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0WRITING STYLES SPECIFIC TO MANUSCRIPTS
Gulinur Tursunpo'latova
Chirchik State Pedagogical University
Research supervisor: Nursulton Shayxislamov
Abstract: This article provides detailed information about writing and its evolution. Various types of writing are analyzed during its developmental stages. It proves the significant importance of writing in our daily lives and linguistic studies. Additionally, types of writing are illustrated with examples and their usage scenarios are examined.
Key words: writing, cursive, nasta'liq, calligraphy, alphabet, illuminated manuscript
It is known that ancient writing types are reflected in various material monuments worldwide. The search for written relics and deciphering their scripts are of great importance in the study of ancient civilizations and human thought. Y.V. Knorozov's research "The Script of the Maya Indians," analyzes hieroglyphs, graphemes (words with meaning), and their variations. Similarly, J. Xanter, N.V. Gurov, A.A. Molchanov, V.P. Neroznak, S.Ya. Sharipkin have conducted research in this area.
Moreover, the search for written relics of ancient script types and their alphabetization has gained considerable attention. Many works dedicated to ancient script types stored in our Republic's manuscript collections serve as clear examples. The Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Rayhan Biruni at the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan houses works such as "Jome'ul-Khutut," "Letters and Non-Letters," and "Ajoyibut-Tabaqot."
The "Collection of Khutut" stored in the Manuscript Treasury of the International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan serves as a source that will demand separate research in the future. Historians and archaeologists consider it essential.
This work, published by Mahmud G'azzoni at the beginning of the 20th century, was translated. The manuscript's cover and text sizes are: 13.5x22 cm; 7.5x15.5 cm. It is estimated to have been printed on factory paper in the late 19th century. The manuscript contains more than 60 types of alphabets, showing ancient script types, medieval writings, and even their developing forms.
The main types of scripts include cursive, naskh, ta'liq, divani, kufic, and riq'a. Each of these scripts has been used in specific contexts: Muhaqqaq—used in poetry and verses; Suls—used in scientific works and script guidelines; Rayhoniy and nasx—used in stories and news;
Tavqi'—used in orders and decrees; Riqo'—used in letters.
Each of these six primary styles has formed twelve different types of scripts when written with small and large pens.
In the 9th-10th centuries, Ibrahim Sikiziy, Yusuf Sijistani, Ibn Bavvab, and other masters developed thirty-six types of scripts. They include: Tumor—narrow, slender writing or pen; Jalil—large, thick pen; Majmu'—combined writing; Riyosiy—letter sent to Fazl ibn Saxl in 806; Sulsayn—written with the upper and lower parts of the pen; Nisf—half the practice pen (pen quality); Javonihiy—parallel straight writing; Musalsal—written in chains like a chain.
Various scripts such as G'ubori Khuliya, Mansur, and thirty-six types of scripts have
gained fame:
Shikasta;
Shikasta Nasta'liq; Khati Sunbuli; Khati Mehi;
Jali Devoni, Ijazat, Riq'a, Shajariy;
Zulf;
Uyguri;
Khati Musalsal Nasta'liq;
Khati Moriqa;
Rumuzod's lines;
Artistic Kufi script;
Khati Shohiy, Khati Boburi;
Khati Tug'ro, Deboj, Khati Noxun and others;
Letters written with a nail.
The appearance of the Arabic "Nastaliq" script is believed to date back to the 13th century according to scholars. Initially, it was used by scholars in state and religious authorities. "Nastaliq" is translated as "curved," and it is named after the elegant, onesided letters.
Rayhon or Rayhoniy (Arabic u^ ^j) is one of the six canonical writing styles of Persian-Arabic calligraphy. The word "Rayhon" in Arabic and Persian languages denotes basil. Rayhoniy script is considered a delicate variant of Muhaqqaq script, adorned with basil flowers and leaves.
Conclusion: From all the information mentioned above, it can be concluded that the importance of writing in our lives exceeds our imagination. Each evolving language requires a specific place for writing. Because the language evolves, writing is also necessary. All types of writing fulfill their specific tasks. We use different types of writing in various situations. However, the main challenge is to use writings correctly. Therefore, we need a general understanding of writing.
REFERENCES:
1. Rahimboy Jumaniyozov, Tashkent, 1989
2. I. Azimov, M. Tojiboyeva, A. G'oziyev, "Textbook for Philology and Language Teaching"
3. www.ziyouz.com Library
