CC BY
22виховання і спорту
Strength and conditioning practices of iran wrestling league strength and conditioning coaches
Jamshidi - far Saeed, Mirzeai Bahman, Damirchi Arsalan
Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
Annotation:
Purpose: The purpose of this study describes the results of a survey of the practices of Iranian Wrestling League strength and conditioning (IWL S&C) coaches. Material: The response rate was 88.5% (100 of 113). The contents survey examines include: (a) background information, (b) physical testing, (c) flexibility development, (d) speed development, (e) plyometrics, (f) strength/power development, (g) unique aspects, and (h) comments from coaches providing additional information. Results: Results
indicate, in part, that coaches assess an average of 7.3 parameters of fitness, with tests speed being the most common. All coaches used a variety of flexibility development strategies. Results reveal that
all of IWL S&C coaches follow a periodization model. Speed as the first priority (100%) and muscular endurance, power and strength as second priority (97%) of importance in evaluating their athletes. Sixty-six percent coaches (66%) indicated that their athletes used Olympic-style lifts. All coaches employed plyometric exercises with their athletes. Ninety-two percent (92%) of the coaches reported that used plyometric trainings for increasing the speed of their wrestlers and 82% of the coaches used plyometric jump in place exercises as regular practice in their trainings. Conclusions: The squat and its variations, as well as the Olympic-style lifts and their variations, were the most frequently used exercises. The survey serves as a review and a source of applied information and new ideas.
Keywords:
Periodization, speed, power,
Plyometrics, flexibility, strength.
Джамсиди - фар Саеед, Мирзеаи Бахман, Дамирчи Арсалан. Сила и хорошая физическая форма в практике соревнований по борьбе в Иране в мнениях тренеров по физической подготовке. Цель: анализ результатов опроса участников соревнований по борьбе - тренеров по физической подготовке ( IWL Б&С). Материал: Доля ответивших составила 88,5% (100 из 113 респондентов). Содержание опроса включают в себя: справочную информацию, физические тесты, развитие гибкости, развитие скорости, плиометрики, развитие силы/мощности, уникальные аспекты, комментарии тренеров, обеспечивающих дополнительную информацию. Результаты: Результаты показывают, в частности, что тренеры оценивают в среднем 7,3 параметров подготовки, из которых наиболее распространенным является тестирование скорости. Все тренеры использовали различные стратегии развития гибкости. Результаты показывают, что все IWL Б&О тренеров следовать модели периодизации. Важное значение в оценке своих спортсменов в качестве первого приоритета отмечается скорость (100%) и мышечная выносливость, а сила и мощность - как второй компонент (97%). 66% тренеров указали, что их спортсмены использовали олимпийский стиль поединков. Все тренеры использовали для спортсменов плиометрические упражнения. 92% тренеров сообЩили, что используют плиометрические тренинги для увеличения скорости своих борцов и 82% тренеров используют плиометрический прыжок на месте в качестве регулярной практики в своих тренировках. Выводы: Присед и его вариаЦии, а также подъемы олимпийского стиля и их вариации, были самыми часто используемыми упражнениями. Опрос выступает в качестве рекомендаций и источника прикладной информации и новых идей.
периодизация, скорость, мощность, Пли-ометрика, гибкость, сила.
Джамсіді - фар Саеед, Мірзеаі Бахман, Дамірчі Арсалан. Сила і хороша фізична форма в практиці змагань з боротьби в Ірані в думках тренерів з фізичної підготовки. Мета: аналіз результатів опитування учасників змагань з боротьби - тренерів з фізичної підготовки ( IWL S & С). Матеріал: Частка відповідей тренерів склала 88,5 % (100 з І13 респондентів). Зміст опитування включають в себе: довідкову інформацію, фізичні тести, розвиток гнучкості, розвиток швидкості, пліометрики, розвиток сили / потужності, унікальні аспекти, коментарі тренерів, які забезпечують додаткову інформацію. Результати: Результати показують, зокрема, що тренери оцінюють у середньому 7,3 параметрів підготовки, з яких найбільш поширеним є тестування швидкості. Усі тренери використовували різні стратегії розвитку гнучкості. Результати показують, що всі IWL S & С тренерів слідувати моделі періодизації. Важливе значення в оцінці своїх спортсменів в якості першого пріоритету відзначається швидкість (100 %) і м'язова витривалість, а сила і потужність - як другий компонент (97 %). 66 % тренерів вказали, що їхні спортсмени використовували олімпійський стиль поєдинків. Усі тренери використовували для спортсменів пліометрічні вправи. 92 % тренерів повідомили, що використовують пліометрічні тренінги для збільшення швидкості своїх борців і 82 % тренерів використовують пліометрич-ний стрибок на місці в якості регулярної практики в своїх тренуваннях. Висновки: Присід і його варіації, а також підйоми олімпійського стилю і їх варіації, були самими часто використовуваними вправами. Опитування виступає в якості рекомендацій і джерела прикладної інформації та нових ідей.
періодизація, швидкість, потужність, Пліометріка, гнучкість, сила.
