CC BY
19Salamov O.,
Leading Researcher, Doctor of Philosophy in Physics, Associate Professor Institute of Radiation Research of NAS of Azerbaijan,
Mamedova L.,
Associate Professor, Department of Ecology, Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction,
Aliyev F., MEA Vice President Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering International Eco-Energy A cademy, Gasimova S.
Senior Lecturer of the Department of Ecology Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction
DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2021-27114-40-50
RESOURCES OF WIND ENERGY AVAILABLE IN THE APSHERON PENINSULA OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR EFFECTIVE USE
Abstract.
The paper analyzes in detail the indicators of the meteorological stations installed on the Apsheron Peninsula, referring, according to the frequency distribution of various instantaneous wind speeds, to zone A, and it is revealed that in these territories the average annual wind speed is 5,9^7,9 m/s. For these meteorological stations, at different average annual wind speeds, the numerical values of the repetition rates, in the annual cycle, in hours and in relative units, are determined and the results are shown in the table. During the study, first of all, we used the average monthly and average annual values of the wind speed observed at the height of the weather vane (9^12 m), and then, by calculation, the numerical values of the average monthly, average annual and instantaneous wind speeds were determined. up to 150 m (every 10 m), which are shown in the form of a table and graph. The paper also gives the possible number of working hours and quiet hours of high-speed and low-speed wind power units (WPU), within one year, for the meteorological stations of Sumgait, Baku and Mashtagi. Analyzing the existing wind regimes, the possibilities of using WPU, with different capacities on the Absheron Peninsula, for individual and public purposes were indicated.
Keywords: wind cadastre, isodynamics, wind regimes, meteorological stations, weather vane, average wind speed, instantaneous wind speed, characteristics of repetition of instantaneous wind speed, calm hours, wind power unit.
Introduction
Azerbaijan is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of solar and wind energy resources. As it is known, the operating modes of both of these energy sources change depending on weather conditions and time, and in many cases this change is stochastic. If the solar radiation changes gradually by parabolic law during the day in clear sunny weather, the same cannot be said for wind regimes. Thus, the wind speed, even for a short time, still does not remain constant and in most cases changes stochastically. Therefore, when using wind energy, it is extremely important to know exactly the wind potential that exist in those areas. In the " Laboratory of Transformation of Renewable Energy Sources" of the Institute of Radiation Problems of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, valuable research work in the field of both solar and wind energy has been carried out for many years, a number of experimental devices have been created and successfully tested in Baku. [1-9]. Unfortunately, the laboratory did not conduct cadastral research on the existing solar and wind regimes in the area where the facilities are located, but some measurements were carried out.
Detailed research on wind regimes in most parts of Azerbaijan was carried out only in the 1970s of the last century. It was conducted by researchers A.A.Alizadeh and V.I.Yesman, at the Institute of Energy named after I.G.Yesman, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and a very complete wind cadaster was
developed [10]. Fariver Hurmuz, N.V.Krasovsky, G.L.Zolotarev, N.V.Malinovsky, L.M.Logov, A.A.Madat-zade, A.G.Kaverskaya, K.X.Safarov, A.A.Zanina and others did some work in this area and prepared relevant materials, but these materials were not comparatively analyzed, summarized and consisted only on collection of unrelated data [11-16]. Taking into account the results of measurements carried out in different areas of the former USSR, including meteorological stations on the Absheron Peninsula, the USSR climatological information book is published in city of Leningrad provides superficial information about wind potential in several regions of Azerbaijan
[16]. Afterwards, by prof. V.M.Madatzadeh provided relatively detailed information on typical wind regimes of the Absheron Peninsula, especially the city of Baku
[17].
However, since then due to various changes in wind regimes in the Absheron Peninsula for various reasons over the past half-century, the information provided in the most of the works above does not reflect the current situation realistically. Taking this into account, the wind regimes existing in all regions of Azerbaijan, the distribution graphs of its instantaneous speed for different average wind speeds, as well as the number of calm hours of rest during the year and month were re-examined by us, and in this case not only at the heights which weather vane is installed, but also possible wind regimes at altitudes of 150 m and more (up to 2 km) have been theoretically determined [18].
