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10Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 6 (2013 6) 913-924
УДК 314.1 (571.511) + 314.1 (571.512)
The Current Social and Economic Data on the Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples of the North as of 2012
Semen Ya. Palchin*
Office of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Krasnoyarsk Territory 207 office, 122 Karl Marx Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660021 Russia
Received 14.01.2013, received in revised form 20.02.2013, accepted 17.05.2013
The present article is the first part of the material based on the Report of the Commissioner for the Rights of the Indigenous Small-numbered Peoples in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (ombudsman) "On the problems of realizing the constitutional rights and liberties of the indigenous small-numbered peoples in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2012". The article includes the current information about the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and general analysis of the demographic data of the Krasnoyarsk Territory based on the data of the past three censuses. The current information about the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North is given separately for the three territorial units of the Territory, which are Taimyrsky, Dolgano-Nenetsky and Evenkiysky municipal districts, as well as the Krasnoyarsk Territory, except for the above-named districts.
Keywords: Indigenous peoples of the North, ethnos, the Representative by the laws of the indigenous small people, constitutional laws, Taymyr, Evenkia, Turukhansky region.
The work was fulfilled within the framework of the research financed by the Krasnoyarsk Regional Foundation of Research and Technology Development Support and in accordance with the course schedule of Siberian Federal University as assigned by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
Protection of human rights is a certain, a very important, I would even say, the most important, at least at this stage of the world history, element of politics. It is a question of whether a man exists for the state or the state exists for a man. It is an aspect of politics where it is decided what is more important - civil rights or the authority, and what distinctively establishes the priority of rights. Rights are outside politics, above politics.
Alexander V. Uss, The Chairman of the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved
Corresponding author E-mail address: palchin@ombudsmankk.krsn.ru
*
It is for good reason that the words of A.V. Uss are used as the epigraph for this article about realizing the constitutional rights and liberties of the indigenous small-numbered peoples on the Territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai for 2012. It is an opportunity to once again remind all the participants of the civil society and representatives of the authorities about the priorities which are established in the Krai and serve as a beacon for regional ombudsmen.
For real ombudsmen people with their problems, their pain and their hopes are ofprimary importance; the desire to help them in restoration of their rights is of primary importance, too. In this occupation there is no place for the struggle for power, but there is an aspiration to make the power more human-oriented, more legal, democratic and just.
To make the power closer, more responsive to the needs of ordinary people is the aim of the Commissioner for the Rights of the Indigenous and Small-numbered Peoples in Krasnoyarsk Krai, and of the whole system of the state and local authorities, too. It is in this very context that the following words of the Governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai L.V. Kuznetsov should be understood:"the rights and liberties of the citizen of Russia are guaranteed by the highest Law-the Constitution. However, for the norms of equality to work, all of us will have to make a lot of effort. The right to work, right to adequate housing and right to medical care, right to good education and right to healthy and adequate environment are not easy to ensure. It is understood that at present the state has not sufficient resources to solve all problems at one go. However, even when there is money and political decisions, they are often the local anthologies, officials at different levels, heads of enterprises, who cannot or do not want to be more understanding, to work with people, following not only the text of the Law, but also its spirit.
They were local authorities of this kind who the Commissioner had to encounter in 2012 while defending the rights of the indigenous small-numbered peoples.
Some authorities in the municipal districts interpreted the report of the Commissioner for 2011 as criticism concerning them personally, as an occasion to make an attempt to rehabilitate themselves in the eyes of the highest authorities of the Krai for their mistakes, shortcomings of their work and their explicit unwillingness to realize the legal rights and interests of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North.
Thus, in the last decade of 2012, the deputies of Taimyrsky regional Deputies' Council adopted the Appeal to the deputies of the Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai with the demand to review the Report of the Commissioner for the Rights of the Indigenous and Small-numbered Peoples in Krasnoyarsk Krai in order to form an objective opinion, stated by the deputies of the regional Council in the Appeal to the deputies of the Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai.
The indignation of Tajmyr deputies is also caused by the fact that most cases, mentioned in the report, are "anonymous", i.e. the Commissioner does not disclose the information about the applicants, does not state their full name, address of residence and other personal details.
Henceforth, too, the Commissioner will not disclose personal details of applicants in order to ensure their security, protect them from possible prosecution by the officials, and also in order to prevent rumors, gossip and idle talks. In this case the Commissioner relies on the Federal law № 59- ®3 from 02.05.2006 "About the procedure of processing applications of citizens in the Russian Federation, namely article 6 "Guarantees of security for a citizen in connection with his/her application".