Introduction
Since the beginning of time, wrestling has been one of the major physical activities of mankind. For certain, wrestling is one of the earliest recorded sports and it was one of the first sport disciplines to be included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games. Wrestling is the most popular sport in Iran with 37 medals in the Olympic Games and success reflects a deep-rooted connection to this sport among Iranians (25). Having only technical capacity and tactical qualification in practice level are not enough adequate to win the competition (10). Nowadays, the theory of wrestling, methods of training, biomechanics, physiology, assessment and evaluation of wrestling are considered as important factors for wrestlers in their preparation for competition (1). The use of physical fitness tests for the measurement © Jamshidi - far Saeed, Mirzeai Bahman,
Damirchi Arsalan, 2014
doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1022954
of the current status of the wrestler can provide both the wrestler and coach with information relative to the wrestler’s current physiologic capability and can allow them to compare that capacity with reference values from appropriate peer groups. Also, the assessment of current status reveals strengths and relative weaknesses and can become the basis for the development of an optimal training program (Mirzaei et al., 2009). A recent surveys the much resources are available have described the components of wrestling scientifically evaluated aspects physical conditioning (1, 3, 4, 15, 20, 25, 27, 30, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, and 43), because one of the challenges confronting the coaches and sport scientists is to understand the physical and physiological factors contributing to successful wrestling (Mirzaei et al., 2009). Competitive wrestling activity is extremely dynamic in nature, encompassing repeated explosive movements at a high intensity that alternates with submaximal work
(18). Surveys of strength and conditioning practices offer comprehensive information about the modalities of professional practices. Thus, coaches have access to a serviceable source of the collective ideas of others that they can use to compare with, and potentially incorporate into, their own practices. At this time, no similar source of information exists for strength and conditioning a study of training methods used by wrestling coaches. Surveys are an effective method of determining contemporary strength and conditioning practices. They have been used to examine strength and conditioning program of college (6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 23, 24, and 30) and professional (12, 13, 14, and 35) athletes and coaches. The responsibilities of the Iran wrestling league strength and conditioning (IWL S&C) coaches are many, including program design, exercise technique, organization and administration, and testing and evaluation. The purpose of this survey was to examine a variety of strength and conditioning practices and collective knowledge of IWL S&C coaches and describe the common and the unique strength and conditioning practices employed by these coaches.
Methods
Experimental Approach to the Problem
We managed the professional sports survey, previously derived from studying of Simenz and dugan (35) that to provide comprehensive descriptive information about the practices of IWL S&C coaches and to extend previous surveys on the professional sports. This study was designed because of testing the hypothesis that IWL S&C coaches follow contemporary, scientifically based principles of strength and conditioning and that the majority of these coaches would be willing to share their ideas through this survey.
Survey
The survey, strength and conditioning practices of professional strength and conditioning coaches, was somewhat adjusted from that of Simenz and dugan (35) for this application. The original survey was pilot tested with an advisory group of S&C coaches and exercise experts, particular in this field; furthermore, this survey composed mainly of 8 sections: background information, physical testing, flexibility development, speed development, plyometrics, strength/power development, unique aspects of the coaches’ program, and comments, and was based on the national strength and conditioning Association’s 1988 Role Deliniation Study (28). The survey compared all of the relevant obtained results with those of the previous professional sports surveys (12-14, 35).
Data Collection
Participants in this study were defined as membership in the National Wrestling Federation (NWF). A listing in the NWF membership directory for Iranian coaches who were coaching as Iran Wrestling League coaches. After receiving approval from the NWF, the vast majority of survey in present study was conducted via face-to-face interviewing. We met all of S&C coaches; afterwards, for talking about introductory letter describing the project and they agreed to cooperate with us. At this audience we interviewed 100 coaches S&C for this survey. 113 IWL
32014
H
S&C coaches who were surveyed responded, Representing 30 of the provinces of the Iran (approximately in over the nationwide). Data were collected from October 2011 to August 2013. After completion of data collection and analysis, a report of survey findings was mailed to all IWL S&C coaches participating in the survey, and no coach or team name also was associated with any responses.
Statistical Analyses
The survey contained fixed-response and open-ended questions. Answers to open-ended questions were content-analyzed according to methods described by Patton, 1990 (29), and previous related studies in other surveys of professional sports strength and conditioning practices (12, 13, 14, and 35). The responses of the coaches IWL S&C to questions are delineated as row data. Researchers were acquaintance with qualitative methods of sports science research and content analysis. During data analysis, three researchers evaluated and generated all the raw data and higher-order themes via independent, inductive content analysis for each research questions and compared independently generated themes until researchers consensus was reached at each level of analysis and then it best represented the raw data making summit the themes. At the point of development of higher-order themes, deductive analysis was used to confirm that all raw data themes were represented.
Results
Background Information
The survey population was conducted on 100 of 113 (88.5%) IWL S&C coaches granted to the face-to-face or telephone interviewing survey. Thirteen IWL S&C coach indirectly pretexted to participate in this survey. Ten IWL S&C coach granted directly telephone interviewing survey to participate.
All of the coaches reported averaged 6.74 and
13.16 years in their present positions and profession, respectively. All of coaches also reported having an assistant and needed having assistants. More than half of the coaches (64%) had master’s degrees.
Physical Testing
The allocation of the analysis fitness components was second section of this survey that assessed variables of physical testing. According to previous related studies (12, 13, 14, and 35), coaches were asked from the how often and what times of the year variables of athlete fitness were tested (Figure 1), what parameters of fitness were tested (Figure 2), and what specific tests were used. All of the IWL S&C coaches reported testing athletes. Coaches reported testing an average of 7.3 parameters of fitness using specific tests. Approximately half (51%) of the IWL S&C coaches who selected “other” reported in general preparation phase evaluated aerobic base, heavy resistance, flexibility and %body fat by 33 coaches, and early pre-season or off-season training are measuring and reserved for maximum muscular strength, was reported by 12 coaches, measuring pre-season and in-season body composition “weekly (weight),” “monthly (weight and body fat)” and “the in-season whenever possible situations,” each of which was reported by 27, 17 and
ПСИХОЛОГІЯ
виховання і спорту
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
46
32 1
1
11
Ш \
39
I
Pre-season Post-season In-season Of-season Pre- training Other
Figure 1. Times when variables of athlete fitness are formally measured.
120
100
SO
60
40
20
0
91
97
97 97 100
■
49
it
^ S’ S' * S' * s
&
Figure 2. Variables of athlete fitness tested.
