijäjjij^l ¿ja^ ji jAillj jjjaii jj*j' ajajjaj ajjj jjäjj —icja^aj ^jlji fgLSjIuij ^^^ll ¿iljJ ^ijaij o^ljall ajja*j Aij*A jjc jSjjj fjJ*j ajjac jj.jj.j ^^^J to^ljaJl ^ilj^

tljau—j IjalxJ—lj IjlSa ^illUll jxj j* j£UlJ ^x^ijJI jjaj ^x^ijJI ^jjSJll ^J—J'J.J t^Jxll ^4-** JaliJjj t^xJ—xJIJ Ai^xll J p^*jllj pljVl ¿* J^IJJJJ t1j''4 * A'ij JJ.JUJ jlj J'J

JJJ^ Jjji f1^ '¿j—JxJI ^jVjJI J '¿pljSJl fjl*j' £*Ijj '¿Jj— fjjSj jjjU* ^Ijaj^I j* jjjjj. jjjluj'xj i" — '¿¿Jl^lj AljjJl ^jJ'* jla jjjluj'xj jjjjxJl j* a1jx* Aija j* jj£* j* _ji—\l j* t — J^l jjjIaxJI j^^ —Jml jJj ^jjiJl Jxa _J4Jj .^IjljJiVl ^l^jL j* ISij '¿jIaJI J jjjIaxJI jU—J'j .l^aj— j* ^a—jJIj t^lclj—j t^jjUll ^lUll J— a.'jjji

Jll j*JJ A^ljjJl pUjI Ojl*ij jl ^Ull j* ¿ajjj l*J tA—lJxJl ^Ull ^Ul—

A^tl ASjjb

AJJLLJ l AJjJb a? JjJl fJu ¡Z-ALJ aJj^Jl jjjkt-i A-AJLH ? LU

I* jla AjjjUJl aJ—jxJLj '¿pljSll ~j\»J '¿Jj— ^JjSJ jjjIa* AxjII plij J Aj—ljll ^OxJal

14J*' ^jJl AilJ—xll J—IjxJIj '¿pljSll ~j\»J J '¿Jj—ll ^jjSJ jjjIa* jla ^^LVl .1

jl—UJJ*J Ijjjjjlj UljJjj Jj* Aj£jj*Vl ¿AjVjJ l j* jja J ^jIajJIj AjjjJll ^ijljj

Aj*jSll jjjIaxJIj Ajjjl—jVI A*lll ^x1*xJ ^*jsJI ^l—xJIj '¿pljSll AjljjJl Aj*x—JIj jjU*lAjjjj

.Aj%j*Vl

^43j '¿pljSll ^lij.j*jj jj ———Jx\l pljlj Ajjj—lj Ajjja ALl^i ^il^iljj Ja ^^LVl .1

^jl*j' J—lj* J jj———Jxll pljlj PjjSxll ^43 ^Ijjj'aj pjjSxJI ^43 ^Jjj^jj PjjSxll

.AjjjUJI AJ—jxJl J ^OUll Axl*Jj jl ^ijjj l*J ^¡^Ull '¿PlJSll

^jjjjJl AjjA pl^al j* Aijaj JjVI ^jJ'xJI ^iljllL j* Ajja Ja Aj^NUJ^I A^IjJ ^jUj .3

.JJ*^

^lxJl A**!—J

Jj\—Jj AjjjUll a1—jxJIj '¿pljSll ^J^ ^jj—* Jjl—jj A^ljll l^ji ^I^IjJ jua ^jUj .4 '¿pljSll ^J^ ^i a'x^Jx\I '¿pljSll j^j—J ^Icj'j* ^j'—Jj l^ji ojjjJl x —J AajjL

ajjj^xji jj*jll _j*j ~j\*J ^i jj—a jj—j ^l^ljjJl ^JlJj

_jaJj ^^ill _J*j'j jlj'll j* Aj* —\l ^ijjixll ^jl** Lljjj^lj PjjSxll ^.43 ^ljl4*j

l4j'J4^l ^JllJ a£1xxJI ^i ^^Ull Aajl'll j A^ljjJl ^Ij14xJIj ^ill ^i ^jIJJll ^JL

'¿pljSll ' < ^3 AJx^jxJI '¿pljSll ^Ijjjjj' jla (^2002) _J—ll l^j'j—l ^l^ljJ jua ^JlJj

^Icj'j* ^3 jj—a\l ^j|j—j t'pljSll Ojjj x —J ^3 jj—a\l ^—ijj jlj Aifj 'А<1лл\1 J

A**l—Jl ^IjllL J^aj ^jll ^icj'jxji ^i jj—a\i ^j|j—j '¿pljSll ^J^ ^i Aix^Jxll '¿pljSll

.(^2006 te2004 t_j—Jl) l4j'plja

AjjA-laJ f IfJjj^j AjjJIJ f AJ*jlL ap/jJf fJJ ^e—Ujj J aJj^Jf juiLt— A—JiS^iUj—

ji Ajjjljll aI^jaII Spljall fjl*j' ^aIjjj SJj— fijaJ' jjjIaaI AjjJja AajIS Ajaijll 'Jcl

a1^ja11j Spljall fjl*J ^aIjjj 'ijji* ^Jaj IgJA Ji JJaj. Aujjj 6 jA jjiJJ' A£1aa1!

