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34Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, p VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 4/2
educational, natural and social sciences A ISSN 2181-1784
Scientific Journal Impact Factor Q SJIF 2022: 5.947
Advanced Sciences Index Factor ASI Factor = 1.7
TALABALARNING CHIZMA GEOMETRIYA FANIDAN DASTLABKI BILIMLARINI ANIQLASH USULLARI
d https://doi.org/10.24412/2181-1784-2022-4-2-737-746
Xalimov Moxir Karimovich
Nizomiy nomidagi Toshkent Davlat pedagogika universiteti "Muhandislik va kompyuter grafikasi" kafedrasi dotsenti Maxmudova Fotima Shamsiddinovna
Nizomiy nomidagi Toshkent Davlat pedagogika universiteti Muhandislik grafikasi va dizayn nazariyasi mutaxassisligi magistranti
ANNOTATSIYA
Mazkur maqolada chizma geometriya fanidan talabalarning dastlabki olgan bilimini aniqlash metodikasi bo 'yicha metodik tavsiyalar yoritilgan.
Kalit so'zlari: bilim, ko'nikma, malaka, fazoviy tasavvur, qobiliyat, test, savodxonlik, tadqiqot.
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье представлены методические рекомендации по использованию тестов для определения знаний учащихся по начертательной геометрии.
Ключевые слова: знания, навыки, квалифитция, пространственное воображение, способности, тест, грамотность, исследования.
ABSTRACT
The article presents guidelines for using tests to determine students' knowledge of descriptive geometry in the system of lifelong education.
Keywords: knowledge, skills, qualifications, spatial imagination, test, ability, literacy, research.
KIRISH
Ma'lumki, barcha fanlardan bo'lgani kabi chizma geometriya fanidan har bir sеmеstr davomida joriy, oraliq hamda yakuniy nazorat ishlari o 'tkaziladi. O'tkaziladigan nazoratlar esa turlicha bo'lib, ular yozma ish, grafik ish, savol-javob, qisqa tеstlar va boshqa shu kabi ko'rinishlarda bo'ladi. Yozma va grafik ishlar asosan talabalarning o'tilgan mavzularni o'zlashtirish darajasiga qarab bajarishlari mo'ljallangan. Kuzatishlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, ko'p hollarda talaba tеstlarni bajarish jarayonida javoblarni tahminan, tavakkal va tasodifan bеlgilaydi. Bu holni bartaraf qilish uchun chizma geometriyaning dastlabki, ya'ni proyeksiyalash usullari, fazoni
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chorak va oktantlarga bo'lish, nuqtaning proyeksiyalar tekisliklaridagi o'mi va boshqa mavzulari asosida test-sinov ishlarini o'tkazib, so'ngra ularni bajarishni amalga oshirish maqsadga muvofiq bo'ladi. Chunki, talaba proyeksiyalash usullari, fazoning chorak va oktantlarga bo'linishini, nuqtaning chorak va oktantlardagi proyeksiyalarini o'zlashtirmas ekan, chizma geometriya fanini o'zlashtirishi qiyin kechadi. Barcha buyum yoki mashina detallari sirtlardan, sirtlar esa to'g'ri yoki egri chiziqlardan iborat, bularning barchasi esa nuqtalardan tuzilgan. Shuning uchun talaba proyeksiyalash usullarida nuqtani proyeksiyalashni mukammal o'rganishi lozim. Shuning uchun talaba nuqtaning proyeksiyasi uning fazodagi o'rnini yetarli darajada aniqlay olmaydi, shuning uchun uning avval ikkita proyeksiyalar tekisligiga, so'ngra uchta proyeksiyalar tekisligiga proyeksiyalash maqsadga muvofiqdir.