11 coaches, respectively. Regarding which variables of physical fitness were measured and what specific tests were used, 97 IWL S&C coaches reported measuring muscular strength, muscular endurance and muscular power. Methods specific were used for muscular strength included the “upper back,” and ‘‘bench presses,” reported by 54 coaches; a (lower body) “leg squat test,” reported by 53 coaches; a (lower body) “leg press,” reported by 37 coaches; ‘‘1 repetition maximum (RM) bench/ deadlift/ squat,” reported by 40 coaches; and reported by 15 coaches: “hand toes power test”. 71 IWL S&C coaches who reported measuring muscular power, Methods specific were used for testing muscular power included a “snatch press,” 41 coaches tested the “vertical jump or jumping from a crouch,” 65 coaches tested the “clean and Jerk,” 36 coaches tested the “power cleans,” other muscular power tests used included the “power ball toss,” and (lower body) “broad jump” tested by 5 coaches.
82 IWL S&C coaches who reported measuring muscular endurance, Methods specific were used for testing muscular strength included a “1 minute sit-up test,” 68 coaches tested the “RM dips test,” 43 coaches tested the “pull-up / chin up Test.” Other tests for muscular endurance include the “push-up,” “maximum bench press test,” and “trunk lift test,” “parallel Squats (max reps at 130% of body wt),” “rope climbs in 5 minutes (5m),” reported by 36, 21, 33, 30, and 32 coaches, respectively. Sixty-seven IWL S&C coaches tested acceleration using tests include a “40 yard dash test,” reported by 59 coaches;
and reported by 15 coaches testing a “20-m spring.” All of the IWL S&C coaches tested for athlete speed. Methods used included a “36 meter sprint test” reported by 79 coaches; “50 meter sprint” reported by 27 caches.
Other coaches reported various tests of 30-to 60 yard dash. Ninety-one IWL S&C coaches reported testing anaerobic capacity. Some of the tests revealed by coaches, include a “running- based anaerobic sprint test (RAST),” reported by 35 coaches; “800-m run,” reported by 33 coaches tested. Other coaches reported various tests of “30-second Wingate test,” and “400 m run,” each report by 8 coaches. Fifty IWL S&C coaches reported measuring body composition. 32 coaches used “skin calipers,” and reported testing “% body fat.” Seventy-one IWL S&C coaches stated that they measure agility. 37 coaches reported testing “zigzag run,” and “4*9 m run test,” report by 64 coaches. Other tests included a “t-test,” and “Illinois test,” each report by 2 coaches, and a “3-cone shuttle drill test” reported by 1 coach. Eighty-six IWL S&C coaches expressed that they measure flexibility. Methods included a “sit and reach test” reported by 67 coaches; “trunk extension test,” reported by 18 coaches; and testing “shoulder flexibility test,” reported by 2 coaches.
Fifty-two IWL S&C coaches declared that they measured cardiovascular endurance. Methods used included a “2400 m cooper test,” reported by 39 coaches; “12 minute cooper test,” reported by 45 coaches; “Bruce test,” reported by 7 coaches; and 11 coaches using the “300 yard shuttle test.” Thirty-eight IWL S&C coaches
said they measured anthropometric measurements on their wrestlers. Twenty coaches reported measuring “weight,” and 12 coaches reported indicated “% body fat,” “skinfolds and calipers.
Flexibility Development
The eighty-six of the 100 IWL S&C coaches all reported that their teams performed some type of flexibility training. Only six coaches of 86 coaches not indicated that their teams performed static stretching, while 30 coaches denoted that they employed dynamic stretching exercises. 13 coaches reported employed proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching exercises. Coaches were inquired to indicate when athletes were
32014
H
encouraged or required to perform flexibility exercises (Figure 3), the duration of the typical flexibility session (Figure 4), and the duration that athletes were encouraged to hold a static stretch (Figure 5). Comments to this question included “flexibility development has negative effects on power athletes in competition,” “static stretching should be used to each after activities.” The mean average duration of the typical flexibility session was 10.2 ± 2.8 minutes. The mean average duration an IWL athlete was encouraged to hold a static stretch was 10.31± 2.9 seconds.
Speed Development
All of (100%) IWL S&C coaches reported
80 70 .2 60
0 50 'S 40
1 30
I 20 10
0
72
70
72
69
50
40
30
20
10
0
39
2 2 1
Before During After On other Before During After Other times practice practice practice own workout workout workout
Figure 3. Times when athletes are encouraged or required to perform flexibility exercises.
43 43
10 10 .
■ — 0
CD
-Q
£
3
0-5 min 5-10 min 10-15 min 15-20 min 20+ min Do not perform
Figure 4. Length (in minutes) of flexibility development session.
50
40
30
20
10
46
1
■ , 7 ■ — 0
CD
_Q
£
3
0-5 sec 5-10 sec 10-15 sec 15-20 sec 20+ sec Do not perform
Figure 5. Amount of time (in seconds) athletes are encourage to hold a static stretch.
виховання і спорту
incorporating some type of a speed development exercise into their program (Figure 6). Ninety-two coaches reported using plyometrics training such as “Maxex drills; 1-3 set, 6-8 reps, 2-minute rest,” to increase speed. Seventy-one coaches reported using over-speed running such as “downhill running,” and 69 coaches reported using form running such as “hill repetitions,” “high knee running or quick feet drill,” “butt kickers,” and “tempo run.” Thirty-one coaches indicated using speed endurance workout such as “fartlek run,” and “Interval training.” Twenty-four coaches reported using resisted running. Fourteen coaches responded to the “other” part indicating that they used “high intensity shuttle run,” “Towing methods,” and “cross drill.” Results, also, clarified that 46 coaches inclined to employ speed development training year around.
