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UDC 338.432: 631.576.3 (477)
Bohdaniuk E. V.
PhD, Senior lecturer of the department of Statistics and Economic Analysis National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
Ukraine, Kiev Tsapliy V.I.
Student of the Economics Faculty National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
Ukraine, Kiev
STATISTICAL STUDY OF CROPS YIELD
Abstract: The article is considered the gross harvest of grain and legume production in Ukraine, which indicate that yield is the main factor influencing the general change in gross production of cereals. The dynamics of grain yields for 1990 -2017 years was analyzed in terms of categories of farms. The main factors influencing the yield of grain and legumes in Ukraine are indicated.
Keywords: Ukraine, crops yield, gross harvest, harvested area
Harvesting and yield of crops are the most important productive indicators of agriculture and agricultural production in general. The level of productivity reflects the impact of economic and natural conditions, as well as the quality of organizational and economic activity of agricultural enterprises and farms. The yield of crop directly influences on size of the gross harvest. Increasing yield is currently the most urgent problem for agricultural producers, as increasing yield affects not only the increase of the gross harvest, but also, respectively, the reduction of the cost of production and, accordingly, increase in profits.
Assessing the gross production of grain and leguminous crops for 2015-2017 years, [1] it should be noted that in 2017 year, in Ukraine in general, compared to 2015 year, gross grain production increased by 1790.9 thousand tons. The main factor influencing such a change was the yield of crops, which increased in 2017 y. compared to 2015 y. by 1.4 c/ha, while simultaneously reducing the crop area by 80.6 thousand hectares. The highest gross harvest was observed in the Vinnitsa and Poltava regions. In Vinnitsa in 2017 y., compared to 2015 y., the gross harvest grew by 1120.6 thousand hectares. This increase was influenced by 2 main factors: yield (+11.3 c/ha) and area (+34 thsd. ha). In the Poltava region in 2017 y. compared to 2015 y., the gross harvest decreased by 1121.8 thousand tons, where the main factor influencing the deviation was the yield of crops (-12.3 c/ha in 2017 y. compared to 2015 y.). The smallest harvest of grain and leguminous crops in Ukraine was recorded in the Transcarpathian region, the region with the smallest area of crops (Table 1). The conducted research gives grounds to assert that the main factor of influence on gross crops production in Ukraine for the analyzed period was yield.
Table 1
Production of grain and leguminous crops in Ukraine, 2015 - 2017 years
Gross harvest, thsd.t Yield, centners per ha Harvested area, thsd.ha
2015 2016 2017 2017 to 2015 (+,-) 2015 2016 2017 2017 to 2015 (+,-) 2015 2016 2017 2017 to 2015 (+,-)
Ukraine 6012 5.8 6608 8 6191 6.7 1790 .9 41.1 46.1 42.5 1.4 1464 0.9 1433 7.1 1456 0.3 -80.6
Regions
Vinnitsa 3768. 3 5563. 5 4888. 9 1120. 6 46.0 64.2 57.3 11.3 819.3 867.2 853.3 34
Poltava 5363. 2 5783. 1 4241. 4 1121 .8 57.4 61.8 45.1 -12.3 934.0 935.6 939.8 5.8
Transca rpa- thian 332.4 412.4 390.1 57.7 37.5 44.8 44.4 6.9 88.5 92.0 88.0 -0.5
Analyzing the dynamics of grain yield in Ukraine in different categories of farms, it should be noted that it's gradual increase (Figure 1). According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the highest yield during 1990 - 2017 years is observed at agricultural enterprises, where in 2017 year the grain yield was - c/ha. The lowest yield in 2017 y. was recorded in households - c/ha. At the same time, the largest increase in yields, for the analyzed period, was in private farms - on average, during 1990-2017 years, the yield increased by 2.19 c/ha [1].
■ All agricultural holdings ■Agricultural enterprises
60,0 50,0 40,0 30,0 20,0 10,0 0,0
y = 1,778x + 22,462 y = 2,1758x + 21,454
~l-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Years
Figure 1. Yield of grain and leguminous crops, 1990 - 2017 years, centners per 1 ha of the harvested area
Analysis of crop yields in the areas shows: the groundbreaking abandonment in the current year, as in the previous, did not become a determining factor in productivity. The main reason for the low grain yield was the lack of rainfall in some areas of the region for 40-50 days in a row. By the middle of the second - the end of the third decade of June, the state of early cereals, sugar beets and soybeans in Peschanka and Trostyanets approached the critical one. And only due to the precipitation that took place in the middle of the second decade of June there was a significant improvement in the condition of these crops. In addition, the grain yield curve also affects the yield index. In areas where large areas of peas are sown, the grain yield of the early group is usually lower, given that peas are the most affected by drought. So, in Trostyanets, 2 thousand 674 hectares of peas were sowed at 17 c / ha, in Bershad 848 hectares of peas with a yield of 13 c / ha [2].
Analysts of the agency APK-Inform calculated that the average yield of wheat in Ukraine for the last five seasons was 31.2 centners per hectare, which is twice lower than, for example, in France - 74 centners per hectare. The agency believes that the potential of wheat crops in Ukraine is used by 42%, barley is only 36%, corn - 49% [3].
The size of the gross harvest and yield of grain and leguminous crops depends on numerous factors and their combination, which should be taken into account in Ukraine, in order to increase the yield: natural and climatic (type, class of soils, their quality, air and soil temperature, precipitation, duration of frost-free period, snow cover height, wind force and nature, etc.); agrotechnical (quality of seeds, its resistance to diseases, types and doses of fertilizers, methods and terms of their introduction, terms and technology of agrotechnical works, etc.); economic and organizational (level of security of facilities and objects of labor, the size of labor costs per unit area, quality, structure and degree of use of fixed and circulating funds, the availability and composition of the workforce, industry structure, specialization and concentration of production, forms and organization of organization and wages etc.).
References
1. State Statistics Service. 2017. Plant Growing of Ukraine (Statistical Bulletins).
2. http://www.vin.gov.ua
3. https://ua.korrespondent.net/business/economics/1586131-urozhajnist-zernovih-v-ukrayini-v-razi-nizhcha-evropejskih-pokaznikiv
