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KO'RGAZMALILIK VOSITASINING CHIZMA GEOMETRIYA VA MUHANDISLIK GRAFIKASI FANINI SIFAT VA SAMARADORLIGINI
OSHIRISHDAGI AHAMIYATI
d https://doi.org/10.24412/2181-1784-2022-4-2-780-786
Sheraliyev Sanjarbek Karimberdiyevich
Nizomiy nomidagi Toshkent Davlat pedagogika universiteti Muhandislik grafikasi va dizayn nazariyasi mutaxassisligi magistranti
Mazkur maqolada ko 'rgazmalilik vositasining chizma geometriya va muhandislik grafikasi fanini sifat va samaradorligini oshirishdagi ahamiyati bo 'yicha metodik tavsiyalar berilgan.
Kalit so'zlari: ko 'rgazmalilik, vosita, grafika, bilim, ko 'nikma, malaka, fazoviy tasavvur, qobiliyat, savodxonlik, samaradorlik.
В данной стате даны методические рекомендации о роли наглядных пособий в повышении качества и эффективности науки на^ертателной геометрии и инженерной графики.
Ключевые слова: демонстрация, медиа, графика, знание, умение, компетентност, пространственное воображение, умение, грамотност, работоспособност.
This article provides guidelines on the role of visual aids in improving the quality and efficiency of the science of descriptive geometry and engineering graphics.
Keywords: demonstration, media, graphics, knowledge, skill, competence, spatial imagination, skill, literacy, efficiency.
Ma'lumki, Respublikamiz ta'lim tizimida tub islohatlar o'tkazilayotgan bugungi kunda asosiy e'tibor yetuk mutaxassis kadrlar tayyorlashning sifatiga qaratilgan. Ilmfan, texnika-texnologiyalar rivojlanib borayotgan hozirgi davrda yuksak malakali, yetuk kadrlarga bo'lgan talab oshib bormoqdaki, bu o'z navbatida, oliy ta'lim muassasalari professor-o'qituvchilari zimmasiga ma'suliyatli vazifani yuklaydi. Zero, oliy ta'lim muassasalarini tamomlagan mutaxassislar zukko, bilimdon va har
ANNOTATSIYA
АННОТАЦИЯ
ABSTRACT
KIRISH
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
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tomonlama komil inson bo'lish bilan birga, turli vaziyatlarda ma'suliyatni his etgan holda faoliyat yuritadigan kadrlar bo'lishligini unutmasligimiz lozim. Bu esa, talabalarga beriladigan bilimlar sifatining oshirishni talab qiladi. Chunonchi, chizma geometriya va muhandislik grafikasi fani ma'ruza va amaliy mashg'ulotlarida, har bir mavzuni talabalarning yaxshi o'zlashtirishlari uchun nimalardan foydalanish lozimligi ko'ndalang turadi.
Ma'lumki, ta'lim sifati va samaradorligini ta'minlashda ko'rgazmali metodlarning ham alohida o'rni mavjud. Ushbu metoddan foydalanish zaruriyati ko'rsatmalilik tamoyiliga amal qilish maqsadga muvofiq ekanligida ko'rinadi. Inson miyasining 30% xajmini ko'rishni, faqat 3% igina eshitishni ta'minlovchi neyronlar tashkil etadi. Pedagogik-psixologik yo'nalishda olib borilgan tadqiqotlar natijalaridan ma'lum bo'ladiki, shaxs tomonidan o'zlashtirilayotgan bilimlarning 85% ko'rish retseptorlari yordamida o'zlashtiriladi. Demak, bundan ko'rinib turibdiki, o'zbek xalqining «Yuz marta eshitgandan bir marta ko'rgan yaxshi» maqoli ilmiy asosga ega ekan.
MUHOKAMA VA NATIJALAR
Namoyish metodi o'rganilayotgan ob'ekt harakat dinamikasini ochib berishda qo'l keladi va ayni chog'da predmetning tashqi ko'rinishi va ichki tuzilishi haqida to'laqonli ma'lumot berishda keng qo'llaniladi. Tabiiy ob'ektlarni namoyish qilishda odatda uning tashqi ko'rinishi (shakli, hajmi, miqdori, rangi, qismlari, ularning o'zaro munosabatlari)ga e'tibor qaratiladi, so'ngra ichki tuzilishi yoki alohida xususiyatlarini o'rganishga o'tiladi. Ko'rsatish ko'p holatlarda o'rganilayotgan ob'ektlarning sub'ekti yoki chizmasi yordamida kuzatiladi. Tajribalar namoyishi esa sinf taxtasi (doskasi)ga chizish yoki o'qituvchining maxsus jihozlar yordamida ko'rsatib berishi hisobiga amalga oshadi, bunda ushbu tajriba asosida yotuvchi tamoyillarni tushunish osonlashadi.