Plyometrics
One-hundred of 100 (100%) IWL S&C coaches reported using plyometrics. All of coaches responded to this questions that how and when plyometric exercises are used and how they integrated plyometric training into
the weight-training program (figures 7-9, respectively). Figure 10 describes identify the types of plyometric exercises regularly used in their program. Eighty coaches reported they used the types of plyometric training for speed development. Sixty-four reported they used plyometric training for upper body power. Moreover, fifty-four respond was added into comment that they employed plyometric training for lower body power. Thirty-four coaches reported they used plyometric training for improving vertical jump, and 31 stated they used plyometric training for total body training.
Sixty-four coaches reported they incorporated plyometric training year-round, and 52 reported they incorporated plyometric training during pre-training camp, 48 stated that they incorporated plyometric training during pre-season, and incorporated plyometric training during training camp, and 18 coaches incorporated plyometric training during post-season, and 16 coaches quoted using plyometric training during in-season. Comments made
By IWLS&C coaches concerning the stage, cycle, and
1оо
9о
<u 80 1 70
S3 60
о 50 ш 40 f 30 ^ 20 10 0
92
69 71
Ш I
■ ■
U U 33
24 24
0 0
78
<c°
Л'7
&
A
ЛГ
o\AU
с/
&
Figure 6. Used types of speed-development exercises
90
80
« 70
e
ch 60
a
o
£ 50
О
ore 40
jn
m 30 u
2 20 10 0
80
64
1
54
..
31 34 34
1
0 I I
Total Body Lower Body Upper Body Speed Improving Other
Training Power Power Development Vertical Jump
Figure 7. Types of plyometric training used.
за
2014
Phase of plyometric training incorporation included:” urging athletes upon plyometric training during in-season made a mistake and may be result in excessive pressure on them,” “off-season is the best time for this training.”
Coaches were asked how they integrated plyometric training into the weight-training program (figure 9). Thirty-five coaches reported that they conducted plyometric training and weight-training workouts both on separate days and after the weight training on same day, and 16 responded that they performed plyometric training before the weight training on same day, and 14 coaches reported using complex training with plyometric training and weight training combined in the same workout. Comments included: “depending on time and opportunity, it was employed,” “when we feel that progress is not good.”
In response to the question about identify the types of plyometric exercises regularly used in their program (figure 10). Eighty-two coaches reported using jump in place plyometrics, 74 coaches used standing jumps plyometrics, 68 coaches used multiple hops or jumps, 66 coaches employed depth jumps, 65 coaches employed upper-body plyometrics, and 61 coaches indicated that they used box drills. Thirty coaches who responded “other” provided additional information about the types
of plyometric exercises regularly used in their program, these responses included: “we occasionally combined one or more type of plyometric with acrobatic movement,” “squat jumps training,” and “medicine ball training.”
The last question in this section was estimate the annual number of injuries as a result of plyometric training.
Forty-one coaches reported seldom plyometric training injuries, and 20 coaches each responded (no & yes) plyometric training injuries.
Strength/Power Development
The first question in this section was asked to determine the number of days per week that athletes participated in an off-season strength/power development program. Seventy coaches reported 3 days per week. Twenty-two coaches reported 2 days per week. The average of all the IWL S&C coaches’ responses was 2.68 days per week. A comment of this question from 37 coaches was consisting of: “needful power scale and conditioning wrestlers categorized how many days is enough for that.” The subsequent question was the survey assessed the average length of these off-season resistance training workouts (figure 11). Forty two coaches reported that workouts were 45-60 minutes long, 23 reported that workouts lasted 30-45 minutes, 14 reported that workouts lasted 15-30 minutes, 12 reported that workouts lasted 0-15 minutes,
CD
-Q
£
3
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
64 64
48 52 52
40
16 18
■■ ■■
■ ■
Pre-season In-season Post-season Pre-training Training Camp Year Round
camp
Figure 8. The stage, cycle, and phase of training in which Iran Wrestling League strength and conditioning coach s
incorporate plyometric training.
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
35 35
16 14
i i i 0 i i
CD
_Q
£
3
Separate Days Before Weights After Weights Complex Training (Same Day) (Same Day)
Other
Figure 9. Method of integration for plyometric training and weight training.
0
виховання і спорту
and 9 reported that workouts lasted 60 minutes or longer. A comment of 28 coaches included: “maybe changed or not.” In the third question were asked from coaches that how many days of the week their athletes participate in in-season strength/power development activities.
All of IWL S&C coaches responded the question. The average of all the IWL S&C coaches’ responses was 1.89 days weight training per week of in-season training. 22 coaches made comment on question for example “I’d rather not employ or less intensity weight training in-season training.” The fourth question evaluated the average duration of these in-season training workouts. Forty-seven coaches reported that workouts were 45-60 minutes long, 27 coaches reported that workouts lasted 30-45 minutes, 24 coaches reported that workouts lasted 15-30 minutes, and 2 coaches reported that workouts were 60 minutes or longer. The fifth question in the strength/ power section of the survey asked IWL S&C coaches if they used Olympic style (weightlifting) exercises or their variations; 83 coaches reported they did, and 17 coaches endorsed “if we have the time.”
Question six in this section of the survey asked whether coaches use of machines in training program. All but seventeen coaches reported seldom or no use of machines.
Seventeen coaches’ responses include: “lack equipment,” “rehabilitation,” and “the only for off-season.”
Question 7 in the strength/power development asked IWL S&C coaches to identify, in order of importance, the 5 resistance-training exercises that were most important in their program. All of the coaches responded to this question. On the basis of these responses, sixty-two coaches reported that the squat or its variations were the most important exercises. Twenty-nine coaches reported that the Olympic lifts were most important exercises. Nine coaches each reported that other exercises were most important.