MUHOKAMA VA NATIJALAR
Ma'lumki, o'qitish jarayonida barcha fanlardan test savollari tuzish va ular yordamida maxsus tuzilgan masalalarni yechish hozirgi kunda keng foydalanilmoqda. Bu bir tarafdan o'quv rejasida auditoriya yuklamasining qisqarishi, ikkinchi tarafdan qisqa vaqt mobaynida talabalar bilimlarini tezkorlik bilan baholashga bo'lgan ehtiyoj bilan bog'liqdir. Chizma geometriya kursida talabalarning olgan bilimlarini baholashning an'anaviy usuli ma'lum tartib bilan bog'liq bo'lgan xususiyatlarga ega. Birinchi kurs talabalari uchun ushbu fanni o'zlashtirishda "Chizma geometriya"nmg umum-muhandislik sohasining ilk bosqichi ekanligi ma'lum bir qiyinchiliklarni keltirib chiqaradi. Bugungi kunda ko'pchilik o'qituvchilar vaqtni tejash maqsadida axborot texnologiyalardan foydalanishni tavsiya qilmoqdalar. Talabalar javoblarni alohida joylashgan yozuv qog'ozidaga jadvalga kiritadilar. Test savollari tuzilishiga ko'ra ko'p marotaba ishlatilishi mumkin.
Birinchi test savollari. Birinchi test proyeksiyalash xossalariga tegishli bo'lib, talabalar bilimi quyidagi savollar yordamida baholanadi:
1.1. Markaziy proyeksiyalashning qanday xossalari mavjud?
1.2. Quyida keltirilgan qanday xossalar parallel proyeksiyalashga ta'luqli?
1.3. Quyidagi berilgan qaysi xossalar markaziy proyeksiyalarga tegishli?
1.4. Quyida berilgan qaysi xossalar to'g'ri burchakli (ortogonal) va markaziy proyeksiyalashni farqini ko'rsatib beradi?
1.5. Quyida berilgan qaysi xossalar to'g'ri burchakli (ortogonal) yoki parallel proyeksiyalashga tegishli?
Talabalar yuqorida berilgan savollarga quyidagi javoblar variantidan foydalaniladi:
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a) Tekislikda yotuvchi tekis figura proyeksiyalar tekisligiga parallel bo'lmasa, uning to'g'ri burchakli proyeksiyasi o'zining haqiqiy kattaligidan kichik bo'ladi.
b) Nuqtaning proyeksiyasi nuqta bo'ladi.
c) To'g'ri chiziqlarning kamida ikki proyeksiyasi mos ravishda o'zaro parallel bo'lsa, ular fazoda ham o'zaro parallel bo'ladi.
d) To'g'ri chiziqning proyeksiyasi qachon nuqta ko'rinishida bo'ladi.
e) Berilgan tekis figura proyeksiyalar tekisligidan biriga parallel joylashgan bo'lsa, u shu tekislikda haqiqiy kattalikda proyeksiyalanadi.
f) Nuqtaning proyeksiyasi uning fazodagi holatini aniqlay olmaydi.
g) Proyeksiyalash markazidan o'tmaydigan barcha to'g'ri chiziqlarning markaziy proyeksiyalari ham to'g'ri chiziq bo'ladi.
h) Parallel proyeksiyalashda proyeksiyalar tekisligiga parallel bo'lgan kesmaning proeksiyasi berilgan kesmaning haqiqiy uzunligiga teng bo'ladi.
i) Parallel proyeksiyalashda to'g'ri chiziq kesmasining proyeksiyalar tekisligiga parallel bo'lmasa, u kesmaning proyeksiyasi o'zidan kichik bo'lib proyeksiyalanadi.
j) Parallel proyeksiyalashda to'g'ri chiziq kesmasi proyeksiyalar tekisligiga parallel bo'lsa, u kesmaning proyeksiyasi o'ziga teng bo'ladi.
Ikkinchi test savollari. Ikkinchi test savollari chizma geometriyaga oid atamalar haqidagi savollarni o'z ichiga oladi. Uning bir qismi proyeksiyalash xossalariga ham ta'luqli bo'ladi. Quyida keltirilgan matn orasida tushirib qoldirilgan so'zlar yoki jumlalarni topib o'z o'rniga qo'yish talab qilinadi.
2.1. (55; 25; -10) koordinatali nuqta ... joylashadi.
2.2. (20; 5; 65) koordinatali nuqta ... joylashadi.
2.3. (10; -45; 30) koordinatali nuqta ... joylashadi.
2.4. (55; 0; 0) koordinatali nuqta ... joylashadi.
2.5. (0; 0; 10) koordinatali nuqta ... joylashadi.
2.6. (0; 12; 0) koordinatali nuqta ... joylashadi.
2.7. (25; 50; 0) koordinatali nuqta ... joylashadi.
