CC BY
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DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-41-49
"WAIST-BELT WRESTLING" AS A NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL KIND OF
SPORT
Kuznetsov A.A.1, Mulyukova I.V.2
1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Naberezhnye Chelny
State Pedagogical University" Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, kuznetsov-as@mail.ru 2Municipal Autonomous Establishment of Additional Education "Sports School for Children
and Teen-Agers "Vityaz" Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, miv_85@bk.ru
Annotation. The urgency of traditional waist-belt wrestling analysis is mainly conditioned by the increased interest of population in national culture, by the desire to avoid industrial monotony in everyday life. In this connection the problem consideration will contribute to cultural-national heritage preservation and revival, to cultural-restoring and educational problems solution. Material. The importance of the research is also conditioned by cognitive and practical interest in ethnographic and historical models strengthening and ethnicity preservation. The methodological base of the research work is a complex approach. It provides cognitive abilities of different sources use, which describe waist-belt wrestling and also its many-sided study. Research methods: scientific and methodical literature analysis, comparison, historic analogy method. Results. Modern system of waist-belt wrestling understanding underlines its increasing and many-sided role in society. Waist-belt wrestling fulfills several socially-set functions, and first of all, the function of International nations unity, which have different culture, traditions and other things. Conclusion. Waist-belt wrestling combines similar according to techniques and Code of Points kinds of waist-belt wrestling, existing for many years among many nationalities of the world. Waist-belt wrestling development in Russia, CIS countries and in Eurasian cooperation countries corresponds with the interests of international connections development, provides countries and nationalities unity, international and interreligious dialogue development, peace and harmony strengthening in society.
Keywords: waist-belt wrestling, national, International, sport.
For quotation: Kuznetsov A.S., Mulyukova I.V. "Waist-belt wrestling" as a national and international kind of sport. The Russian Journal of Physical Education And Sport (Pedagogical-Psychological And Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture And Sport). 2018; 13(3): 3338. DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-41-49.
Waist-belt wrestling is one of the most ancient kinds of sport. It is underlined in ancient manuscripts, documents and different historical art monuments. Archaeologists found petroglyphic drawings, which showed waist-belt wrestling in different parts of the Earth - in Central America, Africa, Europe, Asia.
Millennial history of wrestling is also proved by most valuable art monuments of the eastern group of nomads of the IIIrd and the 1st centuries AD. For example, the scene of a struggling pair is presented on two bronze shields from Ordos, China and on
silver jars from the town on the river Ob in Tyumen region.
Waist-belt wrestling was popular not only among Turkic nations. This kind of sport is popular almost on all territory of modern Europe. In each nation waist-belt wrestling has its specificity and own name.
Waist-belt wrestling combined everything interesting, original from folk kinds of wrestling.
The Slavs took the tradition of waist-belt wrestling from Turkic nations. This kind of wrestling was mainly popular in the South of Russia, in Povolzhye, in Southern Ural
Range, In Western Siberia and in the south of the Ukraine. All Turkic warriors improve their battlecraft through the methodology and techniques of waist-belt wrestling. With the settled way of life development men put on a belt or kushak. The opponents got closer, getting hold of their kushak, tried to grab the opponent closer and pull out the kushak throwing it on the ground. It means that horse soldiers' fight was reproduced.
In Russia waist-belt wrestling preserved mainly among Tatars and Bashkirs. In terms of epochs change kushak (belt) disappeared from wrestling of Tatars and Bashkirs. Then a white towel appeared. Putting the arms round each other with the towel, wrestlers got to know, who was the strongest. The earliest record of waist-belt wrestling among Russians was in memoirs of Orlov landlord N.I. Tolubeev. The first known pictures of waist-belt wrestling are also dated the same time period: wrestling can be seen in the Russian Museum in the picture of I. Shchedrovskiy, created in 1837. Travelling over Russia in XVIII century academician I. Lepekhin underlined in his records that during the combat wrestlers "take each other not by the scruff of the neck, but by kushak and use ordinary grips during the combat".
Later wrestling transformed into holiday competitions. During the national holidays waist-belt wrestling is the main national holiday program. A national holiday "Sabantuy" (saban-a plow; tuy-wedding) is held on the territory of Russia and on the territories, where Tatars live. The holiday, which symbolizes the end of spring sowing time, with different kinds of amusement and wrestling competitions. The final moment of the holiday is choosing the batyr (the strongest man) of Sabantuy. Arabian traveller Akhmad Ibn Fadlan, who visited Volga Bulgaria in 992 and Abu Khamid AL-Garnati, who was there in 1131, left their records concerning this national holiday and the wrestlers-pakhlevans (bogatyr).
