CC BY
21the antioxidant system in the organism of bulls. Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, ecology, 24(1), 96-102. doi: 10.15421/011611.
7. Gutyj, B., Lavryshyn, Y., Binkevych, V., Binkevych, O., Paladischuk, O., Strons'kyj, J., & Hariv, I. (2016). Influence of «Metisevit» on the activity of enzyme and nonenzyme link of antioxidant protection under the bull's body cadmium loading. Scientific Messenger LNUVMBT named after S.Z. Gzhytskyj, 18, 2(66), 52-58. doi: 10.15421/nvlvet6612.
8. Khariv, M., Gutyj, B., Butsyak, V., & Khariv, I. (2016). Hematological indices of rat organisms under conditions of oxidative stress and liposomal preparation action. Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 6(1), 276-289. doi: 10.15421/201615.
9. Martyshuk, T. V., Gutyj, B. V., & Vishchur, O. I. (2016). Level of lipid peroxidation products in the blood of rats under the influence of oxidative stress and under the action of liposomal preparation of «Butaselmevit», Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 6(2), 22-27. doi: 10.15421/201631.
10. Huberuk, V., Gutyj, B., Gufriy, D., Binkevych, V., Hariv, I., Binkevych, O., & Salata, R. (2017). Impact of antioxidants on enzym activities of glutatione system of bulls bodies antioxidant defense under acute nitrate and nitrite toxicity. Scientific Messenger LNUVMBT named after S.Z. Gzhytskyj, 19(77), 220-224.
11. Lavryshyn, Y. Y., Varkholyak, I. S., Mar-tyschuk, T. V., Guta, Z. A., Ivankiv, L. B., Paladischuk, O. R., Murska, S. D., Gutyj, B. V., & Gufriy, D. F. (2016). The biological significance of the antioxidant
defense system of animals body. Scientific Messenger LNUVMBT named after S.Z. Gzhytskyj, 18, 2(66), 100-111. doi: 10.15421/nvlvet6622.
12. Khariv, M., Gutyj, B., Ohorodnyk, N., Vishchur, O., Khariv, I., Solovodzinska, I., Mudrak, D., Grymak, C., & Bodnar, P. (2017). Activity of the Tand B-system of the cell immunity of animals under conditions of oxidation stress and effects of the liposomal drug. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 7(4), 536-541. doi: 10.15421/2017_157.
13. Lee, J. Y., Lee, J. H., & Kim, H. J. (2004). The preventive inhibition of chondroitin sulfate against the CCI4-induced oxidative stress of subcellular level. Arch. Pharm. Res., 27(3), 340-345.
14. Skry'pny'k, I. M. (2007). Gepatoprotetorni zasoby' v suchasnij gepatologiyi. Consilium Medicumllkraina, 1(5), 11-15 (in Ukrainian).
15. Saba, A. B., Oyagbemi, A. A., & Azeez, O. I. (2010). Amelioration of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity and haemotoxicity by aqueous leaf extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius in rats. Nig. J. Physiol. Sci., 25(2), 139-147.
16. Antonyak, G. L., Babich, N. O., & Sologub, L. I. (2000). Utvorennya aktivnih form kisnyu ta sistema antioksidantnogo zahistu v organizmi tvarin. Biologiya tvaryn, 2(2), 34-43 (in Ukrainian).
17. Belenichev, I. F. Levitskiy, E. L., & Kovalenko, S. I. (2002) Antioksidantna sistema zahistu organizmu (oglyad). Sovremennye problemy toksikologii, 3, 29-31 (in Russian).
18. Vlizlo, V. V., Fedoruk, R. S., & Ratych, I. B. (2012). Laboratory methods of investigation in biology, stock-breeding and veterinary. A reference book. Ed. by VV Vlizlo. Lviv: Spolom (in Ukrainian).
UDC 577.1:612.015
Lavryshyn Y., Gutyj B., Leskiv Ch., Kalyn B., Holub O., Romanovych M.
Stepan Gzhytskyi National Univesity of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies,
Lviv, Pekarska street, 50, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine DOI: 10.24412/2520-2480-2020-3284-11-14
THE EFFECT OF CADMIUM ON THE LEVEL OF VITAMINS A AND E IN THE BLOOD OF
YOUNG CATTLE
Abstract.
