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154"Oriental Art and Culture" Scientific-Methodical Journal - Volume 2 Issue 2 / September 2021 ISSN 2181-063X
TEATR SAN'ATINING O'ZIGA XOS XUSUSIYATLARI
U.Boltaboeva Y.Xalilov
O'zbekiston davlat san'at va madaniyat institutining
Farg'ona mintaqaviy filiali
Annotasiya: Ushbu maqolada teatr san'atining o'ziga xos xususiyatlari va muhim vazifalari to'g'risida ma'lumot berilgan. Teatr san'ati hayotni, voqea-hodisalarni, turli kurashlar va ziddiyatlarni, ichki kechinmalarni dramatik xatti-harakatlarda, aktyor ijrosi orqali aks ettiradi. Bunda yozuvchi tomonidan yozilgan pyesa yoki librettoga tayaniladi. Pyesani rejissyor sahnalashtiradi: rollarni aktyorlarga taqsimlab beradi, ular bilan mashqlar o'tkazadi, rassom, libos tikuvchi, nur sozlovchi, musiqa tanlovchi (yoki kompozitor) va boshqalar bilan ish olib boradi. Pirovardida ko'pchilik bo'lib tayyorlangan sahna asari tomoshabinga ko'rsatiladi. Aktyorlar sahnada yuz berayotgan voqealarga berilib, har xil fe'l-atvorli kishilarning qiyofalarini gavdalantiradilar, tomoshabinlarni sezib tursalar ham, sezmaslikka olib o'ynaydilar. Sahnada hayot, voqelik birmuncha bo'rttirib aks ettiriladi.
Kalit so'zlar: Teatr, san'at, voqelik, tomoshabin, rejissyor, aktyor, adabiyot.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THEATER ART
U.Boltaboeva Y.Xalilov
Fergana regional branch of Uzbekistan State Institute of Arts and Culture
Abstract: This article provides information on the specific features and important functions of theatrical art. Theatrical art depicts life, events, various struggles and contradictions, inner experiences in dramatic actions, through the performance of an actor. It relies on a play or libretto written by a writer. The play is staged by a director: he assigns roles to actors, rehearses with them, works with an artist, a tailor, a lighting designer, a music selector (or composer), and so on. At the end of the performance, a mass production will be shown to the audience. The actors are immersed in what is happening on the stage, portraying people of different personalities, playing on the audience, even if they feel it. Life and reality are a bit exaggerated on the stage.
Keywords: theater, art, reality, audience, director, actor, literature.
Teatr san'atining turlari estrada teatri, maydon teatridir. Teatr asarlarining janrlarini aytmaysizmi? Asosiylari: drama, tragediya, komediya. Ammo teatr
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yo'nalishi, turiga bog'liq holda ular ko'payib ketadi. Chunonchi, fars, buffonada, tragikomediya, xronika, myuzikl, tarixiy drama, ertak-pyesa, folklor-etnografik tomosha, sahnaviy hazil kabi janrlar bor.
Teatr juda qadim zamonlarda paydo bo'lgan. Ibtidoiy jamiyatdagi mehnat va dunyoqarashlar bilan ko'p. Bular - drama teatri, opera, balet, musiqali drama, musiqali komediya, operetta, yosh tomoshabinlar teatri, qo'g'irchoq teatri, radio teatr, televizion teatr. Teatrning sof tomosha shaklida ko'rinishi dastlab qadimgi Sharqda yuz bergan. Hindiston, O'rta Osiyo, Xitoy, Indoneziya, Yaponiya, Koreya, Birma, Vyetnamda teatr tomoshalarining xilma-xil shakllari yaratilgan. Teatr miloddan avvalgi 5-asrda Yunonistonda paydo bo'lgan. Yunon teatri davlat tomonidan uyushtiriladigan bayramlarda ko'rsatilgan.
1. Teatr san'atining xomashyosi - harakatlanuvchi jonliaktyordir. Teatr san'atida hamma narsani inson - shaxs hal qiladi. Nima ham emas, qanday ham emas, kim ijod qilyapti? Shu muhimdir.