:jaj Ajjjljll

Ajjjljll a1^ja1I Spljall fjl*' ^aIjjj _IjaI Sjj— fijaJ' jjjiAA . 1 ^jJaAll 'IjjaA ji Spljall fjl*j' _ijai Sjj— fjjaj jjIaa .2 (Spljall '1cj—ja) Spljall ^aIjjj ^jJa* fjjaJ jjj1*a .3 (Spljall 'IjjjJj') Spljall ^aUjj ^jJaA fjjaJ' jjjIaa .4 IgJij Spljall ojjJ fjA^J ji SJj^ll fjjaj jjjiAA .5 Spljall 'IjLjj^I fjaji Sjjall fjjaJ' jjjiAA .6 Ji ^aj ¿—jj tAujjjll 'v1^a1i ^aj Ajcjall 'v1^a1i jA Ijjc Aj^bll fj

jjll 'if JAll JJaj' Ajijlu 'IjIjaj j1j*a Ji ^j'j tjjjiAAll jA JJc ^cjij ^JJj

.jlj*All ^li JaaJ' fJc jl JaaJ' jic igj* JjJuj •AjjjljJl AJAJ—JL ofljUl ^—UJL J oJj^Jl JJI*— A-iti .Auljal ¿—j 1a Ajjjljll a1^ja11j Spljall fjl*J' ^aIjjj ji Sjjall fjaJ' AajU ^jaJ' jl jA ^J^all IgJjul'aj \gJjljAu jAj Spljall fjl*j' ^aIjjj ji Sjjall fJjaJ' jjjiAA AajU j* Jaajllj

Ajlij JjVl ^jjuaII 'UllL jA AJjc jic AjjJjaII igj'jj^aj AAjlall ^^jc fj' t1gjjlja*A A—jJj j* Aijc jlcj t(10) Ajjjljll AlaJAl1J '1a1*a1i j* Ajjc jlcj t(Ajl1L 40) Aa^JJllj 'iilll jic fiall fg'a .(6) Spljall fjl*j'j AjjjaII Ailll ji jj^^^J* ^jjjjll AjjA pl^bcl

ji ^iaillj tAjjjljll a1^ja11j Ajjljall 'IjlgAll _\uJ<V jlj*A Jij jjaA Ji AjaAI ^Ja ^ i j 'j jjll jjjiAAll ji fApljl IjJjj. jl fg 'a l^i Aj* a\?1| fj Ajjjljll a1^ja11j Auljjll pl^bcl ^Jul jic pljj Ajj\Ua1I plj—j fj'j gJClj' JjJ*J jl igjil—j jl igil^

.fgJl ajl*Jj 'ijllillj '1a1*a1|j ^^jjjjll ajja •AjjjljJl AJ^j—Jl^ ofljUl jb oJj^Jl JJJI*- ALJ^

jA 'jc jlc \ g ajjiJ AjjliAj fJ*l jjjiAAll AajU '1jj jA Jaajll jllall ^Sjll ji

aajIs 'ijj jA Jaajll ji^jj Aa\J4 a1I AjajIaj! l JLIjaII ji 'ijliillj '1g—jAllj '1a1*a1| jA Aijc jljja.1j ^lij \ gajjiJ Jic Ajjjljll AiajAlij Spljall fjl*J ^aIjjj ji Sjjall jjjiAA

'Ig—JAj jg—JAj tAjJJAll Ailll '1a1*AJ ja1*A jA Ajjcj tAjjjljll AiajAll 'IjliLj

Ijilji^llj ¿jjijllj plj^Vlj pljAjillj pijjjall '1a1*aj ja1*a jA Ajjcj tAjjj*ll Ailll

AjajIajII jLIJaII ¿jA— jA Sj\ J4 a ojIJa jA 'iij*ll jljjal jiAjj igjig—JAj igJg—JAj

_lji Ji jA jljaJ' Spljall ojjJ jA Aijc jic \ gajjiJ jiAjj .igijAj AjajIaj Aaii* j* jl igjlc uj.jjJ' fjj jjll 'IjigAll ji Sjjall jjjiAA jiljJ' jA Jaajll ' Jil jja*

t jlu— j£xj. ^j— .'¿pljSll ^IjljJilj t^jSll J Aix^Jxll ^IjjjjJllj '¿pljSll ^Icj'j*j .jj—* J£ ¡"<—J jjjIaxJI j* A-j—jjllj Ajjjill ^j^l '"'1 jl —J'»yi jjj LIjJ'jVI AjjLLJ l AJjJb a? IjJl Jul aJl juylua A-oJlJJ AjJltfJl Ajj^ll ¿jLjLa

j* JjJ—Jl A^jjUll A.1—jxJIj ftpljSll ~j\*J ^xUjj J '¿Jj—Jl jjjIa* AxjLSJ Ajjl^ill A*j—\l ^jj£j'