The total territory of Azerbaijan is divided into three zones, A, B and C, according to wind regimes and distribution characteristics of wind frequency characteristics. In this case, Zone A includes the Absheron Peninsula and adjacent areas, where the average annual wind speed is more than 4 m/h. Zone B includes the Caspian coastal narrow strip, the Kursakh coastal plains, where the average annual wind speed varies between 2.0 and 4.0 m/s at the height which weather vane is installed, as well as the territories of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and some lowland regions. Finally, zone C includes the regions of the North-West zone along the foothills of the Greater Caucasus Mountains, as well as most of the regions located in the territory of Karabakh. Due to the fact that the average annual wind speed is less than 2.0 m/s for the areas of this zone, these areas are not considered to be very efficient in terms of wind energy use [18].
As a result of the research, it was found that more than 60% of Azerbaijan's wind potential is concentrated in zone A, Absheron Peninsula. Considering this, the current study examines the existing wind regimes in the area and systematizes the results of measurements carried out at the installed meteorological stations to give the distribution characteristics of different gradations of wind speed, as well as the number of hours of rest. Since all this information is exceptionally
Table 1
Average monthly and average annual wind speeds prices determined on the basis of measurements made at the height (hj- = 9 + 12 m) at which the flyer is installed
important in terms of assessing the efficiency of wind energy use in these areas, scientific research on these issues is carried out and the results obtained are given concisely.
Methodology of research work
In Absheron peninsula, including Baku city, it is necessary to know the available wind potential/modes, the frequency of distribution of gradations and its instantaneous speed for different average wind speeds, as well as the numerical values of average monthly wind speeds for the meteorological stations considered in the first place to determine the number of possible wind calm hours during the month and year. Table 1, shows the average monthly and annual wind speeds determined based on the results of measurements taken at meteorological stations installed in the Absheron Peninsula, at altitudes h^ = 9 ^ 12 m (at heights where
weather vane are installed).
As can be seen, the average annual wind speed in all meteorological stations installed on the Absheron Peninsula is sufficient for the normal operation of various types of wind turbine (WT), including WPP. As for the average monthly wind speed values, the amplitude differences of these prices from the average annual price are different.
Meteorological stations Months Average annual speed, m/s
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Absheron-Peninsula 7,6 8,4 8,8 8,0 7,6 7,6 7,8 8,0 7,6 7,7 7,6 7,8 7,9
Pirallahi Island 8,5 8,4 8,7 7,6 7,1 7,7 7,9 7,5 7,7 7,7 8,0 7,9 7,9
Sumgait 7,8 6,9 7,5 7,0 6,6 6,3 7,2 7,4 6,8 7,1 6,8 6,6 7,0
Mardakan 7,2 7,5 7,6 7,0 6,7 7,0 7,3 6,3 6,5 6,3 6,7 6,6 6,9
Baku 6,7 6,5 7,3 6,5 6,4 6,7 6,6 6,8 6,4 6,3 5,9 5,4 6,5
Mashtaga 6,6 6,1 6,7 6,0 5,9 5,7 6,6 5,8 5,1 5,3 5,4 5,1 5,9
A Vmonth , m/s 1.5
-1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
months
Fiqure 1. Amplitude changes of the average monthly wind speed relative to the average annual speed at the meteorological stations installed on the Absheron Peninsula: 1 - Pirallahi island; 2 - Absheron Peninsula; 3 - Sumgait; 4 - Mashtaga; 5 - Baku;
42
TECHNICAL SCIENCE / «©SLyOMUM-JMTMaL» #27(114), 2©2U
In Fiqure 1, graphically shows the changes in the amplitude of the average monthly value of wind speed around its average annual value for several meteorological stations installed in the Absheron Peninsula. As can be seen from Fiqure 1, except for Sumgayit and Baku meteorological stations, in all other meteorological stations in the Absheron region (Pirallahi Island, Absheron-Peninsula, Mashtaga) the largest positive amplitude change of average monthly wind speed occurs in March. As for Sumgayit and Baku stations, in accordance, this situation is observed in January and July. Observing the maximum amplitude with a positive sign in the winter is a decent thing from an energy point of view, as it is in the months when the demand for energy increases that favorable conditions are created for the WPP to produce more energy. As for the months when there is no difference between the average monthly and average annual wind speeds, i.e. no change in amplitude, such cases occur in July and December at Pirallahi Island station, April at Sumgayit station, February and April at Baku station and May at Mashtaga station. As for the maximum value of the change in the amplitude of the negative sign (head minimum), this is observed at the Baku meteorological station in December and is AV =- 1.1 m/s. This is the case five times for the Absheron Peninsula meteorological station in January, May, June, September and November, in May for the Pirallahi Island meteorological station, in June for the Sumgayit station, and in September and December at the Mashtaga station. In general, the analysis of the results of measurements carried out at meteorological stations located on the Absheron Peninsula shows that the meteorological station with the largest amplitude change around the average annual velocity of wind is the Baku meteorological station. Thus, the maximum head observed at the station in July is +1.0 m/s, and the head minimum observed in December is -1.1 m/s.
