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ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (51), 2023 УДК 327.7:614.2
Дия Алииях Бинти Азван, студентка международного медицинского института Курского государственного медицинского университета, Курск, Россия
email: [email protected]
Ноор Ханна Бинти Азхам Малик, студентка международного медицинского института Курского государственного медицинского университета, Курск, Россия
email: [email protected]
Мухаммад Хазик Бин Хазлан, студент международного медицинского института Курского государственного медицинского университета, Курск, Россия
email: [email protected]
РОЛЬ ВОЗ В ГЛОБАЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЕ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ
Аннотация: ВОЗ является ведущим и координирующим органом в области здравоохранения в рамках системы Организации Объединенных Наций. Он отвечает за определение направления исследований в области глобального здравоохранения, определение норм и стандартов, изложение альтернатив политики, основанной на фактических данных, предоставление правительствам технической поддержки, мониторинг и оценку тенденций в области здравоохранения и так далее. В XXI веке защита здоровья человека требует как коллективной защиты от глобальных опасностей, так и справедливого доступа к базовому лечению.
Ключевые слова: ВОЗ, система здравоохранения.
Dyia Aliyyah binti Azwan, student of the International Medical Institute, Kursk
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (51), 2023 State Medical University, Kursk, Russia email: dyiaaliyyah 12 @gmail .com
Noor Hanna binti Azham Malik, student of the International Medical Institute, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
email: [email protected] Muhammad Haziq bin Hazlan, student of the International Medical Institute, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia email: haziqbaik 15 @gmail .com
WHO'S ROLE IN GLOBAL HEALTH SYSTEM
Abstract: WHO is the leading and coordinating body for health within the United Nations system. It is in charge of setting the direction for global health research, defining norms and standards, outlining evidence-based policy alternatives, offering governments technical support, monitoring and evaluating health trends, and so on. In the twenty-first century, protecting one's health requires both collective defense against global dangers and fair access to basic treatment. Key words: WHO, health system
The World Health Organization (WHO) is the United Nations agency in charge of international public health efforts. The WHO has recorded both successes, such as eradicating smallpox, and perceived failures, such as its delayed response to the Ebola outbreak in 2014 [6]. In response, the WHO has implemented reforms to enhance its capability to prevent future epidemics and improve the health of the hundreds of millions of people who remain in extreme poverty [8]. However, the WHO is facing an uphill battle to loosen its rigid bureaucracy, and it is dealing with an increasingly difficult budget [9]. The COVID-19 outbreak has proven to be another tremendous problem for the health service, raising new discussion over its efficacy.
Globalization presents opportunities and difficulties for the distribution of health
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (51), 2023 globally. As demonstrated by the quick spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), globalization has also worsened health disparities that already exist between and within countries and has been linked to the international markets of unhealthy consumption patterns. Therefore, the main issue with 20th century globalization is related to externalities and global inequalities, not just in terms of health but also in terms of other social and economic indicators. The fairness of investment and trade agreements, the state of the political economy, and the effectiveness of the multilateral global health system all play a role in how the benefits of globalization on health are distributed among different nations. Some significant issues that are beyond the control of individual states are brought about by globalization. It takes the collective support and cooperation of the global health society to prevent the continuation of a global class of very poor nations that are excluded from most of the advantages of the global economy [9].
The environment in which WHO operates is getting more complicated and shifting quickly. The lines between global health and other fields that have an impact on health outcomes and possibilities have blurred. To address these issues, WHO has a six-point agenda. The six points cover two health-related goals, two strategic requirements, and two practical methods. Health in the twenty-first century is a collective responsibility, requiring fair access to basic services and group defence against global threats. WHO is undergoing reform to better prepare it to handle the 21st century's population health challenges, which are becoming more and more complex. The WHO must be adaptable enough to respond to this changing environment, which includes both persistent issues and fresh, emerging threats to public health [1].
Firstly, promoting development, because health has gained more attention than ever in the last ten years as a major factor in socioeconomic development, and more money is now being dedicated to it than ever before. However, poor health continues to be a factor in poverty, and widespread poverty is a result of poor health. The ethical equity principle guides the development of health which is access to interventions that can save lives or improve health shouldn't be restricted for unjust reasons, including
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (51), 2023 those that have social or economic roots. By adhering to this principle, WHO initiatives for health development will prioritize the health of underprivileged or vulnerable groups. The cornerstones of the development and health agenda are preventing and treating chronic diseases, addressing neglected tropical diseases, and achieving the health-related Millennium Development Goals [5, 6].
Secondly, fostering health security because collective action is required due to shared security vulnerabilities to health security threats. Emerging and pandemic diseases pose one of the biggest threats to global health security. These outbreaks are becoming more common because of factors like accelerated urbanization, poor environmental management, the production and trade of food, and improper use of antibiotics. Since the revised International Health Regulations went into effect in June 2007, the ability of the world to defend itself against outbreaks has improved [5].