^ulj—Jl Igajx—* J J£uj' jll Ajajill xll JJaj A'jj ^¡Vl—* ^^ ¡"—J IjL** 115 a.'jjjJI r^Jl xll (1) «aj Jjj—Jl jjjj.j .A-jjjljll a1—jxJIj '¿pljSll «j1*J' AilJ—xll

j* ¿ajJj Jll _jl*xllj ^IjI^xJI jj—j' Jllj tlgj* J£ jjjIaxJI «JIjSj Ajajill ^¡yi—xllj jll AajjUll jj .I^xIaJ'j i^^jjjj' J-jij jll fl^xJlj tl4J fbSJl jj*jUJ'jj lAjij*j jl ^Ull

l^^jjjj'j ^IJI^XJI Ajj—j' J-jij Ajl J*j' v JJ—* JS j' JJJIAXJIJ jjl—xll I4J ^jj'j Ja opljsll jV tl 4 x\»Jj \4 'jjjjJ ^*j4Jl J'l'Jll jA IjA jl J*" Vj t'oJjij* I^xIaJ'j

^jjjJll ejSjj t^^*jJl ^¿'»J jla JXJAJJ JJ AUJJ'J* Ajjjjl— ^ijl^* J£L

lJ^jJ .AJ*l£J* A^jl*' 'JJi Ja ^^Ull l4*jSjj AjJIjVI _IjaVI j* JJa Juall jl ^JJijJ .jj—* j* jJSl j' JJjIaxJI jj&u ja tjj—* JS AAjjLj '¿pljSll AajjUJ jl J'ajj .Jal ^^IjJ ^ « — Jj ^i^Ull JlaJjl ¿* Ajj*—j lixaj IJjSaj ^iljt^xll jljjj

_ji—Jl ^Uj l^jl Ja '¿pljSll «j1*j '¿Jj— «jjSj jjjIa* Jj jjjjxll j^u

AilJ—XJ|

AjfrjUl jjU^Jl A^JJjJl jjU^Jl

JfcMl

45 8 '¿pljSll ~j\*J _IjaI '¿Jj— «J.JSJ' jjjIa* AJ—jxJl ^^uj .1

24 6 ^3 ftpljSll ~j\*J _IjaI '¿Jj— ^JjSJ jjjIa* A.jxl*ll '¿jlxJl ^Jl — jlj ^jJ—xll ^Ijjs* .2

10 — jljJil) '¿PljSll ^JJ—* '¿Jj— fj.jSj' jjjIa* (l^Xi^'Jj '¿pljSJl ¿••(I^j'jA .3

4 — '¿PljSll ^JJ—* '¿Jj— fjjSj jjjIa* ('¿pljSll ^1jj.jjj) .6

18 4 opljsll ojjJ ^jx—J' ^i '¿jj—Jl eJ.jSJ jjji** .5

14 4 ¿pijSJi ^iji'Jii «''—J a '¿jj—\i ^.jsj .6

^b^jjJlj A^^^Jl

Spljall fjl*J ^aIjjj ji Sjjall fjjaJl ljlj*A 115 jA Ajji* AaJIS ¿—jj Auljjll olA tula JJc igj* Ji t" aJj Spljall fjl*J ^aIjjj 'ijji* JjaJ' jjiaA Aju lg. Ajjjljll AlaJAll ji ^jjJjll AJjA pi^bclj pljlj Aajiull 'iuljjll ^Jijj jic j1aJcV1j JjjiAAll jA

igjA jji*j jjll Llajj tAjjjljll AiajAll Spljall fjl*J ^aIjjj ji jj^aall jaljj

Sjjial! olA jjjiAAll AajIS JaaJ' jJaj .Spljall ji AjAAiallj Ajjjljll AiajAll jA Ji

OjjJ fJA'^J AajjLj ^jjjjll ji Igjlc jjijJll jijjj jjll 'IjigAll jjuaj' ji Igj* Sj—jaII Sjall Spljall 'IjigA _iuijj ja11c j*j 'li Sj'l.A 'lcj—jA jljJalj Spljall

:jlj 1a. Auljjll j'jj t^jJaAll 'IjjaA ji Ajjljall 'IjigAllj ¿ajllj AjjjjJilVlj

iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.