Birinchi kursga qabul qilingan talabalarda fazoviy tasavvuri yetarli darajada rivojlanmaganligi uchun, o'qishning dastlabki davrida ular chizmaga qarab uni fazoda tiklashga, ya'ni fazoviy holatini ko'z oldilariga keltirishlari qiyin kechadi. Shuning uchun muhandislik grafikasi darslarini o'qitishda ko'rgazmalilik katta ahamiyatga ega. Chunki fazoda har xil geometrik jismlarning shakli, o'lchamlari va o'zaro joylashishlari ularning chizmalari asosida o'rganiladi. Bu esa, fan mavzularini bayon qilishda ularga oid ko'rgazmalardan foydalanish muhim ahamiyatga ega ekanligini ko'rsatadi. Aniq geometrik jismlarsiz yoki ularning modellarisiz hamda
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rasmlari va yaqqol chizmalarisiz talabalar ongida o'rganilayotgan mavzuni aniq fazoviy tasavvuri va tushunchalarini hosil qilib bo'lmaydi.
Psixologik nuqtai nazardan ko'rgazmaliliklar uchga, asliy-buyumli, tasvirli va asliy-buyumli, tasvirli. Chizma geometriya va muhandislik grafikasi fanida ularning har uchala turidan foydalanish mumkin. Masalan, umumiy holatdagi ikkita tekislikning o'zaro kesishish chizig'ini yasash jarayonini doskada chizilgan epyur orqali olib borilsa, masalani yechish uchun bajariladigan qo'shimcha amallar ko'pchilik talabalarga tushunarli bo'lmaydi. Agar o'qituvchi masalani epyurda ishlashdan avval masalani fazoviy holatini doskada yoki ko'rgazmali plakatlardan foydalanib ko'rsatib bersa, yoki tushuntirishni yaqqol tasvirda va epyurda parallel ravishda olib borsa, yaxshiroq natijaga erishadi. Chizma geometriyaning nuqta, to'g'ri chiziq, tekislik va ularning epyuralarini qayta tuzishga oid mavzular bo'yicha masalalarni epyuri va fazoviy holatini chizish ko'p vaqtni olmasada, sirtlarni kesishish chizig'ini aniqlashga oid masalalarni ishlashda vaqt yetishmasligi kabi ko'pgina muammolar tug'iladi. Ayrim masalalarning shartini o'zini doskaga chizishga ko'p vaqt ketishi, talabalar daftarga chizishi vaqtida chizmalarning katta-kichikligi va masala javobini turlicha chiqishi, ya'ni talaba daftaridagi masala yechimini doskadagi yechimdan farq qilinishi, talabalarning tushunib olishlarini qiyinlashtiradi va ko'p hollarda talaba daftarida masalalarni yechaolmay qolib ketadi. Yuqoridagi muammolarni oldini olish uchun o'qituvchi mavzuni tushuntirish vaqtida mavzuga oid ko'rgazmali plakatlardan foydalanib, xususan sirtlarni kesishish chizig'ini topishga doir har xil fazoviy holatlarini talabalarga o'rgatishi lozim.
O'qituvchi ko'rgazmali metodlardan foydalanishda samaradorlikka erishish uchun quyidagi shartlarga amal qilishi maqsadga muvofiqdir:
• ko 'rgazmalilikning talabalar yoshi va rivojlanish darajasiga mos kelishi;
• namoyish etilayotgan ob 'ektlar barcha talabalarga yaxshi va qulay ko 'rinib turishi;
• namoyishda uning boshlang'ich bosqichi va asosiy jarayon (holat)larning ajralib turishi;
• tajribalar namoyishi maket, jihoz, qurollar yoki tajriba sxemasini chizib ko 'rsatish asosida tashkil etilishi;
• namoyish va illyustratsiya o 'quv materialining mazmuni bilan uyg'un bo'la olishi lozim.
Chizma geometriya va muhandislik grafikasi darslarida ko'rgazmalilik talabalarning bilish jarayoniga ma'lum darajada yordam beradi. Talabalarga o'rganiladigan ob'ektlar (texnik detallar, modellar) ni turli ko'rinishda berilishini
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kuzatishni boyitadi. Chunki, bu yerda ko'rish, sezish va muskul retseptor apparatlari kabi analizatorlar qo'shiladi. Bundan tashqari, texnik detallarni ushlab ko'rib bilish va sirtining tashqi ko'rinishini ko'zdan kechirib idrok qilish, talabalarga sirtlarga ishlov berish sifatini, detal o'lchamini, o'tish joylarining ravonligini va boshqalarni aniqlashga yordam beradi.
Shunday qilib chizma geometriya va muhandislik grafikasi dars mashg'ulotlarida modellar, detallar, o'quv jadvallari ko'rgazmali plakatlar va shu kabilar qo'llanilsa, darslar qiziqarli va samarali o'tadi va talabalarning har bir mavzuni o'zlashtirishi oshadi.
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