1. It is forbidden to prosecute a citizen in connection with his/her application to the state
institutions, local institutions or to an official with critics of work of the above- mentioned institutions or officials with the aim of either restoring or asserting his/her rights, liberties and legal interests or rights, liberties and legal interests of other persons.
2. In the course of processing of the application of a citizen, it isforbidden to disclose the information contained in the appeal and also personal details of the applicant, without his/ her agreement. Directing the application to the state institution, local institution or an official in whose competence it is to solve the problem is not considered a disclosure of the information contained in the application.
In the light of the incident, the Commissioner advised Taimyr deputies, as well as all citizens to raise their legal culture, not to prevent others from asserting their rights and to assert their own rights without fear, because it is the only way we can build an effective constitutional state.
Over and over again do ombudsmen remind the officials, the authorities about the necessity to respect rights of citizens. It is very often that we can hear optimistic reports of big and smaller officials, and it is also very often that while listening to these reports we come to understanding that they are made to create a serene picture, which does not reflect real life. Both the officials and ordinary people understand that things are far from being perfect. One of the indisputable rules of administration is to have an integral, truthful picture of reality. It is far from being ideal in the sphere of upholding the rights of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North. Is it worth getting hysterical or aggressively defensive, or blaming others? Of course, it is not. One must honestly work at the problems: elicit the causes of problems, find acceptable variants of their solution, anticipate the consequences of the decisions made. It is in
this way that the Commissioner carries out his work, his annual reports being part of it.
The "Recommendations" sections of the reports contain answers to some problematic questions. Some of them entail financial commitments ofthe Krai budget, but a considerable part of problems can be solved solely by applying administrative, management measures.
The deputies of the Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai rely on this logic too when they make decisions based on hearings of annual reports. The Government of Krasnoyarsk Krai adequately perceives criticism and recommendations and does its best to implement them.
This positive experience aroused interest in other regions of the Russian Federation, in which there also live the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East. At the visiting session of the Coordination Council of Russian national public organization "Russian Association of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East" which took place in October 2012 on Kamchatka, a deputy of the Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai V.H. Vengo gave a detailed talk on the experience of Krasnoyarsk Krai. The participants of the visiting session highly estimated the work of the Commissioner for the Rights of the Indigenous and Small-numbered peoples in Krasnoyarsk Krai and informed the Governer of Krasnoyarsk Krai L.V. Kuznetsov about that.
The Commissioner expresses his gratitude to this organization for publicizing his annual reports through its own Internet resource www.raipon.info, and also for advocating and effectively protecting the rights of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East at the federal and international levels. It is thanks to this organization that the reports become accessible and popular.
The materials of the reports are read not only by citizens but also by different expert groups and even by planning institutes in the course of developing environmental impact analysis (EIA) for industrial companies planning their activity in the areas of traditional residence and traditional occupations of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North of Krasnoyarsk Krai.
The previous reports of the Commissioner were addressed to the Governer of Krasnoyarsk Krai, the deputies of the Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai, members of the Government of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Krasnoyarsk territorial Court, the Office of Public Prosecutor of Krasnoyarsk Krai, the municipal authorities, to the general public. The Report "About the problems of realization of constitutional rights and liberties of the indigenous and small-numbered peoples on the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai in 2012" was no exception.
The Report was also sent to the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation, the Plenipotentiary of the President of the Russian Federation in Siberian Federal Okrug, the Committee for National Issues of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Committee for the
North and Small-numbered Peoples' Affairs of the Federation Council of Russia of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
The legal basis of the Report is article 22 of the Law of Krasnoyarsk Krai "About the Commissioner for Human Rights in Krasnoyarsk Krai."
The Reports regards the recommendations of the treaty-based and specialized bodies of the UNO, other international institutions and organizations, and also current international laws and regulations concerning rights of indigenous peoples.
The Report will be accessible in the State Universal Scientific Library of Krasnoyarsk Krai, in libraries of municipal districts, and also on the official Website of the Commissioner for Human Rights in Krasnoyarsk Krai.
The current information about the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North of Krasnoyarsk Krai
In the first decade of 2012 the territorial institution of Russian Federal State Statistics Service in Krasnoyarsk Krai summed up the results of the Russian Census of 2010. This information can be found on the official Website of the institution www.krasstat.gks.ru.