During post-Soviet period Sabantuy in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, as it was earlier, is held everywhere in villages, regions and
towns. Every year the territory of holding Sabantuy increases. It is held in the capital of Russia - Moscow and other towns of the Russian Federation, such as Saint-Petersburg, Vladivostok, Saratov, Chelyabinsk and others. The holiday is held in near-abroad countries-Latvia, Uzbekistan and others, and far abroad-Turkey.
In Moscow the first departmental Sabantuy was held in August, 12 in 1934. Till 1940 Moscow Sabantuy was held in "Neskuchnyi Sad". Since 1940 till 1988 Sabantuy in Moscow wasn't held. Since 1989 the tradition of holding Moscow Sabantuy is renewed. Since 1989 till 2002 Sabantuy was held in Izmaylovskiy park, Moscow, starting since 2003. Moscow Sabantuy is held in horse-racing complex "Bitsa". The central event of each Sabantuy is a traditional national wrestling. In 2006 70 sportsmen from Moscow and the regions, Bashkortostan, Tatartstan, Karachaevo-Chercessia and the Ryazan region took part in Sabantuy. The competitions were held in three weigh categories: till 75 kg, till 85 kg and more than 85 kg. The title of an absolute wrestler tried to get Afonin and Khayapov. According to the points 3-2 the winner was Afonin from Moscow, the student of Moscow Academy of Physical Culture. He got the main prize, a car.
Wrestling maidan (territory) of Sabantuy nowadays, the same as it was earlier, attracts a lot of spectators and participants, preserves traditions of the holiday itself and a national wrestling. Competitions during Sabantuy,
championships, festivals and during different tournaments nowadays are held according to generally adopted rules. Wrestling combats during Sabantuy are held according to adopted waist-belt wrestling competition theses, where the following things are discussed: weight categories, technical actions estimation, forbidden techniques and others.
Thus, waist-belt wrestling can be considered one of the most ancient kinds of sport, which originated owing to ancient Turkish peoples. Valuable information concerning the geography and place of waist-belt wrestling in the life of Turkish tribes we
can find in the works of Makhmud Kashkagari, a well-known historian and scientists. His works are dated XI century new era. In his work «Devonu lugatit turk» Kashkagari offers the following: "They, grasping their sleeves, swing the opponent from side to side, in order to make him lose his balance and stretch on the mat" [2].
Waist-belt wrestling fell into decay in the end of the 50-s- at the beginning of the 60-s of the past century, when wrestling (one of the most interesting kinds of sport) was under control of three federations: classical (Greco-Roman wrestling), free-style wrestling and sambo. During this period waist-belt wrestling rules were adapted to the rules of Greco-Roman wrestling and it changed greatly the essence of the most ancient kind of wrestling. Traditional style was presented only in one thing, which is the belt [1].Also a national wrestling suppression influenced culture of Sabantuy: national dressing gowns started to disappear, there appeared naked to the waist wrestlers.
Nowadays the official tournaments of waist-belt wrestling include two styles: classical style and free style. The main changes in competitive waist-belt wrestling are in conditions of competitions organization. Nowadays the winner is chosen according to a point-system. Moreover, tough time constraint is introduced. If wrestling was according to old rules - till "somebody is put flat on his back", competitions could be endless.
The main rule of waist-belt wrestling is to throw the opponent on the mat using all permitted rules. However, there are different peculiarities in waist-belt wrestling: the size of the mat, an athlete's equipment, the duration of the combat and winner's determination. The place of holding a competition is a horizontal surface, covered with a special mat (no less than 5 cm). The mat is divided into a working zone and a defensive zone. The working zone is presented by 6-9 meters diameter circle and is placed in the center. The stripe, which divides the working and defensive zones, is called "passiveness zone" and is the part of the
working zone. Its' width is 1 meter. The area behind the "passiveness zone" is called "defensive zone" and its' width should be 1,52,0 meters. The corner, which is on the left of the mat manager's table is green, the corner, which is on the left of the table is blue.
The methodology and tactics of teaching wrestling had its own peculiarities during ancient times. For most boys the first teacher of national wrestling was their close relative: a father, elder brothers. Famous in the region wrestlers taught children wrestling conduct tactics. As well as in other kinds of competitions, waist-belt wrestling had its own etiquette and rules of combat conduct.
Modern rules of waist-belt wrestling differ from traditional rules. For example, the ritual of greeting wrestlers before the combat originated in ancient times, which is reflected in traditions of Turkish nation.
