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Section 2. Food processing industry
https://doi.org/10.29013/AJT-20-1.2-8-11
Hamroyev Elmurod Ortiqnazarovich, teachers of Karshi Engineering Economics Institute, Uzbekistan Abduraximov Saidakbar Abduraxmonovich, Salixanova Dilnoza Saidakbarovna, teacher of Tashkent chemical-technological institute, Uzbekistan
Ashurov Furqat Baxromovich, Ashurov Farrux Furqatovich, teachers of Bukhara engineering-technological institute, Uzbekistan
E-mail: [email protected]
FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE AND SIZE OF SUNFLOWER SEEDS CULTIVATED IN UZBEKISTAN
Abstract. This article discusses the technology of processing sunflower seeds as they are non-traditional raw materials for the oil and fat enterprises of Uzbekistan, where mainly cotton seeds are traditionally processed.
Annotomic sunflower seeds are very different from the structure of cotton seeds, which are separated from the oilseed kernel by the separation method. The hulling of sunflower seeds is mainly carried out in seedlings and separated from the husk using seedlings of various designs. In this regard, the size (length, width, etc.) of sunflower seeds is one of the determining factors of the process.
Keywords: Sunflower seeds, hulling, oilseed kernel, husk, mint, cultivation, various, dehiscence, oil content, fruit shells, change, split seeds, along their major axis.
Introduction: The seeds of sunflower are an the process of their breaking and obtaining a mint
unconventional raw material for oil and fat enter- with the required structural properties [3]. prises of Uzbekistan, where cotton seeds are tra- Hot climatic conditions for the cultivation of
ditionally mainly processed. Annotomic sunflower sunflower in Uzbekistan contribute to obtaining
seeds are very different from the structure of cotton seeds of a larger size compared with the Russian
seeds, which are separated from the oilseed kernel and Ukrainian. This requires adjustment of modes
by the separation method [1]. The hulling of sun- in the technology of their processing, especially at
flower seeds is mainly carried out in seedlings and the stages of breaking, rolling, etc. [4] separated from the husk using seedlings of various We have made a comparative analysis of the main
designs [2]. indicators of sunflower seeds obtained in different
In this regard, the size (length, width, etc.) of climatic conditions of the CIS countries. sunflower seeds is one of the determining factors of The results are presented in (table 1).
Table 1. - The main indicators of the quality of sunflower seeds obtained in various climatic conditions of the CIS
Country of cultivation Weight 1000 seeds for dry substance Mass fraction of fat in seeds,% dry, substance Mass fraction of husk in seeds,% dry, substance Botanical oil content of husk,% of dry matter Bulk weight, g/l
Uzbekistan (Tashkent region) 54.4 33.2 41.88 1.68 348
Russia (Krasnodar region) 51.6 30.4 39.92 1.42 328
The Ukraine (Kher-sonskaya region) 52.8 31.5 40.86 1.56 330
From (tab. 1) shows that sunflower seeds cultivated in the Tashkent region (Uzbekistan) have the greatest mass and oil content compared with seeds imported from the Krasnodar Territory (Russia) and the Kherson Region (Ukraine). The same analogy is also observed in the indicators on the disinfection of seeds, the botanical oil content of the husks and the bulk weight of sunflower seeds cultivated in the above-mentioned CIS countries. This confirms the promise of growing sunflower as a raw material for oil and fat enterprises in the Republic.
Table 2
According to [5], the effectiveness of the processes of the breaking, separation and grinding of the kernel of sunflower seeds is due to the geometric dimensions and mechanical properties of their fruit membranes.
We carried out comparative analyzes oflocal and imported sunflower seeds using the upgraded PMS-1 instrument according to standardized methods [6].
Table 2 presents the results ofmeasurements ofthe geometric dimensions and strength oflocal and imported sunflower seeds (with a moisture content of 6-7%).
Geometrical dimensions and strength indicators of local and imported sunflower seeds
Country of cultivation Size, mm Thick tire, husk, mm, R, MPa along the axis RH UNIT along the axis E, MPa along the axis
length Width large small large small large small
Uzbekistan 14-16 6-8 0.52 56.5 3.9 0.19 0.05 225.4 74.2
Russia 12-14 4-7 0.48 54.2 3.2 0.17 0.03 217.6 69.8
The Ukraine 13-15 5-7 0.50 55.7 3.5 0.18 0.04 221.2 72.5
From (tab. 2) that the length and width of sunflower seeds cultivated in the Republic is 1-2 mm longer than the corresponding figures of imported seeds. At the same time, the husk thickness of local seeds is 0.02-0.04 mm more than imported ones. Moreover, there are differences in different directions relative to the major axis of sunflower seeds. For all investigated sunflower seeds, the strength of the husk separation along the major axis is sig-
nificantly higher than in their transverse direction. This can be explained by the direction of the fibrous structure of the seeds of sunflower and their husk. From the tabular data it can be seen that the value of the breaking loads during the breaking of the fruit shells of sunflower seeds along their major axis is 11-16 times higher than along the minor axis.
It is known that the moisture content of seeds strongly influences the process of their breaking and
the separation of husk. Therefore, it is necessary to study its effect on various types of sunflower seeds and identify their optimal values.
To this end, we studied the pressure changes (load) of the split of sunflower seeds along the major axis (length) depending on their humidity.
Figure 1. Pressure change (load) of splitting sunflower seeds along the major axis (length) depending on their importance 1 - Uzbek, 2 - Russian and 3 - Ukrainian
Of. Figure 1 shows that for breaking (splitting) sunflower seeds cultivated in Uzbekistan as compared to imported ones, it is necessary to increase pressure to split seeds along the major axis by 5-10 MPa, this is due to the relatively large size of local sunflower seeds and the thickness of the husk.
No less important parameter when spilling along the small axis of sunflower seeds is their humidity, which varies in the range of 10-25%.
Given this, we conducted a study of the effect of the moisture content of sunflower seeds on the required pressure of their split. In this case, the experiments were carried out under the conditions described above.
Figure 2 presents the obtained dependences within the limits of selected values of the moisture content of sunflower seeds.
Figure 2. - The change in pressure (load) of the split of sunflower seeds along the small axis (width) depending on their humidity. 1 - Uzbek, 2 - Russian and 3 - Ukrainian
From (fig. 2) that in order to split sunflower in their humidity it is necessary to increase the presseeds along the small axis (width) with an increase sure by 3-5 MPa. Of the sunflower seeds examined,
the greatest pressure is required for splitting Uzbek seeds and vice versa, the least for Ukrainian.
Therefore, to split the Uzbek sunflower seeds, it is necessary to make more efforts both on their major and minor axes than on traditional Russian and Ukrainian sunflower seeds.
Thus, the conducted studies allow to draw the following conclusions:
Sunflower seeds, cultivated in Uzbekistan, due to the hot climatic conditions and the agricultural technologies used are larger. The cultivation of seeds in Russia and Ukraine,
- the husk thickness of Uzbek sunflower seeds is greater than the seeds of Russia and Ukraine;
- to split the Uzbek sunflower seeds requires more effort than the seeds cultivated in Russia and Ukraine;
- increasing the humidity of sunflower seeds in all studied samples along the major axis requires decreasing pressure (load) and vice versa, increasing pressure along the minor axis (width).
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