Table 1. Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky municipal district
Ethnic group Total Result Urban population Result Rural population Result
2002 2010 2002 2010 2002 2010
Dolgans 5 517 5 393 -124 786 1 068 +282 4 731 4 325 -406
Nganasans 766 747 -19 111 212 +101 655 535 -120
Nenets 3 054 3 494 +440 390 531 +141 2 664 2 963 +299
Kets - 19 - 0 17 - 0 2
Selkups - 9 - 0 9 - 0 0
Evenks 305 266 -39 - 88 88 - 178 178
Enets 197 204 +7 24 40 +16 173 164 -9
Total 9 839 10 132 265 1 311 1 965 628 8 223 8 167
Table 2. Evenkiysky municipal districts
Ethnic group Total Result Urban population Result Rural population Result
2002 2010 2002 2010 2002 2010
Dolgans - 48 - 41 - 7
Nganasans - 6 - 2 - 4
Nenets - 8 - 5 - 3
Kets - 207 - 16 - 191
Selkups - 1 - 0 - 0
Evenks 3 802 3 583 -219 1 097 945 -152 2 723 2 638 -85
Total 3 802 3 853 1 097 1 009 2 723 2 843
Table 3. Krasnoyarsk Krai (except Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky and Evenkiysky municipal districts)
Ethnic group Total Result Urban population Result Rural population Result
2002 2010 2002 2010 2002 2010
Dolgans 288 369 +81 252 343 +91 36 26 -10
Nganasans 45 54 +9 36 49 +13 9 5 -4
Nenets 134 131 -3 104 121 +17 30 10 -20
Kets 1 189* 731 -458 199 150 -49 990 581 -409
Selkups 412** 271 -141 58 60 -2 354 211 -143
Chulyms 159 145 -14 11 8 +3 148 137 -11
Evenks 830 523 -307 359 312 -47 471 211 -260
Enets 16 17 +1 15 13 -2 1 4 +3
Total 3 073 2 241 1 034 1 056 2 039 1 185
Notes. * Perhaps, according to the data of the Russian Census of 2002, the number of the Kets is given including Taimyrsky and Evenkiysky AO.
** Perhaps, according to the data of the Russian Census of 2002, the number of the Selkups is given including Taimyrsky and Evenkiysky AO.
Table 3. Total numbers in Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ethnic group Total Result Urban population Result Rural population Result
2002 2010 2002 2010 2002 2010
Dolgans 5 805 5 810 +5 1 038 1 452 +414 4 767 4 358 -409
Nganasans 811 807 -4 147 263 +116 664 544 -120
Nenets 3 188 3 633 +445 494 657 +163 2 694 2 976 +282
Kets 1 189 957 -232 199 183 -16 990 774 -216
Selkups 412 281 -131 58 70 +12 354 211 -143
Chulyms 159 145 -14 11 8 -3 148 137 -11
Evenks 4 632 4 372 -260 1 438 1 345 -93 3 194 3 027 -167
Enets 213 221 +8 39 53 +14 174 168 -6
Total 16 409 16 226 3 424 4 031 12 985 12 195
Taking into consideration the special status of Taimyr and Evenkya, the data are distributed into the following sections: Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky and Evenkiysky municipal districts.
Thus, it is possible to compare the data of the Russian Census of 2002 and the Russian Census of 2010 in these districts.
The general analysis of the social-economic situation on the basis of the demographic data for Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky municipal district
According to the data of the Russian Census of 2010, on Taimyr the total number of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North is 10,132 people, including 19 Kets and 9 Selkups. The number of the indigenous peoples of Taimyr (those who have traditionally lived here: the Dolgans, the Nganasans, the Nenets, the Evenks, the Enets) is 10, 104 people.
In comparison to the data of the Russian Census of 2002, a considerable positive dynamics can be seen among the Nenets. There is an explanation for this. The Nenets are reindeer-breeders. As it was repeatedly stressed by the Commissioner, reindeer breeding is an ethno-preserving branch of the national economy, and since 2003-2004 it has been on the rise. Since 2003 the numbers of reindeer have practically doubled. Although the rate of increase in the numbers of reindeer has slowed down in recent time, the dynamics is still positive. Increase in the number of the Nenets more than by 14 % is explained by a relative prosperity of reindeer-breeding. 85 % of the total number of the Nenets lives in rural areas. There exists some migration of the Nenets to Dudinka, but it is not mass migration as with the Nganasans and the Dolgans.