The ritual of greeting in time course became typical for wrestlers-batyrs, who greeted each other before the combat with the help of a bow, handshake. Such kind of greeting is typical for combats. After the combat wrestlers also shake hands.
Comparing the techniques of waist-belt wrestling, with the characteristics of national wrestling in ancient times, we should mention the techniques, which are typical for wrestling nowadays. For example, even in the past different foot sweeps and ankle trips were forbidden in national wrestling. This rule is used in modern waist-belt wrestling and it proves the traditional character of modern wrestling.
In ancient time wrestlers conducted a combat with kushak around the waist. In the course of time this rule changed. In the works of XVIII - XIX century authors it is underlined that wrestlers didn't put kushak round the waist in national wrestling, they threw it over the back of each other, from shoulder girdle till the waist. It was forbidden to low down the ends of kushak during the combat, each opponent reeled up the ends of kushak on own arms. Instead of the belt (kushak) the shirt was used, it was lifted till the waist and twisted. Kushak was and is the only attribute of waist-belt wrestling. These
main rules in national wrestling preserved till now.
Nowadays the techniques in waist-belt wrestling are connected with lifting the opponent over the mat with further throwing, for example, a side wheel drop-back throwing, hovering throwing; with shoulder girdle grasp; drop-back spring hip throwing; side throwing; overhead throw bending ahead; a hip-roll. These techniques were typical for waist-belt wrestling in ancient times and it underlines traditional character of modern wrestling.
In modern rules of waist-belt wrestling it is also forbidden to touch or put the knee on the ground, hurt the sides of the opponent using arms, grapple the opponent using legs or knees, to fulfill the throws using head and knees, grasp the opponent's head, to weigh upon the opponent.
New rules introduction into national wrestling became a kind of step leading to this kind of national wrestling development in professional sport. This process was typical for other national kinds of waist wrestling.
In the XVIII - XX century waist-belt wrestling was held in the following way: in order to become an absolute winner of the competition a wrestler had to win three opponents in turns. However, even if a wrestler won two successful combats, but lost the third combat, he was deprived of the reward and the right of taking part in further competition. Combat lasted till all prizes were won. The combat was held on a plane surface with a natural cover, people were placed around the ring. People tried to support the wrestlers shouting and clapping hands. Aksakals, people who were popular wrestlers, when they were young, played the role of judges. A wrestler came out to the middle of the circle, waiting for the opponent. The opponent could come out himself, or if there were several opponents, casting lots helped to define the opponent. Sometimes aksakals or the spectators could choose the opponent. In waist-belt wrestling during the described times there were no weight categories, this notion was introduced only during Soviet Union, as well as the notion of time limits.
As a kind of sport waist-belt wrestling appeared in Russia in 2003 since All-Russian waist-belt wrestling Federation was created, owing to the initiative of Rif Fatkylbayanovich Gaynanov. Since then this kind of wrestling was included into a Unified All-Russian Sports Qualification of the Russian Federation Ministry of Sport. This situation gives the right to confer athletes sports titles, include them into national teams of Russia, provide equipment and means for training, open departments in sports schools and etc.. An active development of waist-belt wrestling in Russia and in other countries led to creation of Physical-culture Social Unions Association "International waist-belt wrestling federation" (IBWA) in 2011. Its headquarters is in Astana, Kazakhstan and it president is Rafik Garifovich Valiev.
All-Russian waist-belt wrestling federation combined separate organizations of Russia. Also this federation managed to achieve waist-belt wrestling
acknowledgement in the Russian Federation Ministry of Sport. The most popular regions, where this kind of wrestling is developed are the following: Tatarstan, Karachaevo-Chercessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Moscow, Bashkortostan, Mordovia, north Ossetia and Chelyabinsk region.
This kind of wrestling is not included into the program of the Olympic Games, however, International competitions are also a serious step. More than 50 national teams took part in annual waist-belt wrestling World Championships. About 300 sportsmen from 38 countries came to World Championship in 2013. The leaders in this kind of sport are the following: Turkmenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kirghisia, Tadzhikistan, the Ukraine, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Moldavia, Georgia, Belorussia. Almost all republics of the former USSR. The unconditional world leader is Russia. At World Championship-2013 Russians won 18 from 19 gold medals.
The first modern waist-belt wrestling World Championship was in 2002 in Osh (Kirghizia), owing to the initiative of Erkinbaev Bayaman. The representatives of 21 countries came to the first World
Championship. They formed a new International Union - International Waist-belt Wrestling Federation "Alysh" , which functions in Kirghizia and Belorussia and together with FILA holds continental and world championships. It is impossible to have stable and progressive development without mutual efforts that is why FILA should combine together all people, who like waist-belt wrestling. Only in this case it is possible to achieve waist-belt wrestling inclusion into the program of the Olympic Games (IFWBA).