The next places are Pirallahi Island, Mashtaga, Sumgayit and Absheron-Mayak stations. In fact, for Zone A, where the average annual wind speed is above 4.0 m/s, such amplitude changes between the average monthly values of its speed have a negative effect on the performance of all types of KM, including large-capacity WPP. The reason is that for the average monthly velocities of the wind, which differ from each other by a maximum of 1.9 m/s, the distribution frequencies of different gradations of its instantaneous speed, especially gradations between 9.0+25.0 m/s operated by the nominal output power of WPP -It is not significantly different from each other. Thus, for a small power WPP, the minimum operating speed of the wind is 3.5 + 4.0 m/s, the initial limit of the nominal operating speed is ~ 9.0 m/s, and the final limit of the nominal output power is kept stable at 25 m/s. For a large power WPP, each of these values is conditionally shifted to the right, i.e to the multiplier, with a minimum operating speed of ~ 5.0 m/s and an initial limit of rated operating speed (sufficient wind speed to
reach the rated output power of the WPP). The minimum value of which is 10,0+12,0 m/s, and the maximum limit of the nominal operating speed is 25,0+30,0 m/s. In this case, the minimum operating speed of the wind for any WPP and the initial limit of the nominal operating speed are selected taking into account a number of factors, including: wind wheel (WW) design, diameter and angular velocity, number of wings and aerodynamic coefficients, that is, the coefficient of lifting force, the coefficients of face resistance and pressure, the coefficient of force acting on the sides, the coefficient of braking, and so on. Other parameters that significantly affect the aerodynamic characteristics of the WW are the wings and angles (the angle between the direction of the wind and the chords of the wings), the angles that characterize the quality and profile of the wings, as well as the relative opening factor of the wings is defined as the ratio [19-21]. The maximum operating speed of the wind that provides the nominal output power of the WPP is selected taking into account the relatively stable maintenance parameters of the WPP output parameters, especially the voltage amplitude and current frequency. At the same time, it is important to take into account the characteristics of the change in the frequency of repetition of the gradations of its instantaneous speed at different values of the average monthly wind speed. Details will be announced later. As for the effect of the value of the amplitude differences of the average monthly wind speeds on the efficiency of the WPP, as mentioned earlier, it can be said that the average monthly wind speeds for all meteorological stations listed in Table 1 do not differ much from the average annual speed. Similarly, the distribution characteristics of different gradations of instantaneous wind speed differ little from each other. The gradations, where the repetition coefficients differ more sharply, fall into the regions where the wind speed is less than the minimum operating speed, and in this case, as WPP does not produce energy, these cases do not matter. In the range of 4.0 +9.0 m/s of instantaneous wind speed, the WPP cannot operate at rated output power, so the energy produced by WPP in that wind speed range is the sum of the total energy produced by it in a specific time (day, month or year). 20,0+21,0%, and given that this energy is produced, the WPP cannot be connected to the maximum load, and if this is attempted, then the frequency of the current and the amplitude of the voltage exceed the allowable minimum, so this is also an exception does not matter and can only be considered suitable for the supply of low-demand employers. So, the main range of instantaneous wind speed of interest is in the range of 9.0+25 m/s. For most WPPs, the maximum operating speed of the wind is 25+30 m/s due to the fact that the recurrence of gradations of instantaneous wind speed above 25 m/s is rare, and the recurrence of that gradation during a specific period (day, month, year) The coefficient does not exceed 0.006, the explanation of which will be given later.
