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12УДК 331.5 (571.512)
The Areas of Compact Settlement of the Indigenous and Small-numbered Peoples of the North of Krasnoyarsk Krai: Setting the Objective
Irina A. Mezhova, Tatiana A. Samylkina and Evgenia B. Bukharova*
Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041 Russia
Received 23.01.2013, received in revised form 18.03.2013, accepted 04.06.2013
In the preset article the objective for the research on the problem of development of the adaptive mechanism and creating models of employment of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North of Krasnoyarsk Krai is set. The research is based on the arrival of large industrial extracting companies to the areas of compact settlement of the indigenous peoples of the North, which to a certain extent deteriorates the conditions of sustainable social-economic development of the region.
Keywords: the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, adaptive mechanisms of use of territories, models of development of labor markets, sustainable socio-economic development.
The work was fulfilled within the framework of the research financed by the Krasnoyarsk Regional Foundation of Research and Technology Development Support and in accordance with the course schedule of Siberian Federal University as assigned by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
The Russian Federation is one of the few countries where the indigenous small-numbered peoples preserved their traditional life-style and nature use in their classical meaning - the way they were created by nature. It is mostly connected with the social and economic policy, which was conducted by the Government of Russia according to the main principles, formulated by M. M. Speransky in “The Regulations of governing non-Russians (inorodsy)” as far back as 1822 (Contseptsiya ustoichivogo razvitiya.., 2009).
In the period of the reforms in the economy and social life in the 1990s, the conception of “surmounting of centuries-old cultural and economical backwardness of the peoples of the North “, a strictly unified policy of state paternalism, directed at the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North (the ISPN), which lead to significant deterioration of conditions for traditional nature use and standard of living of these peoples, were discarded.
At the present time the objective is set to provide a sustainable increase of the standard and
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* Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]
quality of living conditions of the population of Siberia basing on the balanced socio-economical system of innovative type, guaranteeing social security, dynamic development of economy and realization of strategic interests of Russia in the world community (Strategia sotsial’no-ekonomitseskogo.., 2010). Sustainable development of small-numbered peoples of the North presupposes strengthening of their social and economic potential, preservation of traditional environment, way of live and cultural values on the basis of targeted support of the government and mobilization of the inner resources of the peoples themselves in the interests of the present and future generations.
The problem of sustainable development of the indigenous peoples is urgent for Krasnoyarsk North because the areas of their compact settlement are considerable. As registered by 1 January, 2010 such areas are:
■ administrative territorial unit with special status within the borders of Taimyrsky (Dolgano-Nenetsky) Autonomous Okrug; the whole territory;
■ administrative territorial unit with special status within the borders of Evenk Autonomous Okrug; the whole territory;
■ Yeniseysky District: Symsky village council;
■ Severo-Yeniseysky District: pos. Vel’mo, under the jurisdiction ofthe administration of the District;
■ Turukhansky District (except the town of Igarka, the settlement of urban type Svetlogorsk and the settlement(posyolok) Kureika).
Besides that in recent years the northern territories of Krasnoyarsk Krai are becoming the regions of large-scaled transformations both in socio-economic sphere, connected with the beginning of extracting of natural resources in the region and the “arrival” of big resource
-extracting companies to the region; and in sociocultural sphere, causing transformations in the conditions and way of life of the representatives of indigenous small-numbered peoples.