For the second most important exercises, 36 coaches identified “squat” or “squat variations.” Thirty-five coaches indicated bench press were most important. Fifteen coaches reported that variations of the Olympic lifts were the second most important exercises. Fourteen coaches each identified different exercises as the second important exercises in their programs.
Twenty-eight coaches indicated that the Olympic lifts were the third most important exercise in their programs. Twenty-six coaches each indicated that “bench press.” Twenty-five coaches reported that the snatch press was important exercise. Twenty-one coaches reported 14
90 80 u 70
ach 60 o
£ 50
0
ore 40 f 30
1 20 10
0
82 82 7/1
66 68
1 6
30
■
■
, ■ ,
Box Drills Depth Jumps Jump in Place Multiple Standing Upper Body Other
Hops/Jumps Jumps Plyometrics
Figure 10. Plyometric exercises regularly employed.
5о
iu 40
42
о
и
3о
u 20 .a
m І 10
23
12 14
0-15 min
15-30 min
30-45 min
45-60 min
60+ min
Figure 11. Average length of Iran Wrestling League strength and conditioning coaches off-season weightlifting
workouts.
9
0
different exercises as the third most important in their programs.
The fourth most important exercise according to the coaches included Olympic lift variations, as indicated by 39 coaches, and bench press, indicated by 31 coaches. Seventeen coaches reported that squat variations were the fourth most important exercises. Thirteen coaches each identified different exercises as the fourth most important in their programs.
The fifth most important exercise according to the coaches included leg press, as indicated by 21 coaches. Sixty-six coaches each reported that “deadlift,” “power and jerk,” “lunge variations,” “pull-up,” and “clean,” were the fifth most important exercises. Nineteen coaches each identified different exercises as the fifth most important in their programs.
The eighth question in this section assessed the IWL S&C coaches’ conceptualization of training, specifically inquiring about the use of a periodization model (PM), training phases, and cycles. Responses were content analyzed into 2 categories, including a periodization model
32014
H
and a non-periodization model (NPM). One-hundred of 100 (100%) coaches responded conceptualization training according to PM.
Coaches were also asked to in section; describe the name of training cycle, time of the year the training cycle is used, and the length of the training cycle. Table 1 presents higher-order themes, number of responses, and select raw data representing responses to these questions. Fifty-nine coaches indicated sport season, and 35 coaches described the length of training cycles as being between 2 and 8 weeks long.
The nine question in this section asked how coaches determined training loads. All of the coaches assign the training loads their athletes. Thirty-seven coaches observed that RM and 19 coaches monitored body weight in the training loads. Table 2 depicts summary coaches’ responses to this question.
Question 10 in this section of the survey evaluated the number of sets and reps used in the off-season. Table 3 is described coaches’ responses to this question. Question 11 in this section of the survey evaluated the number of
Table 1.
Conceptualization of training.
Higher-order themes Number of responses Select raw data representing responses to this question
Sport season 59 Preparatory phase (general and specific), competitive (off and in-season), Transition, with tapering at training camp.
Physiological adaptations/cycles 35 Hypertrophy off-season (4 wks). Strength off, in-season (3, 9 wks). Power off, in-season (3, 9 wks). Transition (2 wks)
Annual 27 “Year round,” “developing a model plan based on yearly observations.»
Multi-cycles 11 Suggesting a monocycle is for novice athletes. Tricycles are recommended only for international athletes.
Miscellaneous 8 “Same exercises during the off-season switch to other exercises during the competitive season”
No answer 31
Table 2.
Determination of training loads.
Higher-order themes Number of responses Select raw data representing responses to this question
%Repetition Maximum 37 Use the maximum weight lifted is recorded.
body weight 19 A fighter doesn’t want to do so much weight, because it inhibits flexibility
progressive training 16 “I like use of FPLP (Flat pyramid loading pattern) method”
Miscellaneous 28 “The amount of overload should be enough for each exercise.”
No answer -
Table 3.
Sets and repetitions used during off-season program.
Higher-order themes Number of responses Select raw data representing responses to this question
Phase and cycle, Sets and repetition range 66 Start by 50% 1RM ,2-3 sets, 15-20 reps; hypertrophy 4 sets, 10 reps; basic strength 3-4 sets, 6-8 reps; strength/power 3-4 sets, 4-6 reps.
Conceptual reply 13 In off-season consists of high volume and low intensity training (weight 50-60% 1RM, 3-5 set; 10-15 reps).
No answer 21
І ПЕДАГОГІКА І та медико-біологічні
проблеми фізичного
виховання і спорту _____________________________________________________________________________________________
and conditioning programs. Responses were analyzed into themes such as (a) equipment, budget, time, (b) change exercises, (c) no changes. These responses to this question are depicted in table 6.
Comments
The final section of the survey was designed to provide the coaches an opportunity to make comments. Seventy-one coaches filled out a variety of comments. These responses are depicted in table
Discussion
This study is first extensive survey IWL S&C practices. The survey response rate 100 of 11З (88.5%) coaches is higher than response rates association with surveys of professional Basketball (69%), baseball
Table 4.
Sets and repetitions used during in-season program.
Higher-order themes Number of responses Select raw data representing responses to this question
Sets and repetition range 72 2-4 set, 4-6 reps; 2-3 set, 3 reps; 2 set, 1RM.
Conceptual reply 8 Depends on time competition, maintenance power and strength by higher intensity and lower volume.
No answer 20
Table 5.
Unique aspect of each IWL strength and conditioning program.
Higher-order themes Number of responses Select raw data representing responses to this question
Assistance exercises 9 “We should recruit smaller muscle groups that can be incorporated into the routine. They can be useful for maintaining a balance.”
Program organization Specificity 9 Training load is dependent on the athlete’s previous training history and athletes’ readiness.