Thirdly, strengthening health system Health services must be accessible to underserved and underprivileged populations for health improvement to function as a poverty-reduction strategy. Because many health systems around the world are incapable of doing so, WHO has made strengthening health systems a top priority. The provision of sufficient funding, adequate staffing levels, appropriate systems for gathering vital statistics, and accessibility to appropriate technology, including necessary medications, are among the issues being addressed [5].
Fourthly, harnessing research, information, and evidence by setting priorities, defining strategies, and evaluating results are all based on evidence. In collaboration with top experts, WHO develops authoritative health information that is used to establish norms and standards, present evidence-based policy options, and track the development of the global health situation.
Fifthly, enhancing partnerships by numerous partners, including UN agencies, other international institutions, donors, civil society, and the private sector, assist and collaborate with WHO in carrying out its work. The WHO encourages partners implementing programs within countries to align their efforts with the best technical practices and guidelines as well as with the priorities set by those nations by leveraging
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (51), 2023 the strategic power of evidence [5].
Lastly, improving performance by WHO participates in ongoing country- and international-level reforms aimed at enhancing its effectiveness and efficiency. WHO wants to make sure that its staff, which is its most valuable resource, works in a setting that is inspiring and rewarding. A results-based management approach is used by WHO to plan its budget and activities, with specific expected results to gauge performance at the national, regional, and global levels [5].
WHO fulfils its objectives through its core functions and WHO's primary activities enable it to achieve its goals which are assuming a leadership role in health-related issues and joining forces with others where cooperation is required. Next, directing research priorities and encouraging the creation, application, and dissemination of useful knowledge. Other than that, setting norms and standards, promoting their adoption, and ensuring that they are followed. Moreover, articulating morally sound and fact-based policy options. Next, offering technical assistance, igniting change, and developing long-term institutional capacity. Lastly, observing the state of health and identifying health trends [6]. The 11th General Programme of Work, which establishes the framework for the organization's overall program of work, budget, resources, and outcomes, lays out these core duties. Its name is "Engaging for health," and it spans the ten years from 2006 to 2015.
Actions taken to advance global public health goals can also be categorized as global health functions. These initiatives are out of the purview of individual governments and non-profits organizations, but they are advantageous to all nations, even at the national level. The following are examples of global health goods: international health advocacy; application of bio-ethical and civil rights instruments; monitoring of diseases and risks; direct international action; funding for critical health issues; and application of norms and guidelines. Examples of such activities include the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2001 World Health Day focus on mental health as a global health primary consideration, WHO's promotion of international ethics and human rights through legal instruments, and WHO leadership in developing
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (51), 2023 global norms and standards such as the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the WHO International Sanitary Regulations [2, 6].
Health systems around the world is essential in improving health and life expectancy. WHO is the main reference at global level across the world. Therefore, WHO must be adaptable enough to respond to this changing environment, which includes both persistent issues and fresh, emergent dangers to public health [2]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO has been operating in accordance with its primary responsibilities for pandemic management. Due to the unclear fast changing circumstances and a lack of information and scientific expertise about the virus and the sickness during the COVID-19 pandemic, the WHO's role as a source of information and knowledge distribution agency proved to be crucial [8]. In future, WHO is expected to improve its credibility by focusing on guaranteeing the organization's openness, political and commercial neutrality, and adoption of evidence-based decisions and policies [5].
References:
1. Ruger, J. P., & Yach, D. (2009). The Global Role of the World Health Organization. Global health governance : the scholarly journal for the new health security paradigm, 2(2), 1-11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/artices/PMC3981564/
2. Jong-wook, L. (2003). Global health improvement and WHO: shaping the future. The Lancet, 362(9401), 2083-2088. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15107-0
3. Mala Rao & Eva Pilot (2014). The missing link - the role of primary care in global health, Global Health Action, 7:1. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.23693
4. (John Rose MD; Thomas G Weiser MD; Leona Wilson FANZCA; Prof Stephen W Bickler MD, 2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70087-2
5. Sundholm, M. (2018, November 19). WHO: World Health Organisation.
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (51), 2023 Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on
Youth. https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/09/who-world-health-organisation/
6. Moon S. (2014). WHO's role in the global health system: what can be learned from global R&D debates?. Public health, 128(2), 167-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2013.08.014
7. Aginam O. (2006). Globalization of health insecurity: the World Health Organization and the new International Health Regulations. Medicine and law, 25(4), 663-672. https: //pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/17263033/
8. Kuznetsova, L. (2020, September 8). COVID-19: The World Community Expects the World Health Organization to Play a Stronger Leadership and Coordination Role in Pandemics Control. Frontiers. https: //www.frontiersin. org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00470/full