SlcljA jA Jajll Ajjjljll AlajAlij Spljall fjl*j ^aIJjj ji '¿Jjall ^jjua fjjaJl Sjaj pi^jj • Ajjljall 'IjigAll jjjJaj' ^Ja jA 'IjjaAll ^jltj ji Auljjll olA ji \g*—j fj' jjll JjjiAAll

.'Ijljj^Vlj Ojjjll fj a ■Jj 'ijjjJjllj Spljall 'icj—jA jljJalj

a1!j _|JAVI ji Sjjall JjjiAAj ^jillj jjAl*Allj jjaljAll fljjll jA jiUl Aial JjiWJ«

.'IjijJ^Vlj 'ijjjjjllj Ojjjllj ^Jill fJA^aJ'j jjjiAAll Aaj15j Ajjjljll AiajAlij Spljall fjl*J ^aIJjj jic jjAjlallj jjaljAll jlujJul Sjjj— •

.igjjjaj'j Spljall 'IjjaA Jljcj jjc 1gjiAl*Aj 1^a1*aj lgj\g—jAj AjjjaII Ailll jg—jA ^jj*jl Jac ^jjj AjjjjJj' 'IjjJ Jac • .Ajjjljll AiajAlij Spljall fjl*j ^aUjj Jjjij' Jic igjlcljAl Spljall fjl*j ji Sjjall jjjiAAj

Ijilji^llj ¿jjlJlii ^jJaAll 'IjjaA jg—jA VjjJjl Jac ^jjj AjjjjJj 'IjjJ Jac •

Sjjall JjjiAAj 1gjiAl*Aj igjAl*Aj 'IjjaAll 'ig—JAj IAjJCJ pUa^lj pi^jjallj pljAjillj

'' Ajl*Jll ^ijJ'lj fj^'Jllj fjjaJllj jijJ^Vl 'IjigA jic Ajjjljll AiajAll ujjjj ji

SjIaII ¿a jll ijj— igAlJajulj igajjij'j '1aj1*a1| ^1—jjuIj Spljall pijJl Acjull jjjij'j

.'sJjall jjjIaa Jaaj 1aj jja* Ji ji Aja1*1| Spljall fjl*j' ^aIjj ji lAji!jj u—ljll jjjiAAlij ^jjjJll ^jLj ^aIJaII 'IjjaA jjA^j •

.AalJ^ll Ja| JAll

jic _jSj11 A<1aa1\ j Ajjjljll AiajAll ji Spljall fjl*j' ^Aijjjl AaaV AjAjjaj AuljJ plj—j • 'ijjjjJllj '1cj—ja1|) 'IjjaAll fj a Sjicj jjc 'Ijijll Juj Aji Sjall

.AaJ^II pijj'l fgjjjjjj OjaIaaII j|jcj jij (ojjjll fj a ■Jj

(1) fSj JjJ—

A£1aa1I ji Ajjjljll AiajAll Spljall fjl*j ^Aijjj ji Sjjall fjjaj jjj1*a AajIS

JJJIHAJI JSAJ JUIA ujiaxji jjU^Jl

Л * * % 1 A

'¿pljsll «j\*J ^IjaI '¿Jj— «jjSj jjjIa* (1)

^i\J .ij—Jl J*xJl «4ij • aausij .j—ll ^jj—xll ^jxj.j ^JjJ'. • 4j\ — *j Am.Wj 4j1*j\»* «* '¿pjjSxJl jju'ji pijj 1*J jju'ii ujj I* IjSj • iajiji .Jll ASj'*\l Aj'x'Jl ^jl*xJ| «4ij « .I4J ^j^aj. «J Ai£jj ^jl^ll l^JaJj '¿pjjsxji 'ojixji '¿jj— Ja lx£— j^—j• l^av^j .3 ^ e1*ll JJjUllj AAlll Ja lx£— j^—j• Aj^li* jjjia* Pj^a . U2l£ll '¿jl^xl ^j—j'jj jla ^JAJJ. • a^j—j ^^ill ^j^aj* ^^ijaj^Ii jljj-l . Aj'jl4*j t^lj——ullj t^Jjikj .JJJ* .J ^jU ?jji*Jl

¡••4 — \u—x\ij Ajilja—Jlj A-jJljjjillj a———jx\i .AXUl j£* Jl—j • ^jul J* Sj^Ul AJJ&AJI Jj^jJl

jJlja j* A(»—\| ^|Jjix\l . '1»* U<Vum * ai'x'\i ajvjji jJlja j* A(»—\| ^|Jjix\l . '1»* U<Vum * '0jAl^ll AJV^ll jJlja j* A(»—\l . '1»* JJll ЬЬЛиЛ JJ& SJjSJl ^L^Jl ^A Aju^aJl

.J^allj AUullj Sjaall fj^'J • Ai^all fi^'J ^J'JuH/ji.tf./ t aj»J. ф AjjjuaJll ^^j^ajll fj^'J (JjL ^j*JJ • ^^'ll i A(A(^'J1I 'IJUJAII t aj»J. ф ¿ь SJAUI

PIAUVIJ SjiuVl PIAUIJ JJ\ ^jjj ф ti^A^ij tjii^llj jiAjll ^jj^j A1J^^JA1| tjA Jjlall t¿JA— tJi t^^Aj tjA Ji t\ Agjli jjljllj JjVl tjjji t ¿J A — t'Sjc tjA JJc Jj*j ■ Jl! pl^u^l ' ■ 'JJUAIIJ tt «ji»*!! fu^lj AJic • ♦♦ jjWJ Aajlu SjI^a jl AijlJA a aKj AAi -^jjj.• .iglj t a'w^ll jl aa\.1i AJall ^ ll ju«J aaK 1^'j.ф .igjlj jAjjj' 'sJJaA Aajiu a aK. f1*ll AL^ll j* AijlaA plj—lj AK I^.J.ф ^^'ll i \gl Aa.lu AL^ll j* plj—lj '\a\<. AajJillj ^ "ull ф • ♦ ♦♦ * * * * V«* A^jana JiWJ ^^'ll j* '"(\лК ^jVurn ф .SJa|j AJlVJ ¿ь SjAUt J L^l

