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УДК: 08.05.01
Fayziev Sh.
Hidaykhodjaev Yu.
Nurmatov T.
TFI, Uzbekistan MAIN PROBLEMS OF MACROECONOMICS
Annotation: This article discusses the definition, goals and tools of macroeconomics. The same concept and measurement of unemployment.
Key words: Macroeconomics, goal, tool, concepts, unemployment, population, indicator.
Macroeconomics is a part of economic theory, exploring the patterns of functioning and trends in the development of a country's economy as a whole.
Macroeconomics is studying the problems of the effective functioning of the national economy as an integrated system. The subject of macroeconomic analysis are the conditions, factors and results of the development of a holistic economy, the study of large-scale economic problems.
Unlike microeconomics, macroeconomics does not study the problems of functioning of individual markets, pricing features in conditions of perfect and not perfect competition, does not consider the mechanism of supply and demand interaction in factor markets, leaves the analysis of the behavior of an individual consumer or individual producer in the market.
The object of the study of macroeconomics are summary, summarizing indicators for the entire economy, such as national wealth, gross national and gross domestic product, national income, total public and private investment, the total amount of money in circulation. At the same time, macroeconomics examines the national average economic indicators, such as average incomes, average wages, prices, inflation, unemployment, employment, and labor productivity.
With a macroeconomic approach, the number of economic entities is expanding. The aggregated aggregates unite the main actors of the national economy, producers and consumers. In addition to producers and consumers, this includes the state, and when analyzing the economy as an open system, they take into account (also in the form of aggregate aggregates) foreign producers and consumers, as well as other governments.
The implementation of state national economic policy is associated with the solution of a number of problems that have macroeconomic status. These include, first of all, the study of the mechanism and factors of economic growth, the rate of economic growth; determination of the volume and structure of products manufactured in society; finding ways to ensure full employment across the national economy; ensuring a stable level of prices in the economy, stability of the national currency, analysis of the nature and mechanism of inflation, minimization of inflation; wealth and income of the nation; identification of the causes of cyclical and opportunistic changes in the economy, the dynamics of the business cycle; study of foreign economic relationships, the achievement of foreign economic
equilibrium; theoretical substantiation of the approaches and methods of implementing the state economic policy. Other problems are connected with these: economic efficiency, providing for obtaining the maximum result at the lowest cost; economic freedom of all subjects of economic relations; fair income distribution; economic security - support for socially unprotected groups of the population (pensioners, disabled, children, etc.); balance in the relationship between the economy and the environment.
Defining a circle of macroeconomic problems, we, in essence, designate the main objectives of macroeconomic development. It should be noted that some of these goals are interrelated. For example, it is impossible to achieve economic efficiency without full employment. Some goals contradict each other. So, in conditions of full employment, inflationary processes are inevitable. In this case, the macroeconomic task is to find a reasonable compromise.
The implementation of macroeconomic objectives implies the presence of certain tools and methods for the implementation of macroeconomic policies. Macroeconomic policy instruments include: fiscal policy (fiscal); money-credit policy; investment policy; incomes regulation policy; foreign economic policy (foreign trade policy, exchange rate policy). The main instruments of macroeconomic policy emphasize fiscal and monetary policy.
The whole history of humanity testifies to the uneven development of the economy. And hundreds and thousands of years ago, the most diverse peoples had periods of prosperity, the rapid development of trade and crafts, followed by periods of decline and stagnation. The cyclical nature of the development of a market economy means that a rapid increase in production over a certain period of time gives way to a similarly rapid decline. The ideal case for any economic system would be the uniform, progressive, crisis-free development of the economy with stable GDP growth rates, minimal unemployment and a constant price level, stable values of the main macroeconomic indicators. However, the real economy develops cyclically - production and employment either increase or decrease, and other macroeconomic indicators change in the same way.
Unemployment is one of the most difficult problems of modern society, affecting all countries.
Unemployment, as an economic phenomenon, occurs if a part of the population able and willing to work cannot find a job in their specialty or find a job at all.
When defining the category of "unemployment", it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the concepts of "unemployment" and the "unemployment" of the population. Official statistics in Russia are recognized as unemployed only by a person who is willing and able to work, looking for a job and is registered with the employment service.
Excessive unemployment is harmful for a market economy, since it indicates underproduction and underemployment (the economic system functions below its production potential curve) and excessive employment because it reduces the flexibility and adaptability of the economy to both internal and external changes.
A quantitative analysis of unemployment is usually carried out using two complementary indicators. The first indicator is the unemployment rate, which reflects the proportion of unemployed in the total working-age population.
To obtain the indicator of the labor force from the total population of the country, it is necessary to subtract the number of children and adolescents under 16; students and full-time students of educational institutions; pensioners (for old age and other reasons); people in prison; household managers; incapable citizens (persons in psychiatric hospitals); military personnel.
The labor force index will consist of two main elements - employed and unemployed.
The second indicator is the average duration of unemployment — the time during which a person remained unemployed. For the economic system, the option when the duration of unemployment is short is even more preferable, even at a high enough level than the option when long-term unemployment is combined with a low unemployment rate. The first of these cases will reflect the situation when the economic system adapts and adapts to any changes.
Unemployment can be caused by many reasons, and therefore takes many forms. Usually distinguished frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment.
Friction unemployment associated with the search and the expectation of work in their specialty. This is unemployment among people who are looking for a job that matches their qualifications and individual preferences. The duration of frictional unemployment is characterized by the short-term period necessary for finding a new job in connection with obtaining education, leaving maternity leave, moving to a new place of residence, and dismissing at will due to changes in professional preferences. Frictional unemployment is predominantly voluntary and is short-lived, since this category of unemployed has job skills that can be sold on the labor market.
Frictional unemployment exists almost always and everywhere and is an integral element of any economy. Frictional unemployment is considered to be inevitable and to some extent desirable, as many workers are moving from low-paid unproductive work to higher-paid and more productive work. This means higher incomes for workers and a more rational distribution and use of labor resources.
Structural unemployment arises due to any structural economic changes or the introduction of the achievements of NTP in production. Structural unemployment is unemployment among people whose professions are "outdated" or have been unclaimed due to scientific and technological progress. Structural unemployment may be due to the decline of old industries (ferrous metallurgy, coal, textile, etc.). Workers in such industries fall into a difficult situation, losing not only their jobs, but also their profession. In addition, structurally unemployed are considered workers with low qualifications and little manufacturing experience. Structural unemployment is compulsory and has a longer duration than frictional, since getting a new job for this category of unemployed will be associated with retraining, retraining, and possibly with a change of residence.
conomists tend to believe that the natural rate of unemployment should
average 4-6%. Under certain conditions, real unemployment may even be lower than the natural level, for example, in conditions of war. If the existing unemployment quantitatively corresponds to the level of natural unemployment, then it is considered that the economy operates in full employment, when full production is produced, that is, actually produced GDP is equal to its potential value. So, full employment does not mean 100% employment of the population.
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