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Arabic into nouns, verbs, and subjunctives. The great sage noted that the words used in other languages are also divided into groups as above, and writes: "Words are divided into such groups not only in the grammar of Arabic or Greek, but in the grammars of all languages, words are divided into such groups" (2, 79). , 80).
Al-Farabi also consistently stated the laws of simple words. First, he explained the order in which suffixes are added to words, which suffixes are added to nouns, and which suffixes are added to verbs. Faraby found that there are nouns that take and do not take modifying suffixes. (2, 60-63). He pointed out that nouns have number, gender, gender categories, and verbs have tense and ending categories. The great thinker emphasized that names in the Arabic language have singular, dual and plural numbers, and these numbers are expressed in different ways. In nouns, without adding singular number, the binary number was defined by adding "-ani", and the plural number was defined by changing the vowels in the root word in the singular number (i.e., internal inflection). E.g.: hrf^harfun (harf-un) - letter, harfani - two letters, hurufun (huruf-un) - letters, drs^darsun (dars-un) - lesson (urok), darsany - two lessons, durusun (durus -un) - lessons... Also, in Arabic, the plural of the same name is defined twice. In such a case, by changing the suffixes of the root word in the singular number, adding the suffix "-at" to the plural word, the plural number was defined for the second time. Ex.: tarig-un (road), turugu-n (turug-un) - roads ^ turugatun (turug-at-un) - roads; ragulun (ragul-un) - man, rigalun (rigal-un) -people, rigalatun (rigal-at-un) - people (12,275). In the Turkmen language, the same word has two plural meanings. When the plural is expressed twice, two plural suffixes (ie "-an/-en" and "-lar/-ler") are added to the end of the root word. Ex.: Boys (son+s=boy - sons, boy+s=boys - sons), women (zen+-an+s), allies (yar+-an+s), men (er - man, er+-en = men - men, men = men) - men. Reference
1. Abulgazi. Genealogical History. Ashgabat, 1992.
2. Al Faraby. О разуме и науке. Alma-Ata, Nauka, 1975.
3. Annaorazov J., Karli S., Kossekow D. History of the Middle Ages. Ashgabat, 2008.
4. Gullaev N. Antiquities. Ashgabat, 1986.
5. Gumilev L. N. Ancient Turks. M., 1967.
6. Old Turkic dictionary. L., 1969.
© Esenmadova A.D., 2024
УДК 37
Esenmadova A. D.
Candidate of philological sciences, senior lecturer of the department of Turkmen language of Turkmen State University named after Magtymguly
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
AL FARABY IS ABOUT LINGUISTICS AND GENERAL LINGUISTICS
Abstract
Faraby wrote about 160 scientific works on various branches of science. Among these works is Farabi's scientific work Kitab ihsa al wym (Cairo, 1931) ("The book on the classification of sciences"). An abridged version of this book is Al Farabi. It was published in a small book called О разуме и науке (Alma-Ata, 1975) (i.e. "Al Faraby. About Reason and Science"). Faraby divided the sciences known up to his time into five groups in his scientific work "Book on the Classification of Sciences"
key words:
middle Turkic period, Central Asia, science, achievements, language, dialect.
Эсенмадова А.,
кандидат филологических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры туркменского языка Туркменского государственного университета имени Махтумкули
Ашхабад, Туркменистан
АБУ НАСР АЛЬ ФАРАБИ О ОБЩЕЙ ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЕ Аннотация
Абу Наср Фараби, многогранный учёный, имя которого облетело весь мир, родился в 870 году (в некоторых научных источниках в 873-874 годах) в городе Весиз Фарапской области Центрального Казахстана в турецкой семье. В то время в этой провинции проживали огузы, кыпчаки, гарки, согдийцы, ягмы и другие народы. Их языки, религии, обычаи и культура были разными
Ключевые слова:
среднетюркский период, Средняя Азия, наука, достижения, язык, диалект.