The Nganasans have traditionally lived in the settlement of Volochanka, in Ust'-Avam of the settlement of urban type Dudinka and in
the settlement of Novaya of the rural settlement Khatanga. This ethnic group has always been characterized by a small number of people but negative dynamics denotes a change for the worse in the social-economic conditions of the Nganasans. It is connected with the problems in traditional occupations and trades. The reindeer breeding was lost in the 1980s. Professor K.B. Klokov considers that the reason for the decline of the reindeer breeding was a change of specialization of the gospromkhoz "Taimyrskiy" and the sovkhoz "Volochansky", which started the shooting of wild reindeer for the needs of Noril'sk industrial region. The economic effect of the shooting lead to change of priorities, which resulted in insufficient financing of reindeer breeding and its disappearing. But the decline of reindeer-breeding took place 25 years ago and is of secondary influence on the current demographic processes. The most influential factor is hunting and fishing. Here, too, the Nganasans have problems, which the Commissioner repeatedly talked about at different public events (meetings, conferences) and wrote about in his annual reports. These problems are the result of the drawbacks in the policy of the governing institutions of Taimyr. These are the mistakes which were systematically pointed out by public figures and the specialists of the Scientific Research Institute of agriculture of the Far North, and also by the Commissioner. It is still worth repeating: the problem is in the inaccessibility of fishing and hunting areas for traditional occupations and lifestyle. For example, near the posyolok of Ust'-Avam practically all lands suitable for hunting and fishing have been given to LLC "PH Pyasino", where there is only a handful of indigenous people.
The conclusions of the Commissioner about unsatisfactory social- economic conditions of indigenous peoples are supported by the opinions of the local population and municipal employees. At the session of the Public Council under the
jurisdiction of the Head of Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky municipal district, which took place on 27 October, 2012, a speech was made by a local of Volochanka, G.A. Grigorieva. She told how the posyolok is degrading, that suicides are committed every year, young people and adults ruin themselves by drinking, the houses are falling to pieces, there are no perspectives for life in the posyolok. This is clearly proved by statistical data. Rural population literally flees to Dudinka from social problems, unemployment and poverty.
The courageous, frank, principled speech of G.A. Grigorieva might result in negative attitude of the powers that be. That is why the Commissioner publicly declares that he takes the well-being of this woman under his control and in case she is pressurized, the Commissioner will use all legal instruments to protect her.
A lot of people spoke at this session: representatives of education, healthcare, culture, Ministry of Internal Affairs and general public; they spoke about the problems of alcoholism, the state of decrepitude and disrepair and lack of housing; about the shortage of qualified specialists. These problems are so evident that they are impossible to ignore. Under these circumstances, the above mentioned statement of Taimyr deputies that the Report of the Commissioner was biased looks at the very least strange.
Looking through the statistical data of the Dolgans, the decrease by 124 people arrests your attention. The total number of the Dolgans in the country during 2002-2010 rose from 7,261 to 7,885. The increase is 8.6 %. The data on the Dolgans in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic look interesting. The number of the Dolgans there increased by more than 50 % from 2002 to 2010. One cannot but wonder what this demographic boom could have been cause by. The answer is simple-the migration of the Dolgans from Taimyr to the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic.
The reason for the migration is a disastrous state of the Dolgans on Taimyr and in particular, in the settlement of rural type Khatanga where prices for products are stunning. For example, in the posyolok of Novorybnaya the price of 1 liter of juice reaches 300 rubles, sugar in exchange for fish costs 200 rubles a kilo, the price of a pot of yogurt is 90 rubles. Fresh fruit and vegetables are a gastronomic rarity.
One of the reasons is that in the winter of 2011-2012 the price of petrol reached 175 rubles per litre. The winter supply of petrol, oil and lubricants (GSM) was disrupted. Although the administration of Taimyr reported that it applied considerable effort to deliver petrol by cars by winter roads (temporary roads carved in snow and ice), a system mistake is obvious. But no one was found guilty of the disruption of petrol supply. The guilt rested with the locals of the rural settlement of Khatanga, who sometimes could not even go hunting or fishing.
During 2012 the public representative of the Commissioner, S.S. Chuprin, was repeatedly addressed by the residents of the Northern settlements of the rural settlement of Khatanga -Popigay, Syndassko, Novorybnaya, who asked how they can separate from Taimyr and join Anabarskiy districts of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. This signal should not just alert local authorities, but also make them actively improve social-economic conditions of people.