Uchinchi va to'rtinchi test savollari. Quyida uchinchi va to'rtinchi testlarda nuqtaning birinchi va turli oktantlarda joylashgan vaziyatlariga oid savollari berilgan (1-2 chizmalar).
Birinchi oktant misolida (3-test)
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
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1- chizma.
Turli oktantlar misolida (4-test)
2- chizma.
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
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4.1. Gorizontal proyeksiyalar tekisligida yotgan nuqtani ko'rsating.
4.2. Oz o'qida yotgan nuqtani ko'rsating.
4.3. Frontal proyeksiyalar tekisligida yotgan nuqtani ko'rsating.
4.4. Oy o'qida yotgan nuqtani ko'rsating.
4.5. Ikkinchi oktantda joylashgan nuqtani ko'rsating.
4.6. Ox o'qida yotgan nuqtani ko'rsating.
4.7. Umumiy vaziyatdagi nuqtani ko'rsating.
4.8. Birinchi oktantda joylashgan nuqtani ko'rsating.
4.9. To'rtinchi oktantda joylashgan nuqtani ko'rsating.
4.10. Uchinchi oktantda joylashgan nuqtani ko'rsating.
4.11. Profil proyeksiyalar tekisligida yotgan nuqtani ko'rsating.
Grafik masala qismining bitta varianti rasmda ko'rsatilgan. Bunday grafik masalalarning turli hil variantlarini ishlab chiqish mumkin.
Yuqorida berilgan test savollari yordamida quyida har biri tarkibida 5 tadan savol bo'lgan 10 ta variant (1-jadval) o'zining grafik masalalari bilan tuzilishi keltirilgan. 1-jadval
Talaba oladigan variantl ar savo l javo b savo l javo b savo l javo b savo l javo b savo l javo b To'g' ri javob
1- variant 2.1 1.3 3.1 4.2 4.5
2- variant 4.1 2.2 3.5 1.5 4.6
3- variant 2.3 1.1 4.9 4.7 3.2
4- variant 1.4 4.2 3.8 3.3 2.5
5- variant 3.1 2.4 1.2 4.9 3.6
6- variant 1.4 2.6 3.2 4.3 3.7
7- variant 3.5 4.2 1.2 4.11 2.8
8- variant 2.7 1.1 4.6 3.4 2.6
9- variant 3.1 4.10 1.3 4.8 2.3
10- 1.5 2.9 3.6 1.2 4.5
variant
Mazkur test savollariga talabaning bergan javobini baholash 5 balli tizim asosida har bir to'g'ri javobga 1 ball bilan baholanadi.
Yuqoridagi taklif qilingan testlarning nafaqat 60111200 - Tasviriy san'at va muhandislik grafikasi ta'lim yo'nalishi talabalari, balki chizma geometriya fani
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o'qitiladigan oliy ta'lim muassasalarining 1-kurs talabalarida tadbig'i ularning chizma geometriya fanidan dastlabki olgan bilimlarini tekshirishda, ya'ni fan haqida dastlabki tushunchasini shakllantirishi ijobiy natijalar beradi. Sababi, keltirilgan test namunalari yordamida talabaning fandan olgan dastlabki tushuncha hamda bilimlarini ob'ektiv tarzda baholanishini ta'minlaydi.
Hozirgacha foydalanib kelinayotgan testlarning kamchiligi shundan iboratki, talabalar test javoblarini belgilashda tahminiy, tavakkal, yuzaki belgilashlari asosida ham ijobiy ball olishlari mumkin. Yuqorida taklif qilingan testlarning qo'llanilishi, birinchidan, talabalarga semestr boshida o'zlarining bilimlarini xolisona tekshirib olishga, fanga nisbatan qiziqishlari ortishiga, fanga ko'proq e'tibor berishlariga undasa, ikkinchidan, test javoblarini belgilash ulardan chuqur fazoviy tasavvur va bilimni talab qiladi. Yuqorida keltirilgan testlarning tuzilish usuli esa test oluvchiga biroz yengillik tug'diradi. Chunki berilayotgan variantdagi test savollari beshtadan iborat bo'lishi talabalarning bilimlarini oson baholash imkoniyatini beradi. Bu esa, o'z-o'zidan ta'lim sifatini va samaradorligini oshishiga olib keladi.
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