The study aimed to examine the effect of cadmium load on the level of vitamins A and E in young cattle's blood. The research was conducted based on a farm in the village of Ivanivtsi, Zhydachiv district, Lviv region, on ten six-month-old bulls, Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed, which was formed into two groups of five animals each: control (C) and experimental (E). The bulls of the control group were on a regular diet. The (E) group animals were fed cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight. The test lastedfor 30 days. For research, the rules obligatory for performing zootechnical experiments on selecting and keeping analogous animals in groups, harvesting technology, use, and accounting of consumed feed were followed. The animals' diet was balanced in terms of nutrients and minerals, which provided their need for essential nutrients. The investigations were carried out under the principles of humanity set out in the European Community Directive. The experiment results indicate that Cadmium significantly affects liver cells' metabolism, thus stimulating the processes of lipid peroxidation and inhibiting the activity of the non-enzymatic part of the antioxidant system, the level of vitamins A and E in the blood of young cattle. The lowest level of vitamins A and E was in the blood of the (E) group of bulls on the 20th day of the experiment, respectively, fluctuated between 0.62 ± 0.035 and 2.9 ± 0.10 fimol/l. Only on the 5 th day of the investigation there was a slight increase in the content of vitamins, which may be due to the
12
VETERINARY SCIENCE / «€®[LL®qUQUM~J®UrMaL>>#32îM,2©2©
protective effect of bulls' body on the intake of cadmium chloride in a toxic dose. The studies made it possible to more deeply reveal the pathogenesis of Cadmium's poisonous effects on young cattle's body and use these data to develop an antidote for cadmium intoxication.
Keywords: toxicology, bulls, Cadmium, vitamins A and E, antioxidant system.
Cadmium is one of the most toxic heavy metals. It belongs to the second class of danger - highly dangerous substances. Like many other heavy metals, Cadmium has a pronounced tendency to accumulate in the body: its half-life is 10-35 years. By the age of 50, its total amount in the human body can reach 30-50 mg. Cadmium in the body accumulates in the kidneys (3060% of the total) and liver (20-25%). Cadmium is also found in the pancreas, spleen, tubular bones, other organs, and tissues [1-3].
Due to the intensive emissions of industrial enterprises, cadmium pollution is continually increasing. As a result, it also increases the contamination of soils and food products grown on them [4].
The results of many experimental studies indicate that in mammals, Cadmium has a toxic effect on many organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, reproductive, excretory, respiratory, hematopoietic system, musculoskeletal system [5, 6]. The most dangerous effects are carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of this element. It is known that under conditions of intoxication of animals with cadmium compounds, there is anemia, suppression of the functional state of the immune system, and other disorders in hematopoiesis [3, 7].
The study aimed to examine the effect of cadmium load on the level of vitamins A and E in young cattle's blood.
Materials and methods. The research was conducted based on a farm in the village of Ivanivtsi, Zhy-dachiv district, Lviv region, on ten six-month-old bulls, Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed, which was formed into two groups of five animals each: control (C) and experimental (E). The bulls of the control group were on a regular diet. The (E) group animals were fed cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight.
For the research, the rules obligatory for performing zootechnical experiments on selecting and keeping analogous animals in groups, harvesting technology, use, and accounting of consumed feed were followed. The animals' diet was balanced in terms of nutrients and minerals, which provided their need for essential nutrients.
The keeping, feeding, care, and all manipulations of animals were carried out following the "European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Scientific Purposes" (Strasbourg, 1986) and the "General Ethical Principles for Animal Experiments, adopted by the First National Congress on bioethics" (Kyiv, 2001). The experiments
were carried out under humanity's principles set out in the "European Community Directive. "
The experiment lasted for 30 days. Blood for analysis was taken from the jugular vein on the 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, and 30th days of the study.
The content of vitamins A and E in the blood of animals was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography on a chromatograph "Milichrome-4" [8].
The analysis of research results was performed using the software package Statistica 6.0. The Student's t-test assessed the probability of differences. The results of the mean values were considered statistically significant at * - P <0.05, ** - P <0.001 (ANOVA)
Results and discussion. Based on previous investigations, it was found that Cadmium in the body of young cattle activates the intensity of radical formation and enhances the processes of lipid peroxidation [6]. As a result, the enzymatic link of the antioxidant defense system of animals is suppressed. That is why it is also essential to study this system's non-enzymatic part, which includes vitamins with high donor properties. They reduce the amount of free oxygen in the cell by activating its utilization and restoring lipid radicals. They are all "direct" antioxidants because they interact directly with reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation products, and free radicals.