The demographic situation should be supplemented by data on suicides for 2009-2011. The total number of people who committed suicides is 124; 54 of whom are representatives of indigenous peoples. It is 45 % from the total number of suicides, although the ratio of indigenous peoples to non-indigenous is 30 %. Suicides are mainly committed by the indigenous peoples of Taimyr, who moved to the town. It is connected with the difficulties of adaptation, loss of traditional values, meaning of life. For
example, in the rural settlement Karaul, 12 Nenets committed suicide because of these reasons is. (The total number of people living in rural settlements is 2,963). 16 people committed suicide in the town, while the total number of the Nenets in Dudinka, according to the Russian Census of 2010, is 531.
There is an opposite tendency with the Dolgans. The number of people living in rural settlements is 4,325 people; the number of suicides for 2009-2011 is prevalent in rural areas. In the rural settlement of Khatanga there were 13 people who committed suicide; while in the urban settlement of Dudinka, including settlements, --15. It bespeaks of the unsatisfactory social-economic conditions of the Dolgans living in rural areas. This very fact was pointed out by G.A. Grigorieva from Volochanka, where the Nganasans and the Dolgans live.
Among the Nenets and the Dolgans suicides are predominantly committed by males under 30. Suicides are often committed by children. So, in February 2012 in the rural settlement of Khatanga suicide was committed by a boy born in 1997. Notably, the characteristics of the family from the special report of the Chief Internal Affairs Directorate stated: "Full family, parents: mother.. .born in 1976, resident of the settlement....unemployed, father....born in 1969, employed as hunter-fisherman.". The boy was 15 when he committed suicide. What perspectives awaited the boy if his mother is unemployed, his father is a bread-winner, but his income is lower than minimum subsistence level?
These are not just words, they are evidenced by the report of the administration of Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky municipal district for nine months of 2012. In the table "Standard of living of population" in the column "Average monthly wage of a worker" in agriculture, hunting, fishing, forestry is 9,064 rubles. The minimum subsistence level in the rural
settlement of Khatanga, according to the decree of the Government of Krasnoyarsk Krai from 16 October 2012 № 540-n, is 14,608 rubles. It should be noted that income of professional hunters and fishermen in Khatanga is much lower than income of their colleagues in the rural settlement of Karaul and the urban settlement of Dudinka. The reasons for this are the peculiarities of the preservation methods of produce of hunting and fishing, low purchase prices, unreasonably expensive petrol, complicated transportation scheme.
The authorities of Taimyr can parry in their characteristic manner that things are not so bad on Taimyr, the average wage of workers on Taimyr is 44, 758 rubles. But their arguments are in line with the Russian proverb: "A man with a full belly thinks no one is hungry"; moreover, according to their own report for nine months of 2012, an average monthly income of municipal officials, municipal employees, paid from district budget, is 75, 080 rubles.
The description of the demographic situation can be completed with the data on the birth rate of indigenous peoples for the last three years. The data were collected mainly from the maternity hospitals on Taimyr-Dudunka and Khatanga maternity hospitals. They reflect the general situation with the birth rate. 464 babies were born in Dudinka maternity hospital in 2010, 208 of whom are babies of indigenous peoples (45 % of new-born). In 2011-467 babies were born -233 of whom are indigenous (50 % of new-born). For eleven months of 2012-- 386 babies were born, 184 of whom are the indigenous small-numbered peoples of Taimyr (47.7 % of new-born).
In Khatanga maternity hospital 90 babies were born in 2010, 66 of whom are indigenous (66 % of new-born. 72 babies were born in 2011, 54 of whom are in indigenous (75 % of newborn). 76 babies were born in 2012, 57 of whom are indigenous (75 % of new-born).
Thus, 50 % of the total number of the babies born is the indigenous small-numbered peoples of Taimyr. Indigenous people account for no more than 30 % of the population of Taimyr. It is a reflection of the fact that birth rate of the local indigenous population is still high. Against this background the negative figures in the Russian Census of 2010 look disastrous.