2. Teatr san'atining ikkinchi o'ziga xos tomoni aktyor o'z harakati orqali o'zga shaxsni yaratadi. Ya'ni o'zidan ajralmagan holda o'zgani ixtiro qiladi. Xom ashyo ham, qurol ham, timsol yaratuvchi ham yagona shaxs - aktyor ijodida mujassamlashgan. So'z ham, so'zlovchi ham, so'zanda ham, hosil etilgan mahsulot ham - aktyorning o'zidir. Buning uchun birinchi navbatda i shaxs sifatida shakllangan, o'z dunyoqarashiga ega mustaqil inson bo'lmog'i lozim. Bu o'rinda inson omili o'ta muhimdir! Bugungi kunda ijodkor shaxs bilan yaratilajak timsol o'rtasida ma'lum masofalanish bo'lishi zarur (timsolga munosabat). «Men berilgan shart-sharoitda» emas (mazkur usul o'quv jarayoning birinchi kursi uchun muhimdir) men obrazni gavdalantirishim, unga nisbatan mening munosabatim. Hamza Umarovning obraz yaratish jarayonidagi, ijobiy yoki salbiy qahramonlarning ichki holatini his qilishi, buyuk A.I.Raykin yaratgan timsollar, I.Smoktunovskiyning Gamleti va «Avtomobildan saqlaning» filmdagi Detochkin obrazlari bunga misoldir. Afsuslar bo'lsinki, bugungi o'zbek sahnasida va kinosida bunday qiyofalar yaratish kamyob holat bo'lib kelmoqda. Yuqorida ta'kidlab o'tganimizdek qiyofa - timsol - obraz bo'lmasa, borliqning aksi, tasavvur, anglash va ijod ham yo'qdir. Har bir aktyorning o 'ziga xosligi, individualligi - iste'dodning muhim belgisidir.
G'urur. O'z kasbi bilan g'ururlanadigan aktyorlarni tarbiyalash muhim vazifadir. Q'z qobiliyatiga mutanosib baho berish, o'z zimmasidagi vazifa qiymatini yerga urmaslik shart. «MEN -AKTYORMAN! Mening zimmamdagi vazifa o'ta murakkab. Men ma'naviyat elchisiman. Aktyor - Hazrati oliylari! O'z kasbining qadrini bilmaydigan aktyor, o'zligini arzon-chakana shuhratlar quliga aylantirib qo'yadi. Iste'dod maydalashadi, ijodkor shaxs sifatida tanazzulga yuz tutadi. Rejissor va aktyor teatr va adabiyot - jamiyatning ma'naviy qiyofasini belgilovchi minbarligini unutmasliklari kerak.
3. Teatr san'ati - ommaviy san'atdir. Teatr san'atida ijod lahzalari hozir, shu yerda, tomoshabin bilan birgalikda ro'y beradi.Bu tomoshabin va aktyor o'yini. Aktyor va tomoshabin - ikki ijodkor. Shov-shuv, bayramona ruh, ko'tarinki kayfiyat muhimdir. Agar lomosha zali bo'm-bo'sh bo'lsa bu o'ta xavflidir. Bizning san'at ommaviy san'atdir. «Tomoshabin ro'baro'sidagi aktyorning tanholigi» - bu qarama-qarshilikning birligidir. Tomoshabinning qaynoq nafasini sezib turishlik aktyor ijodining eng muhim shartlaridan biridir. Teatr san'atida aktyor bilan tomoshabin hamkorligidagi ijodiy jarayon ro'y berishi zarur. Agar teatrga tomoshabin tushmay qo'ysa bong urmoq zarur. Bunday holatda ikki tomonlama qiziqishni yo'qotishlik vaziyati vujudga keladi.
4. Teatr san 'ati - vaqt va makonda ro 'y beradigan san 'atdir. Buyum shaklida namoyon bo'ladigan san'at bor, faoliyat, xatti-harakat shaklida namoyon bo'ladigan san'at bor. Rassom, haykaltarosh, arxitektor san'ati inson faoliyati natijasida yaratilgan san'atdir. Teatrning o'zi faoliyat bo'lib, hozir, shu yerda, tomoshabinlar ko'z o'ngida, tinglovchilar qarshisida tomosha namoyon qila oladi. Teatr bu - tomosha qilish va tinglash demakdir. Teatr san'atining eng muhim tomoni - tomoshabin ko'z o'ngida sodir bo'ladigan kinetik (harakatlanuvchi) jarayonning o'zgaruvchanligini oldindan rejalashtirilgan holda ta'minlashdan iborat. Teatrdagi barcha hodisalar rivojlanish jarayoni shaklida bo'lib o'tadi. Stsenografiyada bezak emas, vaqt va makonda o'zgaruvchan ma'lum ta 'noni anglatuvchi sahna uskunalari bo'lishi kerak. Spektakldagi musiqa ham vaqt va makon birligida rivojlanishi zarur. Shu nuqtai nazardan olib qaralganda teatrdagi barcha narsalar jarayondadir, ilialektik xarakterga ega. Hamma narsa qarama - qarshilik birligida. ko'pincha, teatr unsurlari hisoblanmish aktyor o'yini, senografiya va musiqaning bir-biriga qarshi (kontrapunkt) usulidan foydalanish mumkin, ammo bu unsurlarning bir maqsadga qaratilgan uyg'unlikdagi rivojini ta'minlash oliy maqsad bo'lishi zarur.