As it is known, private linguistics studies the structure of a specific language or a specific language family that includes related languages. General linguistics is language in general, its formation, development, commonalities and characteristics of the structure of common and non-common languages, commonalities common to all languages (for example, the relationship of language with thought, society, the relationship of linguistics with logic and other sciences. ..) studies. Faraby did not write a grammar describing the structure of any particular language, for example, Arabic or Oghuz or Uyghur. But it has shown the problems that are analyzed in the specific grammars written according to the structure of many languages. Based on the information collected from those grammars, he described the problems of general linguistics on a scientific basis. In his work "The science of language", Faraby solved many problems of both private linguistics and general linguistics from a scientific point of view. This can be seen on the basis of his following views on the "Science of Language".
When Abu Nasr divided the sciences into groups, he named the first group as "The science of language and its branches" and the second group as "Logic and its branches". In the group "Language Science" he discussed various issues of linguistics.
According to linguist, the language science of every nation consists of seven smaller parts: 1. The science of simple words, 2. The science of word structures, 3. The science of the laws of simple words, 4. The science of the laws of word structures, 5. The rules of writing. , 6. Rules of correct speech (orphoepy), 7. Rules of composition (poetics) (2, 58).
Faraby does not mention phonetics, grammar, lexis, or lexical structure as separate branches of linguistics. But he considered grammar to be a science that studies not only the grammatical structure of the language, but also its sound structure.
According to Faraby, the science of language consists of two parts: 1) memorizing words, 2) knowing the laws. The words of the wise were considered as proof that there was a people and that they knew what they meant.
Faraby read the grammars of Greek, Arabic and other languages. He said that grammar was created based on information about words used in a certain language, word structures, their structure, meanings of words, changes of words, relationships between words..., Greek grammar based on information from Greek grammar, Arabic grammar based on Arabic. noted that they created a grammar of the Arabic language based on their data (2, 79). In addition, he emphasized that there is no single grammar that is common to all languages or several languages, and that the structure of any language is described in this or that grammar.
Faraby divided the words used in the language of each nation into simple words and complex words according to their meanings. He writes about it as follows: "The words used in the language of every people are of two types according to the meaning they convey. Simple words and complex words" (2, 57). Reference
1. Abulgazi. Genealogical History. Ashgabat, 1992.
2. Al Faraby. О разуме и науке. Alma-Ata, Nauka, 1975.
3. Annaorazov J., Karli S., Kossekow D. History of the Middle Ages. Ashgabat, 2008.
4. Gullaev N. Antiquities. Ashgabat, 1986.
5. Gumilev L. N. Ancient Turks. M., 1967.
6. Old Turkic dictionary. L., 1969.
© Esenmadova A.D., 2024
УДК 37
Esenmadova A.D.
Candidate of philological sciences, senior lecturer of the department of Turkmen language of Turkmen State University named after Magtymguly
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
TURKIC LINGUIST ABU NASR AL FARABI Abstract
Abu Nasr Faraby, a multi-faceted scientist whose name spread to the world, was born in the year 870 (in some scientific sources in 873-874) in the city of Vesiz, Farap Province in Central Kazakhstan, to a Turkish family. At that time, the Oghuz, Kypjak, Gark, Sogdian, Yagma and other peoples lived in this province. Their languages, religions, customs and culture were different.
Key words:
middle Turkic period, Central Asia, science, achievements, language, dialect.
Эсенмадова А.,
кандидат филологических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры туркменского языка Туркменского государственного университета имени Махтумкули
Ашхабад, Туркменистан
ТЮРКСКИЙ ЛИНГВИСТ АБУ НАСР АЛЬ ФАРАБИ Аннотация
Абу Наср Фараби, многогранный учёный, имя которого облетело весь мир, родился в 870 году (в некоторых научных источниках в 873-874 годах) в городе Весиз Фарапской области Центрального Казахстана в турецкой семье. В то время в этой провинции проживали огузы, кыпчаки, гарки, согдийцы, ягмы и другие народы. Их языки, религии, обычаи и культура были разными.