Ajjaa 'icj—jA jc ¡''<ajll u^ill ^ glijф .'^Jl j t JJjVl ¿alJA ji fAji^cV AjuIja ^Ji SpljS u^ill ^lijф jjjaj' AjlJij tAalJ4 л 'lcj—jA ji AjiAjJl .J^all ji 1 gJWS '*j igic ji AaJlWll ^Jillj '^aAb u^ill ^J*J ф AalJ^A1I ''K^i^^Jll jjll ^Jilij Jau Jac jic u^ill ¿aWjф igjjjjaj jJl jalij Spljall jic jjj^l ja!I u^ill jJaj. ф SfljlJl A^JIL— oj^Jl

.^l—jjjlj t u<\l Oplja .a ¿••л'ал'п.л Amj^ll ^j—j • j'' j.jisjji J|Jaij —\jj ..^jjxji .LlUill Aj^jjxJl Aa|jyi jIj* ¿л— .3 AjlUll ^jluj • .l^jialjj lAJlJajj .'¿pljSll ^icix—j Ajjjl jjxl*xll jajj • Aaj'J* * UM — ¿"ЛА — л AdUJl * jj* 'J ^jjjjVl jla l*alj* ^^Ull ^Uij• jj'jA.j «AjIjJ—Ij «4ijllj' j* ¿j'Ij* l4ji '¿jjj—Jl t <J<\l It^a uj&ll ^^jIa* jljjjl Ja ^i^Ull uj. • .juill jjJj AilSJll jSlJ* Jj JJ ^Ull eJSj • ^J<\l Oplja J—l j* A*1»\l .4ji '¿jiljJxll J—i JS .3 '¿pljSllj t Ajjlj J—jJ • A^ijJx JS .3 A;J<*j t (J<\1< au«jjx\i JjjJ • ' "Sj '¿jJ — 'Jlj AajUxJl —x\ij ^lilaJJl ja A ,j<x\i j* \ ,j< j(»j'( *

jjjjjjjj .jjjJ^iyi ^J^lb ^Ull • .AjpIjS Ja Ai^a ^ij ^jjjjj ¿ai j* ^^uii • .^USJl .3 '¿PJJSXJI ^ICJ'JXJIJ A»\1 Ux\\ ^Icj'j* ja u^Ull ''' — jj• .^jjuVl .3 AJl'Vl SpljlJl A^JI^A AjLjjJUVl

ja ¡''<—j\l ^IjI^* Ja ^llUll ^jJjj •

.jjjJJilVl ojgall j AjJi^ll ji Jl*All JJ\^A1! ^j^Ju.j A(J<A1! ^llill f^JuH ф \g'A Aa\j^ A1I Acjuj ljaj. ф A..j\Ua1I '1aj1*a1I jc ^liill '''ayф '1jjJa All AAJIS JJA uiJill 'ijji-л flJaJuij .index ojgallj jc £iajll 'IjigA jic ^liill ujjjj. ф pjjaAll ^^ill j* ig—ljajulj AJJAA '1AJ1*A .uiJill ji J jJx—tl

^jJa^ll 'IjjaA ji Spljall fjl*j' ^IjaI Sjj— fjjaj jjiaa (2)

.pjjaAll ^^ill AJAAI ф .SpjjaAll '1AJ1*A1I ASJ ^JA Jjajф a 'j* л AlJuV 'iji—j jc ^^jll ^^ill ljaj.ф .^Jlill ^^jc jic ^j*j11 ^^ill ljaj. ф jtjSlVl ¿Ъ SjAill fjjSollj

.pjjaAll ^ill 'ljai jjj jjaj Ф j\i plju pjjaAll ^^'ll \ ii^A t iJi. Ф . J^aS j* Ipj— jl uiJi j* .Ajjluilj pjjaAll ^^ill ^^ajj Ф Sjc jl Jalj jJ^aA j* '' fcyNAll jjjj Ф .AjjjjJiljj AJSJJ SpjjaA JJI^A ^ill ji Ajcjallj Aujjj]| jliiVl JJAJ ф .fujlij pjjaAll fj&ttl ¿Ъ SjAill

^^jillj SpjjaAll '\A(1»J1I jc AS4.ll '^j^Ф .igj* jA AJji* tjii pljU SpjjaAll A(\»jll «('<( Ф .AjIIjJa 'Ijiaj Sjalj Sjia £b2l ¿ь SjAitl ^U^l 4*