Rest Periods 8 “One minute is suggested for rest periods hypertrophy and rest periods of 3-5 minutes are also recommended for power training.”
Sport specific 6 “In my opinion, agility and speed training can also be integrated into the 2 - 3 day per week conditioning program in in-season such as dummy throw coefficient.”
Evaluation and testing 7 “Except physical fitness tests we need different tests to forecast athletes’ performance,” “we should monitor how our players respond to challenges and difficult situations,” “Watching videotape can give we a fresh perspective on our wrestlers.”
Exercise Injuries 8 “We should be carful abrupt increase in frequency, intensity and duration of exercise, strength, contribute to injuries in athletes.”
Specific exercises listed 28 Wrestlers’ get-ups with resistance 3 sets, 6 reps; Tennis Ball Drop; Power drop; Backward throw.
Miscellaneous 19 “Having a quick reaction time is important for evasion skills of the wrestlers.”
No reply 6
Table 6.
How IWL strength and conditioning coaches would change their programs.
Higher-order themes Number of responses Select raw data representing responses to this question
Equipment, budget, time 7З Shortage (i.e., income, assistant, machine training, floor space, machine testing, time for weight training and develop cardiovascular system)
Change exercises 8 Despite shortages I incorporate technique movements with balance, power, strength, and speed.
No changes 7 “Types changing are risked for adaptation athletes”
No reply 12
sets and reps used in the in-season. These responses to this question are depicted in table 4.
Unique Aspects of the Program
The last section of the survey depends on unique aspects of the IWL S&C programs. The first question in this section of the survey evaluated what they thought was unique about their program. Responses were content analyzed into 9 categories: (a) assistance exercises, (b) program organization Specificity, (c) rest Periods, (d) sport specific, (e) evaluation and testing, (f) exercise Injuries, (g) specific exercises listed, (h) miscellaneous, (i) no reply. Table 5 summarizes the coaches’ responses to this question. Question 2 in this section inquired what coaches would like to do differently with their strength
ПСИХОЛОГІЯ
32014
n
Table 7.
Comments.
Higher-order themes Number of responses Select raw data representing responses to this question
Request for knowledge of the findings 21 “I would to seeing your results finding”
Thanks and appreciation 23 “Thank for your effort”
Forgive 9 “Sorry if not comprehensive data”
Miscellaneous 18 “This study is beneficial and much easier to create a program training”
(70%), hockey (77%) football and (87%) strength and conditioning coaches (12, 13,14, 35), and the response rates of college 29.7% (10), 42.7% (9), 59% (24), and 61.97% (7) strength and conditioning surveys. The higher than response rate was because of the use of interview face-to-face in coaches.
The coaches who responded to this survey averaged
13.16 years of experience, compared with the average experience of S&C coaches in the MLB (5.14 years), NHL (6.28 years), NFL (6.52 years), and the NBA (9.55 years) (12, 13, 14, 35). May be the longer than years of experience was because the coaches have mastered knowing how to preserve your athletes’ confidence. Furthermore, each IWL S&C coaches have one assistant, which is further of reports by other S&C coaches (12, 13, 14, and 35).
All IWL S&C coaches reported testing athletes, results indicate, in part, that coaches assess an average of 7.3 parameters of fitness using 7.8 specific tests, which is similar to the NBA S&C coaches, who tested an average of 7.3 parameters of fitness using 7.8 specific tests (35), and in other surveys of professional S&C practices tested with 3.7-10.0 specific tests (12-14). Similar to survey HS S&C (10) and unlike previous surveys of professional S&C practices (12-14, 35), majority IWL S&C coaches reported testing speed.
Majority of the IWL S&C coaches employed static stretching (80%), whereas 63% these coaches used dynamic stretching, which is very close to that professional S&C practices (12-14, 35), but unlike HS S&C practice; 95% HS S&C coaches used dynamic stretching. In fact recent research suggests that static stretching may not be beneficial before training or athletic performance (44, 45). Dynamic stretching seems to be more appropriate as part of the warm up (23). All IWL S&C coaches trained athletes for speed development, resembling their MLB (30 of 30) and NBA (16 of 20), but is dissimilar to NHL (7 of 23) and NFL (9 of 26) counterparts. Sixty-seven of IWL coaches tested athletes for acceleration, this is greater what were tested by coaches in any of the professional sports previously assessed (12-14, 35). Conversely, body composition was the variable of athlete fitness least tested by IWL S&C coaches (50%), which is less then the NBA (95%) (35), the NHL (87%) (12) and the NFL (77%) (13). More IWL coaches tested muscular (power, strength, endurance), which is consistent with existing literature relating to the large anaerobic and strength/ power components needed for wrestling performance, or maybe were because of the using explosive techniques,
short duration, high-intensity intermittent exercise lasting a total duration of 6 minutes (3 2-min bouts) (8, 25), which is very close to the NHL S&C practices (12). All NHL coaches reported for strength and (19 of 23) coaches tested power. Response rate by IWL coaches was alike the NBA coaches (35). All IWL S&C coaches similar to NBA S&C coaches (35) and HS S&C coaches (10) used plyometrics with their athletes; also this finding is slightly greater in previous surveys of college and professional sports including MLB (95.2%), NHL (91.3%), Division I (90%), and NFL (73%)(12, 13, 14, 24 and 35).
Regarding program design, the average frequency of the IWL coaches’ off-season and in-season training program was 2.68 and 1.89 days a week, respectively, which are less than the previous surveys collage and professional S&C exercises (12-14, 24, 35). A number of coaches commented that they had many training program with superabundant shortage (i.e., assistant, machine training, floor space, machine testing) and little contact time with players during the season in the road. More (83%) of the IWL coaches used Olympic-style weightlifting, this present finding is less than the NHL (100%), HS (97%), NBA (95%), NFL (88%) and Division I (85%); but is greater in contrast to 24% MLB. It seems that for some strength coaches they are the way to go and that for others they are irrelevant and a waste of time. According to reported by IWL coaches, variations squats and Olympic lifts were most important exercises very close to previously surveys professional S&C coaches.