AVdqy,m/s
4
/ 5 t \ 6
/ 3 < \\ _
O ^ X \ >
P/X 1 v>
/.y^ r T/x 7 A K\X / JV
// V, C 3 rrr^J
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
months
Fiqure 2. Changes in the amplitude of instantaneous wind speed during the day for different months of the
year at meteorological stations installed on the Absheron Peninsula: 1 - Absheron Peninsula; 2 - Pirallahi island; 3 - Sumgait; 4 - Mardakan; 5 - Baku; 6- Mashtaga
It is also important to study the changes in the amplitude of the instantaneous wind speed during the different months in order to more accurately assess the possibility of using wind energy. Such research was conducted for meteorological stations located on the Absheron Peninsula and these characteristics were determined based on the results of numerous measurements. Fiqure 2, shows the amplitude changes of the average daily wind speed around the average monthly speed for Absheron-Mayak, Pirallahi Island, Sumgayit, Mardakan, Baku and Mashtaga meteorological stations. As can be seen, the maximum amplitude changes of wind speed during the day are observed more sharply at Mardakan and Mashtaga meteorological stations. The station with the least amplitude change in wind speed during the week is the Absheron-Peninsula station. For Mashtaga and Mardakan stations, the maximum change in wind speed during the day occurs in April and is 4,0 and 4,2 m/s, respectively, which means that these areas are shaded on one side and open to the sea, and finally can be explained by the effect of turbulent north winds observed in spring. In addition, both stations correspond to grades 4-5 of the Grenovich classification according to the shading coefficient [10,18]. Due to the fact that there are no real obstacles in the vicinity of the Absheron-Peninsula station and the flyer is installed in the open, this area belongs to the 2nd class according to Grinovich classification, and there is a real possibility for wind to enter the station with equal turbulent flow. In Mashtaga and Mardakan meteorological stations, in some months of the year (e.g., April-June, August) the instantaneous wind speed changes to the maximum amplitude during the day, so at certain times of the day the instantaneous wind speed is 3,0^4,0 m/s. and 1R 12 m/s, which allows the WT to operate at nominal output power for most of the day, especially WPPs with large output power. As a result, both the efficiency of the WPP and its overall energy production increase. Each of these six stations has very favorable conditions for the use of wind energy, especially in terms of the application of large-capacity, industrial-scale WPP (with an output capacity of up to
2.5 MW). A wind farm can be built in these areas, especially in the Caspian Sea, where the depth does not exceed 30 m. As previously, wind regimes in the Caspian Sea itself were not regularly studied, the main work is underway in this direction, and possible wind regimes, including the appropriate wind cadaster, are being developed in areas suitable for the establishment of the Caspian Sea Wind Park. However, when preparing such cadaster's, it is necessary to take measurements at meteorological stations as close to each other as possible, at least for ten years (usually 20 years or more). For now, it seems realistic that the potential of wind energy in the areas where all meteorological stations of the Absheron Peninsula are installed, including the Caspian Sea, is quite large and can be used with maximum efficiency. This is allowed by the values of average monthly and average annual wind speeds determined as a result of long-term measurements carried out at meteorological stations installed on the coast [10, 18].
In a number of literatures, when calculating the energy production of WT, as well as their output power, their diameters, in particular, the average monthly and average annual wind values are taken as the main parameters [19-21]. However, it is not enough to know only the average monthly and average annual values of wind speed at the height at which the flyer is installed in order to accurately determine the efficiency of various types and constructions, including WPP, and its daily, monthly and annual energy production. To do this, first determine the values of the average monthly wind speeds in the upper and lower parts of the WW axis and its receiving surface in general (at an altitude of 150 m or more), as well as possible wind regimes at that altitude, especially the average monthly wind speed and in annual values, it is necessary to know the repetition coefficients of its instantaneous velocities (in units or in hours), as well as the number of hours of rest during the month and year.