Arrival of resource-extracting companies to the territory of the traditional nature use of the ISPN results in horizontal as well as vertical inequality among the population of the regions (Problemy traditsionnogo prirodopol’zovaniya.., 2000, pp 273-295). The indigenous peoples are most vulnerable to the active attack of technological civilization. Nowadays we can witness the formation of preconditions for conflict of interests of the indigenous population, on the one hand, and resource - extracting companies, on the other; the conflict between traditional and industrial nature use; folk conceptions and skills and pragmatic knowledge and approaches to environment and natural resources. Russian and foreign practice shows that legal and everyday conflicts in this sphere lead to negative consequences: destruction of environment,
unemployment, alcoholism, loss of traditional values and languages by indigenous peoples, insufficient level of development of education and health care, low standards of living etc. The differentiation of population by the level of income (vertical inequality) gradually leads to differentiation by the levels of income / formed local budgets (horizontal inequality). Both kinds of inequality can be harmful for the economy of the region: high level of vertical inequality can inhibit development, weakening those factors of economic growth that help to reduce poverty, and horizontal inequality can lead to severe conflicts. Sharp changes in horizontal inequality are the most dangerous (Ross, 2011, p. 274). In the North the gap between those who work in shift teams of the resource-extracting companies and local residents is constantly increasing. Let alone the fact, that the income, obtained in the territory, such as wages, dividends and bonuses, is received
by the budgets of some other levels and territories in the form of taxes and is spent in some other regions, forming the consumer demand of these regions and leaving the insoluble ecological and social problems to the North.
The distinctive trait of development of Krasnoyarsk Krai in recent years is realization of big investment projects: commercial oil production on the Vankor field and Yurubcheno-Tokhomskoe field development; construction of the Boguchany Hydro-electric Power Station, construction of Boguchany aluminium plant as part of EEMO-project (Boguchany electro-metallurgical corporation), building of Boguchany timber processing complex (TPC) and other projects. The main territories of realization of capital investment projects are northern territories of the Krai, the areas of compact settlement of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North. On the one hand, large investment projects are one of the main directions of development of the economy of the Krai, they reflect the economic interests of the region, the federation and financial-industrial groups, and they are carried out on the basis of private-state partnership. On the other hand, the realization of the investment projects affects the interests of local communities, separate local inhabitants, whose lifestyle is based upon traditional occupations, traditional nature use. For example, putting hydro- electric power stations into operation would imply water flooding of vast areas, which are either original areas of settlement of the ISNP, or the lands of traditional nature use of aboriginal peoples. Laying of petrol- or gas pipes over the land surface in the conditions of permafrost results in the change of the migration paths of wild reindeer; emissions of industrial giants, polluting water resources and atmosphere, lead to abnormalities in the development of animals, which are objects of traditional occupation of indigenous peoples.
The standard of living of the population of northern settlements is estimated as critical, the absence of normal living conditions and conditions for traditional occupations lead to aggravation of social problems in the region. In particular, the level of unemployment in the region is two-three times higher than in the Krai. Municipal budgets are subsidized, the ratio of state subsidies is constantly growing, being 85 % or more.
Despite the general decrease in the number of population of the territories, there is increasing in the number the ISPN living in rural areas and their ratio in the total population of the regions.
Thus, the problem of social-economic and social-cultural life of Krasnoyarsk North is a misbalance between the necessity of industrial development of the northern territories in the interests of the country, the Krai, the region and the necessity of long-term preservation of the indigenous small-numbered people of the North, living in these territories.
Hypothesis: at the present time there are different variants of the process of interaction of the indigenous peoples of the North, extracting companies and the authorities. The forms of establishing of contract relations depend on the specifics of the northern territories where these relations are built up (the North of the European part of the RF, the North of Western Siberia, Krasnoyarsk North etc). The mechanism of regional policy of adaptive regulation of socioeconomic and legal relations of the subjects of the northern territories of Krasnoyarsk Krai must base upon providing of sustainable development of the region (social, economic, ecological and political).
The mechanism of adaptive regulation must be based upon the principle of steady increase of the living standard and the quality of life of the population of the region, including indigenous peoples.