All of the IWL coaches utilized a PM in their programs, compared with 94.7% in the HS, 91.3% in the NHL, 85% in the NBA, and 69% in the NFL (10, 12, 13, 14, 24 and 35).
The practices of IWL S&C coaches are correspond with surveys NBA and NHL practices in aspects: plyometrics, flexibility, infrequent injuries, speed development, periodization and Olympic lifting. Differences include conceptualization of training and testing. The IWL S&C coaches none claimed to use nonperiodized programming, which is contrast with NFL S&C coaches (12, 13, and 35).
Practical applications
This article gives an account of the practices of IWL S&C coaches until will be found in agreement method. Based on the results of the aforementioned studies, Iran wrestling league coaches and the coaches at all levels can use source of data describing wrestling strength and conditioning practices, also can utilize it as a benchmark of strength and conditioning practices and a potential source of new ideas for enhance their programs.
та медико-біологічні проблеми фізичного виховання і спорту
References
1. Arabaci R., Cankaya C. The effect of seasonal training program on some physiological parameters among cadet and junior wrestlers. International Journal of Human Science. 2008, vol.6(4), pp. 1-4.
2. Buford T.W., Rossi S.J., Smith D.B. The effect of a competitive Wrestling season on body weight, hydration and muscular performance in collegiate wrestlers. Journal of strength and Conditioning Research. 2006, vol.20(3), pp. 689-692.
3. Buford T.W., Smith D.B. Seasonal changes of Body Mass, Body Composition, and Muscular Performance in Collegiate Wrestlers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2008, vol.3, pp. 176-184.
4. Callan S.D., Brunner D.M., Devolve K.I., Mulligan S.E., Hesson J., Wilber R.L. Physiological profiles of elite freestyle wrestlers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2000, vol.14, pp. 162-169.
5. Cisa, C.J., Johonson S. Pre season body composition built and strength predictors of high school wrestling success. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research, 1987, vol.1, pp. 66-70.
6. Christian V.K., Seymour J. Specific power adaptations relative to strength: power training. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 1985, vol.7(1), pp. 32-34.
7. Craft J. Football core exercises of selected universities. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 1992, vol.14(5), pp. 13-16.
8. Cipriano N. A technical-tactical analysis of freestyle wrestling. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 1993, vol.7, pp. 133140.
9. Durell D.L., Pujol T.J., Barnes J.T. A survey of the scientific data and training methods utilized by collegiate strength and conditioning coaches. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2003, vol.17, pp. 368-373.
10. Duehring, MD, Feldmann, CR, and Ebben, WP. Strength and conditioning practices of United States high school strength and conditioning coaches. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2009, vol.23(8), pp. 2188-2203.
11. Duncan M.J., Hankey J. Concurrent validity of the backwards overhead medicine ball throw as a test of explosive power in adolescents. Medicine in Sport. 2010, vol.14(3), pp. 102-107.
12. Ebben W.P., Carroll R., Simenz C. Strength and Conditioning Practices of National Hockey League Strength and Conditioning Coaches. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2004, vol.18, pp. 889-897.
13. Ebben W.P., Blackard D.O. Strength and Conditioning Practices of National Football League Strength and Conditioning Coaches. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2001, vol.15, pp. 4858.
14. Ebben Willam P., Hintz Marilyn J., Simenz Christofer J. Strength and Conditioning Practices of Major League Baseball Strength and Conditioning Coaches. 2005, 160 p.
15. Ecerson J., Johanson D. Changes in body composition, strength and muscular power in high school wrestlers. Pediatric exercise science. 1998, vol.1, pp. 39 - 52.
16. Forti D.S. The study of off-season football strength and conditioning programs at selected major colleges. Eugene, Oregon: Microfilm Publications, University of Oregon, 1984, 200 p.
17. Gibala M.J., Little J.P, Essen M.V., Wilkin G.P, Burgomaster K.A., Safdar A. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. Journal of Physiology. 2006, vol.575, pp. 901-911.
18. Horswill C.A. Applied physiology of amateur wrestling. Sports Medicine. 1992, vol.14, pp. 114-143.
19. Horswill C.A., Galea P. Comparison of maximum aerobic power, maximum anaerobic power, and skinfold thickness of elite and none lite junior wrestlers. International journal of Sports Medicine. 1989, vol.10, pp. 165-168.
20. James N. Roemmich, Sinning W.E. Weight lose and wrestling Training: effects on nutrition growth, maturation, body composition and strength. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1997, vol.82(6), pp. 1751-1759.
21. Kelly J.M, Gorni B.A. The effects of collegiate wrestling season on body composition, cardiovascular fitness and muscular strength and endurance. Medicine & Science in Sports. 1978, vol.10(2), pp. 119-24.
22. Kraemer W.J. A series of studies—the physiological basis for strength training in American football: Fact over philosophy. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 1997, vol.11, pp. 131-142.
23. McMillian D.J., Moore J.H., Hatler B.S., Taylor D.C. Dynamic vs,
static stretching warm up: The effect power and agility performance.
Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2006, vol.20, pp. 492-498.
24. Mcclellan T., Stone W.J. A survey of football strength and conditioning programs for Division I NCAA universities. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 1986, vol.8(2), pp. 34—36.
25. Mirzaei B., Curby D.G., Rahmani-Nia F., Moghadasi M. Physiological profile of elite Iranian junior freestyle wrestlers. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2009, vol.23(8), pp. 2339-2344.