We conducted such studies for meteorological stations located in the Absheron Peninsula and determined the repetition coefficients of its instantaneous velocities at the values of 5,0^9,0 m/s of
44 TECHNICAL SCIENCE / «CQLiyOMUM-JOUrMaiL» #27(114), 2021
also provides the main lines of use of this method. Thus, as can be seen from Table 1, the average monthly wind speed values for the opposite months at all meteorological stations differ significantly from the average annual price. On the other hand, the first row greatly improved the number of days in the months, which in turn affected the repetition coefficients of the different gradations of its instantaneous speed for the average wind speeds. Therefore, after accurately determining the monthly repetition coefficients of different gradations of instantaneous wind speed, it is more accurate to apply the monthly repetition coefficients for the day, taking into account the number of days of the month. For this purpose, we have developed a special methodology and based on this methodology, correction factors have been determined for different months of the year [11].
Table 2
Numerical estimates of the coefficients of repetition of different gradations of its instantaneous speed during the year in hours and as part of a unit for the average annual values of wind speed observed at meteorological stations installed on the Absheron Peninsula_
the average monthly wind speed at the height at which the flyer was installed, every 0,2 m/s. Table 2 shows the numerical values of the coefficients of repetition of different gradations of its instantaneous speed during the year, both in hours and as part of the unit, for the average annual values of wind speed observed at the meteorological stations installed on the Absheron Peninsula. Figure 3 shows the year-round repetition curves of the instantaneous wind speed gradations for the Absheron Peninsula (also Pirallahi Island), Sumgayit, Baku and Mashtagha stations, in which the repetition coefficients are expressed in hours.
WPP continues to accurately determine daily and monthly energy production in different months of the year, not only is it not accurate to calculate the coefficients of recurrence in the annual service of different gradations of instantaneous wind speed, but it
instantaneous wind speed,
m/s
Names of meterological stations ^ and average annual values of wind speed m/s
Absheron-Peninsula -7.9
Sumgait - 7.0
Mardakan - 6.9
Baku - 6.5
Mashtaga -5.9
Repetition coefficients of different gradations of instantaneous wind speed during the
hour rel.unit hour rel.unit hour rel.unit hour rel.unit hour rel.unit
0 0 0 2 0,0002 2 0,0002 3 0,0003 7 0,0008
0.5 6 0,0007 17 0,0019 18 0,0021 31 0,0035 63 0,0071
1 614 0,0700 726 0,0828 749 0,0854 802 0,0915 903 0,1030
2 710 0,0810 805 0,0918 828 0,0945 877 0,1000 993 0,1133
3 736 0,0840 830 0,0947 842 0,0961 876 0,0999 985 0,1124
4 734 0,0837 810 0,0924 824 0,0940 859 0,0980 928 0,1059
5 714 0,0815 776 0,0885 776 0,0885 806 0,0919 840 0,0958
6 672 0,0767 719 0,0820 716 0,0817 741 0,0845 752 0,0858
7 618 0,0705 649 0,0740 653 0,0745 662 0,0755 666 0,0760
8 570 0,0650 579 0,0661 579 0,0661 579 0,0661 565 0,0645
9 517 0,0590 508 0,0580 508 0,0580 495 0,0565 469 0,0535
10 460 0,0525 438 0,0500 438 0,0500 428 0,0488 386 0,0440
11 403 0,0460 377 0,0430 373 0,0426 355 0,0405 307 0,0350
12 355 0,0405 316 0,0360 311 0,0355 290 0,0331 241 0,0275
13 302 0,0345 263 0,0300 259 0,0295 232 0,0265 184 0,0210
14 259 0,0295 210 0,0240 206 0,0235 184 0,0210 140 0,0160
15 215 0,0245 175 0,0200 167 0,0191 147 0,0168 105 0,0120
16 178 0,0203 140 0,0160 132 0,0151 103 0,0118 76 0,0087
17 148 0,0169 114 0,0130 100 0,0114 81 0,0092 52 0,0059
18 124 0,0141 88 0,0100 80 0,0091 60 0,0068 38 0,0043
19 104 0,0119 66 0,0075 60 0,0068 45 0,0051 27 0,0031
20 85 0,0097 48 0,0055 45 0,0051 32 0,0037 21 0,0024
21 68 0,0078 35 0,0040 32 0,0037 22 0,0025 14 0,0016
22 54 0,0062 22 0,0025 22 0,0025 18 0,0021 9 0,0010