One of the main vitamins that have antioxidant properties is vitamin E. The pharmacological action of vitamin E is that it prevents the oxidation of fats, fatty acids and sterols. Vitamin E stabilizes cell membranes and intracellular formations, a prerequisite for protecting nuclear chromatin and DNA from the destructive effects of free radicals [9, 10].
The level of vitamin E in the blood of bulls with chronic cadmium toxicosis is shown in Table 1. A probable increase in vitamin E in the blood of the (E) group of bulls on the 5th day of the test, which was fed cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight. Subsequently, the level of vitamin E continued to decrease, as compared with the (C) group on the 10th day of the experiment decreased by 9.5%, respectively. On the 15 th day of the trial, the level of the vitamin reduced to 3.4 ± 0.12 ^mol/l, while in the (C) group of animals, it fluctuated within 4.0 ± 0.06 ^mol/l. The lowest level of vitamin E was on the 20th day of the experiment compared with the (C) group; it decreased by 32.6%. On the 30th day, the vitamin level grew compared to the previous day, but in comparison with the control group was lower by 17.9%.
Note. The degree of probability compared with the control group -p<0,05 - *, p<0,001 - **
Table 1
The level of vitamin E in the blood of bulls in chronic cadmium toxicosis; ^±m, n = 5)
Blood test time (days) Vitamin E (^mol/l)
Groups of animals
Control Experimental
Initial values 4.1±0.05 4.0±0.07
5th day 4.0±0.07 4.4±0.10*
10th day 4.2±0.08 3.8±0.09*
15 th day 4.0±0.06 3.4±0.12*
20th day 4.3±0.09 2.9±0.10**
30th day 3.9±0.06 3.2±0.11**
Vitamin E (tocopherol) protects vitamin A from oxidation in both the intestines and tissues. If there is a deficiency of vitamin E, then vitamin A will not be absorbed in the appropriate amount, and therefore these two vitamins should be taken together [11].
Vitamin A is a potent acceptor of peroxide radicals due to its ability to intercept peroxide compounds actively. The antioxidant effects of this vitamin are also indirect, as retinol is known to be actively involved in the synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids in the body, in particular L-cysteine. Simultaneously, the latter is a structural component of glutathione and, due to
A probable decrease in vitamin A in the blood of bulls of the (E) group on the 15 th day of the search, compared with the (C) group of bulls, declined by 17.3%. Subsequently, the level of vitamin A continued to decline and on the 20th toad of the test reached 0.62 ± 0.035 ^mol / l, while in control, this figure was 0.80 ± 0.026 ^mol / l. On the 30th day of the experiment, the vitamin A level in the (E) group's blood was reduced by 11.5%.
Thus, feeding bulls cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight of the animal leads to suppressing the non-enzymatic part of the animal body's antioxidant system, as indicated by a decrease in the level of vitamins A and E.
CONCLUSION
Feeding bulls cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight for 30 days caused chronic cadmium toxicosis development. Feeding bullocks cadmium chloride in the specified amount caused a probable decrease in vitamins A and E.
The studies made it possible to reveal further the pathogenesis of Cadmium's toxic effects on the body of
the presence in its composition of a functionally highly active sulfhydryl group - a determinant in the implementation of its antioxidant effects [12].
The content of vitamin A in bulls' blood when fed cadmium chloride is shown in Table 2. It should be noted that Cadmium's action disrupts the absorption of carotene and its conversion into retinol, which adversely affects the health of animals. Thus, in experiments on calves of the black-spotted breed, it was found that Cadmium interferes with the normal absorption of carotene as a result of the destruction of vitamin A in the rumen.
bulls and use these data to develop an antidote for cadmium intoxication.
Research prospects. The obtained data will be used in the other studied systems of antioxidant protection and processes of peroxidation of lipids of the blood of bulls to develop antidote preparation for treating animals at cadmium toxicosis.
Acknowledgments
This scientific work was financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (0120U101999)
References
1. Melnychuk, D. O. Trakhtenberh I. M., Mel-nykova N. M., Kalinin I. V., Shepelova I. A., & Derkach Ye. A. (2002). Toksykolohichnyi vplyv solei svyntsiu ta kadmiiu na bioikhimichni pokaznyky u la-boratornykh tvaryn. Naukovyi visnyk NAU, 55, 117119 (in Ukrainian).