Table 1. The number of the ISPN by ethnic groups
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total number of population Beginning of the year, pers. 70069 69695 б9б32 69Q91 68177 67159 66027
The number of rural population of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North According to the data of households registry at the beginning of the year; pers. 13252 13442 13287 13341 132Q1 13214 13275
Numbers by ethnic groups:
Dolgans pers. 5022 4870 48б4 4б91 4749 48б1
Kets pers. 1Q14 1Q38 997 993 987 99Q
Nanai pers. 1 1 1 1 3 -
Nganasans pers. 720 б98 б81 675 б38 607
Nenets pers. 2792 281Q 29б2 3051 3112 3174
Sami pers. 1 1 3 - - -
Selkups pers. 3б9 376 3б9 377 357 359
Tuvans-Todzhins pers. 1 3 4 19 19 3
Shorians pers. 5 5 б б б 7
Evenks pers. 3391 3356 3323 3243 3195 3121
Evens pers. 2 1 - 1 2 1
Enets pers. 124 127 131 143 144 148
Eskimo pers. 1 1 - 1 1 1
Birth rate pers. 1Q81 1Q9Q 1017 978 1071 1047 11Q9
Death rate pers. 784 736 818 757 741 763 798
Natural increase rate pers. 297 354 199 221 33Q 284 311
Cit. by economic and social data of the areas of settlement of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North - 2Q1Q.
Copyright © the Federal service of state statistics. The Federal State Statistics Service.
The elements of the adaptive regulation are:
■ increasing the employment of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, living in the areas of compact settlement in Krasnoyarsk Krai;
■ reducing the level of state subsidies in the budgets of northern regions;
■ involving the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North into innovative activity based on processing of produce of the traditional nature use;
■ creating models of economic, cultural and ecological development of the northern settlements (posyolki) - areas of compact
settlement of the ISPN, allowing to improve the quality of life of inhabitants of these settlements.
The threats are connected with the clash of interests of indigenous peoples, their communities and industrial-extracting companies (on condition that there is no merging of interests of the leaders of the ISPN communities and the management of companies). There are two main approaches to resolving conflict situations.
The first. Improvement of legislation and achieving free-willed preliminary deliberate agreement of indigenous peoples, receiving compensation by indigenous peoples, and fair
distribution of income from the use of natural resources.
The second. Moving indigenous population from the areas of their traditional land use, building houses in posyolki and towns for them, paying compensations.
Thus, three principal innovation scenarios of development of the northern region can be formulated:
industrial-resource scenario, the main operator of which is raw-material companies. Processes of modernization and elimination of the most acute social and infrastructural imbalances have local character, innovation are determined by computerization of industrial processes. Indigenous peoples are not included in the process of innovational development; they are just an appendage to the process, surviving by means of traditional nature use, on the one hand, and also subsidies and donation-based development budget, on the other;
scenario for new industrialization of economy, the main operator of which is regional authorities. “Raw material” development of the Far North starts on the complex technological base. Innovativeness is set by the demand for the technologies, reducing production costs and primary treatment of raw materials, increasing effectiveness of work on developing of mineral raw material base, promoting optimization of sectoral and spacial structure of the region. Indigenous peoples are included in the process as workforce without taking into account their interests and potential possibilities. In the process of development of territories there occurs “merging” of leaders of indigenous communities with the authorities;
scenario of strategic choice, the main operator of which can be the state. This scenario presupposes that purposeful transforming regions of the Far North into locomotive of development of Russian economy by means of
modernizing and restructuring of raw material sector by developing multifunctional settlements. The demand for innovations in the framework of this scenario will be set by introduction of strict federal and regional technical and ecological regulations of extraction and processing carbohydrates, cardinal increase of the level of processing of raw materials, optimization of the expanses of living in the conditions of the Far North with fundamental increase of the quality of life and reducing of man-caused pressure on the environment.