A^K^aI! A(aw>.jjll JliU^l ^'J* ф SpjjaAll '1aj1*a1ij j^Vi. pjjaAll Jj^llj Ajjijjll fjujllj JjlJall ijaj. ф .lAjuajj pjjaAll ^^ill ji sjj—ja1i jallj ¿Ъ SjAitl joll Jl^Vl

.^^ill SpljS JjS Spljall 1ijA ¿' ф Aa1c Sjii jj.jijl (Aajju Sj^j jalj) ^a^aJj. Ф .AujJjll jiiVl JJajj £j—ja1| jc '1aj1*a jc £iajll ^^jij jljj ^^ill ljaj Ф ajjaa • ♦♦ j* t a.^ll \aij Spljall i AJcju ji Ф Spljall Ajj*' ^jjuai laij Spljall ji Ajcju jjij. ф .pjjaAll ^^ill SfljStl J Ajjj—ll

tijajj tAJjuVl £jij.j tA*j.ju Sj^j jlj ф .¿—ljj.j t^AUjj tijajj tAJjuVl ^jij.j tA*j.ju Sj^j jlj ф t^J^l Sja figll Llaill u3Sjj tj*Ajjj .¿—ljj.j lliiVl ^J£j 0 tAj qlulLl l \S 1a Jj*j q tl ¿J Ф .jjjaVl ¿a jiiiVl ^S1ij.j t^Aigll ji AAigll Jja AlJuVl ^jij.j t'Spljall liJA ¿' ф U^^'j tA\ju4l a'\ — | jc ij'.j ®jgll Ajjlulj ^jS 1a J<ljll '\'(»A f^JuH Ф .'IjijJa^l ф ¿Ъ SjAitl jJx—ll l^-lA^o^ilj

(1—jkXj Seljdf ¿ilejJij- jLJ±I) Seljdf g—Ujf tfjb- fj! JMU- (J)

AjjJa Sj'i*A 'icj—jAj iji^aS fjaJ Ф

AjjJjJlj AJlSSJ l A^jVl Ja jSj' .XU j*J ^llj '"'1 CJ'J* I4J

AjalxJ—Vl 0 AjxjIajJI о At— —\l л Aj—al qj^jJl о Ajwiljwill о Ajjl^aJSVl о

.A—xJl AjlJjJl IjfSJl J^ jS jj .xJla J*j ^ilj ^laj^aj* I4J • .Ajjl'jyi «jSJl Ja jS jj .xlla Jaj ^ilj ^ilcj'j* I4J

.«Jl*ll ¿jjU j1c jSjj ^icj'j* I4 t 'a— —\l) ^^j—'\I I4J* ¡"'jJal .jJl ^1*j1*xJ jjl^a* .3 Aajjj*

.(IAJJ^J _jl** jjljjj ■ x\Ij

. (Ajjj.uiaJ'j Aj — —a) «j^jjJl ^j^j ^jl^Vl Aajjj*

.^Icj'jxJI Ujj jjljjll .aljj Jjl^ij .3 JJjJj' .jll Ajj.J—Jl ¡"<1 — \U — x\I .l** ^^Ull «1aj

.e^ayi

.^J—illj ^JVIj ¿J.jUllj jjjJl ^IjjS* .3 ojjj. 1* jJ^j V•

jjjj j—ljll t a—\i J—IJ AJJ»—\I JJUJI .3 A—JJJ* •

(SfljSJl ^IjjjJj) S?ljSJl £aUjj ^jjaa $Jja fjjSi jjjUa (4)

.pjjsxji «43 ^Ljju* ¿jx— .UAj • .Ajla*ll ^1j\x»\I ¿jx— .uaj•

.(AjjISj* jljalj ^iljl^xll ¿Jx— .Uaj) AjjljJ*•

.jll j* j^ljxJl J^vi Ja Ald^Vl ja AJ1—vi JxJ*j' V•

a?jjj .l c^JJJ {JA^J <<4 aJjaJl {jZJJJLUA (5)

AxJli) pjjSxll ^^ill AjJj4xJ Aj •

.(^iljl^* t^_SIJAI t^ljjJ—*

jl Aajl'll Alj^Vl JJ* ASjl^ '"<1 AJ • .3 A*l4ll ^ljji'11 ^j^i jl Aajl'll JJ—\I

.3 A'jjll jUaVlj AXla ¿'J jl ojjll

Aj*j4ll '"'1 UU— x\i j| ^^ill jj^all) pjjSxll j A Aj •

jj.jljaj AjxjU'J Ald^ilj t^l*j^jj

^jj^j ^IsjIajj ^l^a—'"'1 'j\*Jj tAjaji

d?ljUl

.(^*ljgll ji t ) pjjaAll ^^ill jlJ 'iiji* AJ ф .('ijjjjJ'j AIJUI t AIJAI

A^a^ll AiujJ* Aa\u* fJ^Jul ф A^a^ll A^.j^ ^AIJA »JNJU. ф p\i>H' A^la vlrjul. Ф U"'jjll j!j'*!\i A f^^Jui.ф 'IjjiAl fiSjij Ajcja]! jjjiiAJlj ojjll .jiuVl j 'Ijaall j ojjll Jalj Jjac ji Acjji* 1 'j^J fj^juj ф .jjiij jjjJlj Aa\J4 * ^jij AjJ'j* 'Ijaall ф .AaSj* j^'ll ji Sjjljll Llaill Ф Jjill Aalj^A Ijiul vlVJul. ф Ac\L i Urll S.Wj* '\u\a* virJui. ф .Jaljll ulJill J^lJ U ^j^'ll ^^'ll i AalJ^A A(»(UA ф Jij IjJ^— jl ijli Ali ^^ill ji AK1I ф .^ill ^jj fjjij j&b-^jAll ^Ixtl