It is with great regret that the Commissioner states the fact that the administration of Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky municipal district is not trying to change the situation with the project of the scheme of territorial planning until the year 2030. In this matter the Commissioner finds support in the Ministry of Economy and Regional Development of Krasnoyarsk Krai, which considers the proposed approach to transformation of the system of settlement to be wrong in essence. This approach presupposes decrease in the number of inhabitants in all settlements. The concentration of indigenous population in Dudinka with the simultaneous decrease in its numbers in other settlements. The proposed decrease in numbers of inhabitants in all settlements does not take into account perspectives of economic development of the district.
General analysis of the social-economic situation on the basis f demographic data for Evenkiysky municipal district
According to the statistical data of the Russian Census of 2010, the number of the Evenks in Evenkiysky municipal district decreased by 219 people. The decrease is almost 6 %.
Perhaps, one of the reasons for this is migration to other regions of the country, but the Commissioner considers that the main reason for the decrease is unfavourable conditions of living of this small-numbered ethnic group in its historical territory.
This conclusion is based on the collective petitions of public figures, sent to different state institutions. In one of them, addressed to the Governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai, L.V. Kuznetsov, it is directly stated: "During the seven years following the Referendum about the union of Taimyrsky (Dolgano-Nenetsky) municipal district and Krasnoyarsk Krai, in Evenkiysky municipal district there appeared and aggravated a number of socio-economical and political problems, connected with ensuring and realizing the rights of the indigenous peoples of the North, namely: there is the biggest number of unemployed, some of whom are not registered, low or no income, low life expectancy and high death rate among the indigenous peoples of the North, and also absence of living standard and developed infrastructure in the areas of traditional settlement of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North."
Public figures, even without being acquainted with the statistical data, noted the deterioration of social-economic conditions of their fellow district men, which was the reason for their petition to the Governor.
The leaders of public associations point to inaction of authorities, non fulfillment of delegated state powers for ensuring and realizing the rights of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North in accordance with the current laws by the officials of the state institutions of Krasnouarsk Krai and local authorities.
In its report from 14 September, 2012, on the results of the control audit of Evenkiysky municipal district, The Auditing Chamber of Krasnoyarsk Krai made the following conclusion: "normative legal regulation of delegated state powers has a number of fundamental drawbacks and is in need of follow-up revision." The auditors of the Auditing Chamber of Krasnoyarsk Krai also paid their attention to absence of the system of quality evaluation of state powers executing
and multiple breaches of duty, discovered in the audit, which are indicative of inefficient realization of state powers by the local authorities of Evenkiysky municipal district.
Similar conclusions were made by the auditors in Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky municipal district: "Integrated institutions, responsible for realization of delegated powers were not identified, which result in the absence of general analysis, estimation of efficiency and control for the realized state powers."
Behind these terse lines there are lives of people of Evenkia, their unsolved problems, which result in premature death and migration to more prosperous regions of the country. It is proved by the existing tendency of decrease of able-bodied population. For 2008-2010 the number of people of working age decreased by 748 people, with the total decrease of number of the resident population decreasing by 472 people. The number of pensioners rose by 24.6 %.
The general decrease of the population of Evenkia is 8.2 %, decrease in the number of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North (the Evenks, the Kets, the Dolgans, the Nenets, the Nganasans) in this municipal district is 3.1 %.
Positive dynamics of the citizens, whose income is lower than minimal subsistence rate, is indicative of the problems of the territory. From 2009 to 2011 the number of such people increased from 1,283 to 4,668 people.
General analysis of the social-economic situation on the basis of demographic data for Krasnoyarsk Krai except Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky and Evenkiysky municipal districts
The demographic situation in the Krai except Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky and Evenkiysky municipal districts is the following. Three indigenous peoples from eight have positive demographic tendency. The number of the Dolgans
rose from 288 people in 2002 to 369 people. On Taimyr there is negative dynamics for this ethnic group, but in the rest of the Krai the dynamics is positive. The Commissioner connects the increase by 81 people with migration in Noril'sk industrial district, which is administratively not part of Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky municipal district. It is confirmed by the information, shared with the Commissioner by the citizens who left for permanence residence to Noril'sk and its satellite towns-Talnakh, Kajerkan, Oganer. This fact is borne out by the elders of Noril'sk, for example, E.S. Bettu. According to her words, there are dozens of families who moved for permanent residence to Noril'sk industrial district from settlements of the rural settlement Khatanga. The indigenous peoples of Taimyr, who settled in the new place, try to preserve their culture, language, they cannot do without hunting and fishing-traditional occupations of indigenous peoples, they also cannot do without traditional food-reindeer meat, local fish. This need is determined by constitutional peculiarities of the northern people. The second reason, as seen by the Commissioner, is the increase in the number of students, who study in institutions of higher and vocational education in Krasnoyarsk.