Methods of confirming/disconfirming of the hypothesis (methodological basis):
1. Systemic approach, eliciting cause-and-effect connections;
2. Comparative analysis;
3. Analogue method (studying and establishing possibilities of domestic and foreign experience);
4. Morphological analysis;
5. Function-cost analysis;
6. Economic-mathematical modeling.
The constructive result, which the researchers would like to achieve in the course of the scientific research:
■ content-analysis of the legal basis of Krasnoyarsk Krai and other territories of the RF - areas of compact settlement of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, for the support of northern ethnic groups;
■ drafts of laws, necessary for realization of the policy of social-economic support of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North of Krasnoyarsk Krai;
■ evaluation of the current conditions and standard of living of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North of Krasnoyarsk Krai;
■ evaluation of the current state of social-economic conditions of municipal
districts - areas of compact settlement of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North;
■ evaluation of the demographic situation of the municipal districts-- areas of compact settlement of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North;
■ analysis of labor market of the northern territories of Krasnoyarsk Krai (accentuating employment of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North) in view of demographicc processes , migration, realization of large investment projects;
■ methodology for evaluation of conditions and standard of living of the indigenous small-numbered peoples on the example of Krasnoyarsk Krai;
■ Model of financial mechanism of granting budget subsidies to households for partial compensation of the expenses on realization of products of traditional occupations of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North of Krasnoyarsk Krai;
■ methodology for evaluation of efficiency and productivity of regional policy of adaptive regulation of social-economic and legal relations of regional authorities (municipalities), extracting companies and the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North;
■ quantity estimation of current ecological conditions of land ecosystems and their key components (flora, soils, fauna);
■ quantity estimation of biological resources and conditions of eco-systems in the areas of compact settlement of indigenous small-numbered peoples.
Thus, we intend to make a general complex evaluation of the current condition of social-economic and ecological environment of the areas of compact settlement of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North; develop models of employment depending on the area, social-economic possibilities etc. All this will allow to form the regional conception of development of the region, evaluate its effectiveness, adaptability and productivity.
References
1. Contseptsiya ustoichivogo razvitiya korennykh malocholsennykh narodov Severa, Sibiri I Dal’nego Vostoka Rossiyskoy Federatsii. [The conception of sustainable development of the indigenous small numbered peoples ofthe North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation] - ratified, adopted by the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation from 4 February 2009. №132-p.
2. Problemy traditsionnogo prirodopol’zovaniya Sever, Sibir I Dal’ny Vostok Rossiyskoy Federatsii. [Problems of traditional nature use: the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation: Legal aspects.] M., 2000. P190-212.
3. Ross M.L. Kak bogatye poleznye iskopaemye strany mogut cokratit’ neravenstvo.// Kak izbezhat’ resursnogo proclyatia.[How can rich mineral resources of the country reduce inequality.// How to avoid resources curse.]/ edit. by M. Humphreys, D. Saxe and D. Stiegkitz; transl from Engl N. Avtonomovoy, I. Fridman, edit.by E.Dobrushinskaya and A.Yu. Knobel. M.: Publ. Institute of Gaidar, 2011.
4. Strategia sotsial’no-ekonomitseskogo rasvitiya Sibiri do 2020 g.[Strategies of social-economic development of Siberia until the year 2020].-- ratified, adopted by the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation from 5 July, 2010. № 1120-p.
5. Economitcheskie I sotsial’nye pokazateli raionov prozhivaniya korennykh malochislennykh narodov Severa - 2010 g. [Economic and sociological data of the areas of settlement of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North.] - 2010. Copyright © the Federal service of state statistics. The Federal State Statistics Service.
Места компактного проживания коренных и малочисленных народов Севера Красноярского края
И.А. Межова, Т.А. Смылкина, Е.Б. Бухарова
Сибирский федеральный университет Россия 660041, Красноярск, Свободный, 79
В статье рассмотрена проблема развития адаптивного механизма и создания моделей занятости коренных малочисленных народов Севера Красноярского края. Исследование проведено в связи с приходом крупных промышленных добывающих компаний в места компактного проживания коренных малочисленных народов Севера, которые в определенной степени ухудшают условия устойчивого социально-экономического развития региона.
Ключевые слова: коренные малочисленные народы Севера, адаптивные механизмы
использования территорий, модели развития рынков труда, устойчивое социальноэкономическое развитие.
Работа выполнена в рамках исследований, финансируемых Красноярским краевым фондом поддержки научной и научно-технической деятельности, а также в рамках тематического плана СФУ по заданию Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации.