JJ' J AAJCJA SpjjaAll '1AJ1*A1I ф fjujllj JjlJallj AJjIaII AjiljcjjjaJl AjAjAiaAll q Ajil )iall Uj| \all о tAjji* Ajaia jic tAjll— AjajjL ijljll fJaluj ф 3jjj Aa^Jl AJjl* A(»(UA Ljir. A'JJ<AJ .Jja' AjlU^l ^Ulj^ll ^jJl

Auljij jja* ulJi j* jjaAll jjijj ф A(a\ A (A(\»J Jj\ ujj ,lJjJ .tJjJJj ¿SljAj JJ^llj л al л jji— f Aijjb

ftfljSll

a?jjjl ¿ljLHl {UA^J <4 aJjaJl {jl JUJUA (6)

.'¿pljsll '" 'l jj* ' ^ j ' "j•

Ajjljsll ^¡IjlgXJ ^^Ull jlSj'j ^J* j«jSj•

jUSatf l ^¿A

jb^Vl AbjL

a1 jL tjjSxll ^ilj&ll ^jl— j* ^^j ^jj—j. • .^usll j^¡jlS* Ajjj*^ti

aj — —sj Ajj^aj ^lcj^hj* ^jj—j •

jLUVl ^JJAA

«411) PjjSxll «43 ^iljl^* ¿Jx— Jxuj .(^jjjJlj jalillj .—UiJ^Vlj .ij—1 j «l*\l ^j'jxJI _jaj Ja '¿jjSJl ^jsj ^ijjaxll .l** L j'J^I ^la '¿jjsll ^JSJ

.^j—jJlj .JVjJl jlj^ll j* Aj» —

^^jJl «j^'J ASjjL _jaj Ja '¿jjsll ^jsj .Aji jl£aVl «J^'j ^lj^J*J .3 ^jIjjJI ^jL _j*j Ja '¿jjSJl ^jsj' •

PjjSxll ^^jJl

^UKllj jJ x'\I ^jj Ja '¿jjSJl ^jsj • .l 4j\a JJ*J AS—'V jl ASjl^ ^J—I ^UKJ .AjjJ< x\I jj*j1l _jaj Ja '¿jjSJl ^jsj • ¡•'4 x\<\\ .j—Jl Jj\—J\l Ja '¿jjSJl ^jsJ• .^UKll .lijll Jjl—Jll Jc '¿jJS1l ^jSJ •

<Jl льм

'UH. 2\,ua„\i 'ICJ^JAIIJ .(»2004) A*^ WJ t^jall .i

tAjjjj.ll AJK .AJJJJII 'bjljlj AA\J*\I '¿JAJ £J13J Ja^

^j\«j\I JalJaj JS\l J 'l^J .(»2002) a*^ Uj^ .2

.^^Ljjll A.jU* .AjJjx^nJl Ajjj*\l A<\aa\1 t

.Ajjj*\l AiWl JJJUA .(£005) jU J J^Vl ^Ml .3

http://www.education.gov.qa/content/resources/detail/7127 ^^ .J^A AjAjall JJJI*X\I .(2003) Ajj^Jl ^J\«J\IJ Ajjjlll SJIJJ .4

www.moe.gov.eg/Arabic/about/achievement/field_develope

5. American National Standards. Quality assurance. Retrieved from http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/projects/devglossary/_quality_assurance.html

6. Arizona Department of Education (2003). Arizona academic content standards: Reading standard articulated by grade level.

7. Barrett, T. C. (1979). Taxonomy of reading comprehension. In R. F. Smith and T. Barrett, Teaching reading in the middle grade. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.

8. Chall, J. (1983). Stages of reading development. McGraw-Hill Boo Company.

9. Dechant, E. & Smith, H. (1977). Psychology in teaching reading. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

10.DiChiara, L. (1998). Effective reading instruction: Shattering the myth. ED426345.

11.Durley, J., Emlen, R., Knox, K., Meeker, M. & Rhea, P. (2001). Improving reading comprehension in the content areas. ERIC No. ED455504.

12.Edwards, T. (1957). Oral reading in the total reading process. The elementary School Journal, 58, 36-41.

13.Faust, M. & Kieffer, R. (1998). Challenging expectations: why we ought to stand by the IRA/NCTE standards for the English language arts. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy; 41, 7, 540-47.

14.Harris, T. (1969). Encyclopedia of educational research. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. p. 1075.