The number of the Ngasans increased insignificantly (by 9 people) and the Enets (for 1 person). The increase is connected with the above mentioned reasons.
The last census registered the decrease in the number of the Selkups by 141 people, a considerable reduction in the number of the Kets-by 458 people, the Chulyms-by 14 people, there is considerable negative dynamics for the Evenks-307 people.
Considerate demographic losses demand profound scientific substantiation, painstaking analysis of social-economic conditions of the named peoples and elaboration of measures for their support and development.
The Census of 2010 registered reduction in the number of indigenous small-numbered peoples in rural areas practically for all ethnic groups. It suggests that rural conditions are no longer attractive for indigenous small-numbered peoples, that social infrastructure of rural areas needs modernizing. This conclusion of the Commissioner is the same as the conclusions made by the deputies of the Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai and proposals of the Government of Krasnoyarsk Krai for development and adopting of conception of sustainable development of rural areas of Krasnoyarsk Krai.
The fact of increasing migration of indigenous small-numbered peoples to urban areas creates new problems and sets new tasks. The Commissioner considers that the Agency for Affairs of the North of Krasnoyarsk Krai should develop and propose to the authorities of the Krai and general public the package of measures for adaptation of aborigines of the North to urban conditions. It is no secret that people who move to towns have low level of education, no professions, no permanent home, and no jobs. A lot of them do not even have temporary registration, which is the reason for infringement of their social rights. Detachment from customary way of life and environment and social uprooting leads to loss of life orientation and results in antisocial lifestyle, crimes and suicides.
According to Taimyr police, the proportion of "drunken crimes" is 53.5 % from the total number of crimes, which is much higher than that of the previous year and average Krai figures. A considerable number of these crimes are committed by the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North. The similar situation can be observed in other regions of the Krai.
General analysis of demographic data for Krasnoyarsk Krai on the data of the censuses of 1989, 2002, 2010
* In the census of 1989 the Chulyms were written to the Khakas.
The total number of indigenous small-numbered peoples in Krasnoyarsk Krai in 1989 (without the Chulyms) was 14,907 people. By 2002 their number rose to 16,409 people. But by 2010 the number of indigenous small-numbered peoples declined to 16, 226 people.
The general analysis of the social-economic conditions of indigenous small-numbered peoples in Krasnoyarsk Krai , based on the demographic data of the Russian Census of 2002 and the Russian Census of 2010 impels the Commissioner to appeal to the authorities of Krasnoyarsk Krai with the recommendation to make a complex review of the national policy concerning the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North; to use the experience of such northern regions as the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug; to create the conditions for their effective social-economic development; to help small-numbered peoples in establishing good-neighbourly relations with industrial companies, working on their territories; to encourage fair distribution of profit from activity of this industrial companies with due consideration for the interests of indigenous small -numbered peoples.
It is worth noting that among the reasons for the decline in the number of indigenous small -numbered peoples in Evenkia and on Taimyr is the unrealized special status of the former Autonomous Okrugs.
Нынешние социальные и экономические данные о коренных малочисленных народах Севера с 2012 года
С.Я. Пальчин
Аппарат Уполномоченного по правам человека
в Красноярском крае Россия 660021, Красноярск, ул. Карла Маркса, 122, каб. 207
Настоящая статья является первой частью материала на основе Доклада Уполномоченного по правам коренных малочисленных народов в Красноярском крае (омбудсмена) «О проблемах реализации конституционных прав и свобод коренных малочисленных народов в Красноярском крае в 2012 году ». Статья содержит актуальную информацию о коренных малочисленных народах Севера Красноярского края и общий анализ демографических данных Красноярского края на основе данных последних трех переписей. Текущая информация о коренных малочисленных народах Севера дается отдельно для трех территориальных единиц: Таймырского, Долгано-Ненецкого и Эвенкийского муниципальных районов, а также в Красноярском крае, за исключением вышеназванных районов.
Ключевые слова: коренные малочисленные народы Севера, этнос, Уполномоченный по правам коренных малочисленных народов, конституционные права, Таймыр, Эвенкия, Туруханский район.
Работа выполнена в рамках исследований, финансируемых Красноярским краевым фондом поддержки научной и научно-технической деятельности, а также в рамках тематического плана СФУ по заданию Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации.