26. Mirzaei B., Curby D.G., Rahmani-Nia, Lotfi N. The relationship between flexibility, speed and agility measures of successful wrestlers. Kinaithropomety. UK(Inpress) 2011, 168 p.
27. Mirzaei B., Curby D.G., Lotfi N. Physical fitness measuring of cadet wrestlers. International journal of wrestling and science. 2011, vol.1(1), pp. 53-56
28. National strength and conditioning association. 1988 Role Delineation Study Raleigh: Columbia Assessment Services, Inc. 1988. 60 p.
29. Patton M.Q. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 1990, 216 p.
30. Pullo F.M. A profile of NCAA Division I strength and conditioning coaches. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research. 1992, vol.6, pp. 55-62.
31. Roemmich J.N., Frappier J.P. Physiological determination of wrestling success in high school athletes. Pediatric exercise science, 1993, vol.5(2), pp. 134-144.
32. Roemmich J.N., Sinning W.E. Sport-Seasonal Changes in Body Composition, Growth, Power and Strength of Adolescent Wrestlers. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1996, vol.17(2), pp. 9299.
33. Sharratt M.T., Taylor A.W., Song T.M.K. physiological profile of elite Canadian Freestyle wrestlers. Canadian journal of applied sport sciences. 1986, vol.11(2), pp. 100-5.
34. Shriver L.H., Betts M.E. Changes in bodyweight, body composition, and eating attitudes in high school wrestlers. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 1986, vol.19, pp. 424-432.
35. Simenz C.J., Dugan C.A., Ebben W.P. Strength and Conditioning Practices of National Basketball Association Strength Coaches. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2005, vol.19(3), pp. 495-504.
36. Song T.M.K., Garvie G.T. Anthropometric, flexibility, strength and physiological measures of Canadian wrestlers and comparison of Canadian and Japanese Olympic wrestlers. Canadian journal of applied sport sciences. 1980, vol.5, pp. 1-8.
37. Stine G., RatliffR., Shirman L. Physical profile ofwrestler al the NCAA champion ships. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1998, vol.1, pp. 135-138.
38. Sutherland T.M., Wiley J.P. Survey of Strength and Conditioning Services for Professional Athletes in Four Sports. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 1997, vol.11, pp. 266-268.
39. Terbizan D.T., Seljevold PJ. Physiological profile of age-group wrestling. Journal of sport medicine and physical fitness. 1996, vol.36(3), pp. 178-85.
40. Terry H., Glen G. Influences of Body-Size Variables on Age-Related Increases in Isokinetic Peak Torque in Young Wrestlers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2010, vol. 24(9), pp. 2358-2365.
41. Vardar S.A., Tezel S., Ozturk L., Kaya O. The relationship between body composition and anaerobic performance of elite young wrestlers. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2007, vol.6, pp. 34-38.
42. Whitley J.D, Montana L. Relation between reaction time and movement time in college wrestlers. Perceptual and motor skills. 1992, vol.1, pp. 171-176.
43. Yoon J. Physiological profile of elite senior wrestlers. Sports Medicine. 2002, vol.32, pp. 225- 233.
44. Marek S.M., Cramer J.T., Fincher A.L. Acute effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on muscle strength and power output. Journal of Athletic Training. 2005, vol.40, pp. 94-103.
45. Carmer J.T., Housh T.J., Weir J.P. The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output, electromyography, and mechanomyography. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2005, vol.93, pp. 530-539.
І ПЕДАГОГІКА I
э
2014
Информация об авторах:
Джамсиди - фар Саеед: ORCID: 0000-0002-7761-4356;
saeedjamshidifar@yahoo.com; Университет Гуилан; п/я 1438, Рашт, Иран.
Мирзеаи Бахман: ORCID: 0000-0003-3723-7434; bmirzaei2000@ yahoo.com; Университет Гуилан; п/я 1438, Рашт, Иран.
Дамирчи Арсалан: ORCID: 0000-0002-3442-0631; damirchi@guilan. ac.ir; Университет Гуилан; п/я 1438, Рашт, Иран.
Information about the authors:
Jamshidi - far Saeed: ORCID: 0000-0002-7761-4356; aeedjamshidifar@ yahoo.com; University of Guilan; P.O Box 1438, Rasht, Iran.
Mirzeai Bahman: ORCID: 0000-0003-3723-7434; bmirzaei2000@ yahoo.com; University of Guilan ; P.O. Box 1438, Rasht, Iran.
Damirchi Arsalan: ORCID: 0000-0002-3442-0631; damirchi@guilan. ac.ir; University of Guilan; P.O. Box 1438, Rasht, Iran.
Цитируйте эту статью как: Джамсиди - фар Саеед, Мирзеаи Бахман, Дамирчи Арсалан. Сила и хорошая физическая форма в практике соревнований по борьбе в Иране в мнениях тренеров по физической подготовке // Педагогіка, психологія та медико-біологічні проблеми фізичного виховання і спорту. - 2014. - № 8 - С. 34-45. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1022954
Электронная версия этой статьи является полной и может быть найдена на сайте: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/html/arhive.html
Это статья Открытого Доступа распространяется под терминами Creative Commons Attribution License, которая разрешает неограниченное использование, распространение и копирование любыми средствами, обеспечивающими должное цитирование этой оригинальной статьи (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.ru).
Cite this article as: Jamshidi - far Saeed, Mirzeai Bahman, Damirchi Arsalan. Strength and conditioning practices of iran wrestling league strength and conditioning coaches. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2014, vol.8, pp. 34-45. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1022954
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/html/arhive-e.html
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en).
Дата поступления в редакцию: 28.03.2014 г. Опубликовано: 05.04.2014 г.
Received: 28.03.2014 Published: 05.04.2014