Waist-belt wrestling World Championship (history of tournaments):
2002 - Osh (Kirghizia)
2003 - Teheran (Iran)
2004 - Istanbul (Turkey)
2005 - Kazan (Russia)
2006 - Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan)
2007 - Ufa (Russia)
2008 - Lome (Togo)
2009 - Tashkent (Uzbekistan)
2010 - was not held
2011 - Bishkek (Kirghizia)
2012 - Astana (Kazakhstan)
2013 - Salavat (Russia)
2014 - Ashgabat (Turkmenia)
2015 - Kazan (Russia)
2016 - Naberezhnye Chelny (Russia)
2017 - Astana (Kazakhstan)
2018 - Kazan (Russia)
Great achievement of waist-belt wrestling became the XXVII World Universiade 2013 in Kazan. The program of the games for students always includes additional kinds of sport. In the capital of Tatarstan attention was paid to waist-belt wrestling, which is a traditional attribute of national tatar festivals Sabantuy. As a result waist-belt wrestling was included into 27 kinds of sport of Summer Universiade-2013. Nowadays waist-belt wrestling is cultivated in 59 countries of the world, at 4 continents.
There was held a forum dedicated to traditional kinds of sport revival in Antalya (Turkey) in February, 2018. This forum was organized by World Ethnosport Confederation (WEC). WEC was created in 2015 owing to the initiative of two republics-
Turkey and the Kyrgyz Republic. The president became N.B. Erdogan, who is the famous Turkish businessman and the son of the President of Turkey. The main aim of the confederation was traditional kinds of sport popularization among population of the whole world and their professional improvement, equal to the Olympic movement. The confederation organized World Games of nomads in Kyrgyzstan and Ethnosports festival of culture in Istanbul (2016, 2017). The forum was attended by the delegations from 58 countries. The head of ethnosport World confederation Bilal Erdogan in his report showed the importance of this event for nations union, their friendship and mutual understanding strengthening on the basis of ethnic traditions. He underlined the integration of the traditional kinds of sport of Turkic nations- Tatars, Turk, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Azerbaijan, Yakut, Bashkir and other inhabitants of the Great steppe and the ancestors of nomadic cultures. According to the reporter, ethnosport should prevent ruinous influence of globalization and commerce professional sport, which ruin ethic-cultural specificity, identity and make a show from sport, the source of money and marketing product. The work of the forum, which was held interactively, was considered successful and will provide this alternative form of sport development in the world.
CONCLUSION
Waist-belt wrestling went through many changes, connected with the techniques fulfillment, tactics of combat conduct and the rules of competitions organization, but still preserved its traditional character.
New rules introduction in waist-belt wrestling became a kind of step in this kind of national wrestling development as a professional sport. This process was also typical to other national kinds of waist wrestling.
The introduced modern rules, on the one hand, violate traditional character of waist-belt wrestling, but on the other hand, provide its further development. In spite of this waist-belt wrestling preserves its originality today.
Waist-belt wrestling combines similar according to techniques and rules of judgment waist kinds of wrestling, which exist for hundred years in many countries of the world. Waist-belt wrestling development in Russia, in CIS countries and in the countries of Eurasian collaboration corresponds with the interests of international connections development, provides international and interreligious dialogue and peace in society.
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Author's information:
Kuznetsov A.A. - Doctor, Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University", 423806, Russia, Republic of Tatatrstan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizametdinov Str., House 28, e-mail: kuznetsov-as@mail.ru Mulyukova I.V. - Municipal Autonomous Establishment of Additional Education "Sports school for children and teen-agers "Vityaz", 423822, Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, Naberezhnochelninskiy Ave., House 23, e-mail: miv_85@bk.ru
DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-49-57
THE PECULIARITIES OF EXPRESSION MEANS USE IN FITNESS-AEROBICS
Mingalisheva I.A.1
1Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov, Russia, Ulyanovsk, revinaira@yandex.ru
Annotation. Owing to different motor dancing, gymnastic, acrobatic exercises with rhythm change, fulfilled to music in a group, fitness-aerobics became very popular among teen-agers and students. It is one of epy artistic kinds of sport. It has great opportunity for kinesiological potential, self-actualization, self-development and self-improvement revelation and realization. Different exercises integration creates conditions for the following things development: creative imagination,
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