15.Heilman, A., Blair, T. & Rulpey, W. (1981). Principles and practices of teaching reading. Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co.

16.Hodges, C. (1982). Enhancing intermediate grade students' comprehension of and attitude toward reading in the content area. ERIC No. ED227450.

17.Indiana Department of Education (2005). Standards for the teacher of reading.

18.Reading Standarts. Retrieved from http://www.doe.state.in.us/ dps/standards/Reading_Standards .pdf

iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.

19.International Reading Association (1996). Standards for the English language arts.

rrl

20.Karlin, R. (1977). Teaching reading in high school. (3 Ed.). Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Educational Publishing.

21.Michigan State Board of Education (2002). Certification standards for the preparation of all secondary teachers in reading instruction.

22.The National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) & International Reading Association (IRA) (1996). Standards for the English language arts. Retrieved from http://www.ncte.org/print.asp?id=110846&node=204

23.New Hampshire State Department of Education (1998). K-12 English language arts curriculum framework. ERIC No. ED431199.

24.NSSE (1948). Reading in the elementary school. 48th Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. Part II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 3.

25.Olson, J. P. & Dillner, M. H. (1982). Learning to teach reading in the elementary school. (2nd Ed.). Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.

26.Richeck, M., List, A., & Learner, J. (1983). Reading problems, diagnosis, and remediation. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

27.Shellard, E. (2001). Critical issues in developing a high-quality reading program. ERS Spectrum, 19, 4, 4-11.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

1. Al-Jarf, R. (2004). Almajallat wal mawdeat almufdilat ladaa talibat aljami'at [University students' favorite magazines and topics]. Proceedings of the Symposium on Globalization and Education Priorities. College of Education, King Saud University. (In Arabic)

2. Al-Jarf, R. (2002). Dirasat fi ta'lim alqira'at bimarahil alta'lim al'ami bialmamlakat al'arabiat alsa'udia [Studies in teaching reading at the general education levels in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]. Riyadh: Al-Asr printing press. (In Arabic)

3. Supreme Council of education of Qatar (2005). Arabic language standards. Retrieved from http://www.education.gov.qa/content/

resources/detail/7127 (In Arabic)

4. Ministry of education of Egypt (2003). National standards of education in Egypt. Retrieved from www.moe.gov.eg/Arabic/about/achievement/

field_develope (In Arabic)

5. American National Standards. Quality assurance. Retrieved from http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/projects/devglossary/_quality_assurance.html

6. Arizona Department of Education (2003). Arizona academic content standards: Reading standard articulated by grade level.

7. Barrett, T. C. (1979). Taxonomy of reading comprehension. In R. F. Smith and T. Barrett, Teaching reading in the middle grade. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.

8. Chall, J. (1983). Stages of reading development. McGraw-Hill Boo Company.

9. Dechant, E. & Smith, H. (1977). Psychology in teaching reading. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

10.DiChiara, L. (1998). Effective reading instruction: Shattering the myth. ED426345.

11.Durley, J., Emlen, R., Knox, K., Meeker, M. & Rhea, P. (2001). Improving reading comprehension in the content areas. ERIC No. ED455504.

12.Edwards, T. (1957). Oral reading in the total reading process. The elementary School Journal, 58, 36-41.

13.Faust, M. & Kieffer, R. (1998). Challenging expectations: why we ought to stand by the IRA/NCTE standards for the English language arts. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy; 41, 7, 540-47.

14.Harris, T. (1969). Encyclopedia of educational research. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. p. 1075.

15.Heilman, A., Blair, T. & Rulpey, W. (1981). Principles and practices of teaching reading. Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co.

16.Hodges, C. (1982). Enhancing intermediate grade students' comprehension of and attitude toward reading in the content area. ERIC No. ED227450.

17.Indiana Department of Education (2005). Standards for the teacher of reading.

18.Reading Standarts. Retrieved from http://www.doe.state.in.us/ dps/ standards/Reading_Standards .pdf

19.International Reading Association (1996). Standards for the English language arts.

rrl

20.Karlin, R. (1977). Teaching reading in high school. (3 Ed.). Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Educational Publishing.

21.Michigan State Board of Education (2002). Certification standards for the preparation of all secondary teachers in reading instruction.

22.The National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) & International Reading Association (IRA) (1996). Standards for the English language arts. Retrieved from http://www.ncte.org/print.asp?id=110846&node=204

23.New Hampshire State Department of Education (1998). K-12 English language arts curriculum framework. ERIC No. ED431199.

24.NSSE (1948). Reading in the elementary school. 48th Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. Part II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 3.

25.Olson, J. P. & Dillner, M. H. (1982). Learning to teach reading in the elementary school. (2nd Ed.). Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.

26.Richeck, M., List, A., & Learner, J. (1983). Reading problems, diagnosis, and remediation. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

27.Shellard, E. (2001). Critical issues in developing a high-quality reading program. ERS Spectrum, 19, 4, 4-11.

Information about the author

Ph.D., Professor Reima Saado Al-Jarf King Saud University Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia reima. al.jarf@gmail. com

i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.