5. Teatr - barcha san 'atlarning o'zaro uyg'unlashuvidan hosil bo 'ladigan san 'at turidir. Rassom, kompozitor, baletmeyster, ashula, raqs, so'z va boshqa san'atlar unda mujassamdir. Lekin ularning tabaqaviy joylashishi mavjud. Asosiy tayanch - adabiy manba hamda rejissor va aktyor san'ati bo'lib, ular uch birlikni hosil qiladi. Qolgan barcha unsuriar ham g'oya va badiiy timsol yaratish uchun xizmat qiladi.
6. Teatr san'ati - jamoa ko'rinishdagi san'atdir. Shu bilan birga u ijodkor shaxslarni birlashtiradi. Natijada, bir g'oya atrofida turli fe'l-atvor va kayfiyatdagi kishilar boshini qovushtirish muammosi yuzaga keladi. Asosiy qarama-qarshilik shaxs va teatr san'ati jamoa ijodiga asoslanganligi o'rtasidagi kelishmovchiliklardan iborat. Shuning uchun kichik bir ijodiy makonda hamma uchun muqobil muhitni yarata bilish zarur. Buning uchun birinchi navbatda, ma'naviy qarashlari bir hil bo'lgan shaxslarni ijodiy jarayonda birlashtirish, mehnat, maqsadlarning amalga oshirishdagi taqsimotni to'g'ri tashkil etish lozim bo'ladi. «Hamma bir kishi uchun, bir kishi hamma uchun»,
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degan shior hukm surishi kerak. Studiyaviylik muhiti hukm surish kerak. Studio - birga o'rganish, mehnat qilish, sinchiklab o'qish demakdir. Ijodiy muhit yaratish juda ham qiyin, lekin teatr san'atida bu talablarsiz ijod qilish mumkin emas.
7. Teatr san'ati - ikkilamchi san'atdir. Teatrda, eng avvalo, san'at asari hisoblanmish adabiyotdan foydalaniladi. Bir tomondan bu ishni osonlishtirgandek, yengil tuyulishi mumkin. Lekin ikkinchi tomondan teatr o'ta murakkab san'atdir. Qafasdagi erkinlikka (mutelikdagi erkinlikka) erishmoq lozim. Muallifning chizgan chizig'idan chetga chiqmagan holda, erkin ijod bo'lishi kerak. Psixologik teatrda muallifning ruhiyati, asardagi olg'a surilgan fikri saqlanib qolishi kerak. Muallif fikri va g'oyasiga putur yetkazmagan holda adabiy asarni sahnaviy asar qonuniyatlarga bo'ysindirish lozim. Bu rejissor zimmasidagi vazifadir. Shuning uchun ham u rejissor! Teatrda ijodkor bo'lishdan ko'ra havaskor boiish juda ham oson.
Teatr maktabining asosiy va muhim vazifalaridan biri - talabalarning badiiy saviyasini shakllantirishdan iboratdir. Aktyorning axloq va odob sohasidagi tarbiyasi, bir tomondan, teatr san'atining o'ziga xos tomonlariga bog'liq bo'lsa, ikkinchi tomondan, aktyorning o'zi tanlagan soha taqozosiga ko'ra, g'oyaviy kurash jabhasining jangchisi sifatida, uzluksiz davom etayotgan g'oyaviy kurashning oldingi safida ekanligi bilan bog'liqdir. Aktyor, g'oyaviy jabha kurashchisi sifatida, millat va davlat oldidagi o'z mas'uliyatini chuqur anglagan bo'lishi mustaqil Respublikamiz manfaatlarini himoya qilishi kerak.
«Sahna uzunasiga o'ttiz, eniga yigirma qadam, balandligi pardasi barobar uncha katta bo'lmagan makon, - deb yozadi Georgiy Tovstanogov. - Biroq bu makonning pardalari ochilgach, unga o'tmish ham, bugun ham, kelajak ham sig'ishi mumkin...»
Demak, teatr san'ati yo'lida xizmat qilishga bel bog'lagan har bir inson zimmasidagi sharafli vazifani shu yurtning farzandi sifatida, tomoshabin, teatr jamoasi, ptesa muallifi, sahnadagi hamrohi (partnyor) va nihoyat, o'z vijdoni oldidagi mas'uliyatini chuqur anglagan holda ado etishi shart.
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