2. Melnychuk, D. O., Melnykova, N. M., & Derkach, Ye. A. (2004). Vikovi osoblyvosti kumuliatsii kadmiiu v orhanakh otruienykh shchuriv i zminy pokaznykiv kyslotnoluzhnoho stanu krovi za riznykh
Table 2
The level of vitamin A in the blood of bulls in chronic cadmium toxicosis; ^±m, n = 5)_
Blood test time (days) Vitamin A (^mol/l)
Groups of animals
Control Experimental
Initial values 0.83±0.029 0.80±0.030
5th day 0.79±0.031 0.83±0.015
10th day 0.85±0,025 0.74±0.020
15 th day 0.81±0.020 0.67±0.011**
20th day 0.80±0.026 0.62±0.035**
30th day 0.78±0.024 0.69±0.018*
Note. The degree of probability compared with the control group -p<0,05 - *, p<0,001 - **
14
VETERINARY SCIENCE / «Ш11ШетУМ~^®УГМа1>#32(1ет,2©2©
umov antyoksydantnoho zakhystu orhanizmu. Ukrain-skyi biokhimichnyi zhurnal, 95-99 (in Ukrainian).
3. Hutyi, B. V. (2013). Vplyv khlorydu kad-miiu u riznykh dozakh na aktyvnist aminotransferaz syrovatky krovi buhaitsiv. Naukovyi visnyk Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu veterynarnoi medytsyny ta biotekhnolohii im. Gzhytskoho, 15, 1(1), 49-52 (in Ukrainian).
4. Zasiekin D. A., & Zasiekin, M. D. (2003). Vplyv khronichnoho toksykozu cherez zabrudnennia vazhkymy metalamy na klinichni pokaznyky ta stan kyslotno-luzhnoi rivnovahy krovi koriv. Vet. med. Ukrainy, 12, 33-34 (in Ukrainian).
5. Borikov, O. Yu., & Kaliman, P. A. (2004). Vplyv khlorydu kadmiiu ta peroksydu vodniu na protsesy peroksydnoho okyslennia i fraktsiinyi sklad li-pidiv u hepatotsytakh shchuriv. Ukr. biokhim. Zhurn, 76(2), 107-111 (in Ukrainian).
6. Hutyi, B. V. (2013). Vplyv khlorydu kad-miiu u toksychnykh dozakh na hlutationovu systemu antyoksydantnoho zakhystu orhanizmu bychkiv. Vet-erynarna biotekhnolohiia, 22, 112-116 (in Ukrainian).
7. Hutyi, B. V. (2013). Vplyv meveselu ta E-selenu na riven pokaznykiv ne fermentnoi systemy antyoksydantnoho zakhystu orhanizmu buhaitsiv pry kadmiievomu navantazhenni. Veterynarna medytsyna, 97, 419-421 (in Ukrainian).
8. Vlizlo, V. V. (20040. Dovidnyk: Fizioloho-biokhimichni metody doslidzhen u biolohii, tvarynny-tstvi ta veterynarnii medytsyni. Lviv (in Ukrainian).
9. Kurtiak, B. M., & Yanovych, V. H. (2006). Vmist vitaminiv A i E ta produktiv perekysnoho okysnennia lipidiv u plazmi krovi koriv pry parenteral-nomu vvedeni tryvitu i insolvitu v kintsi stiilovoho periodu. Nauk.-tekhn. biul. In-tu biol. tvaryn. Lviv, 212-214 (in Ukrainian).
10. Droshnev, A. E., Borisova, M. N., & Kostro-mitinov, N. A. (2005). Vlijanievitamina E na pokazateli perekisnogo okislenija lipidov i antioksidantnoj zash-hity u ryb pri stresse. Mizhvidomchij tematichnij nau-kovij zbirnik "Veterinarna medicina". Harkiv, 1, 395398 (in Russian).
11. Hutyi, B. V. (2013). Vplyv meveselu na vmist vitaminiv A i E u krovi bychkiv za umov kad-miievoi intoksykatsii. Naukovyi visnyk Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu veterynarnoi medytsyny ta biotekhnolohii im. Gzhytskoho, 15, 3(1), 78-82 (in Ukrainian).
12. Bahlai, O. M., Murska, S. D., & Hutyi, B. V. (2011). Systema antyoksydantnoho zakhystu ta perekysne okysnennia lipidiv orhanizmu tvaryn. Nauk. visnyk Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu veterynarnoi medytsyny ta biotekhnolohii imeni S. Z. Gzhytskoho, 13, 4(50), 2, 3-11. (in Ukrainian).