23 42 0,0048 18 0,0021 15 0,0017 13 0,0015 9 0,0010
24 32 0,0037 13 0,0015 10 0,0011 9 0,0010 5 0,0006
25 22 0,0025 9 0,0010 7 0,0008 7 0,0009 3 0,0003
26 14 0,0016 5 0,0006 4 0,0005 4 0,0005 2 0,0002
27 6 0,0007 4 0,0005 3 0,0003 3 0,0003 1 0,0001
28 2 0,0002 3 0,0003 2 0,0002 2 0,0002 1 0,0001
29 1 0,0001 1 0,0001 1 0,0001 0 0 0 0
30 1 0,0001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
«ШУУШШШИМ-ЛШИГМаУ» #27®И), 2021 / TECHNICAL SCIENCE
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The purpose of determining the resource characteristics of wind energy, in particular, the coefficients of hourly repetition of different gradations of instantaneous speed for different average monthly and annual speeds, as well as the total number of hours of rest per day, month and year. It is necessary to take into account the specific characteristics of the WW itself, in particular, the graphs of the dependence of the output power on the instantaneous wind speed, as it consists of the study of the conversion of energy into energy and the possibility of its efficient use. As it is known, small power (up to 10 kW) WPP, which is usually intended for individual use, operates at wind speeds above 4 m/s, accumulates speed and power at 4+10 m/s, 10+25 m/s operates at rated output power in the range.
Given this, it is considered expedient to make the parameters given in Table 2 more suitable for the
T-Z hour
1100
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100
calculation of energy production of WPP for a certain period of time, and the instantaneous wind speed is less than 4 m/s, in the range of 10+25 m/s and 25 m/s. The coefficients for gradations above / s were grouped, and these coefficients were determined as a sum for individual gradation groups, rather than separately for each gradation. Table 3 shows the values of these coefficients. To make it clearer, using the indicators in Table 3, graphs of the repetition coefficients determined as the sum of the instantaneous wind speed for the individual gradation groups were plotted against the average annual wind speed (Fiqure 3). As can be seen from Fiqure 3, the higher the average annual wind speed in the area where the WPP is installed, the higher the value of the repetition coefficient for the instantaneous wind speed gradation group 9,0 < 25,0 m/s (curve 3).
Л
,2
T + ht h+E
i Tn
% h
JO; h 1+- /3
Dfc.
1 ИПпг
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Fiqure 3. For metered annual velocities of wind at meteorological stations located on the Absheron Peninsula, hourly repetition curves of different gradations of its instantaneous velocity during the year: 1 - Mashtaga; 2 - Baku; 3- Sumgait; 4 - Absheron Peninsula v3 Pirallahi Island for meterological stations
Because these gradations of instantaneous wind speeds fall in the area where most WPPs operate at rated output, the amount of daily, monthly, and annual energy they produce in that area is much higher, and the efficiency of wind energy use increases significantly under the same external conditions. As can be seen from curves 1 and 2, the values of the repetition coefficients for the gradation groups of instantaneous wind speed < 4,0 m/s and 4,0 < 9,0 m/s gradually decrease with the average annual wind speed, and in the first case this decrease is even greater takes on a sharp character.
Such a sharp dependence of these coefficients on the average annual wind speed is a positive thing. Thus, as mentioned above, WPP does not operate and does not produce any energy at gradations of instantaneous wind speed < 4,0 m/s. Therefore, when calculating the monthly and annual energy production by calculation,
the higher the value of the repetition coefficient for that gradation, the lower the amount of energy production.
Such cases are usually observed in areas where the average annual wind speed is lower than 4,0 m/s (for example, areas belonging to zones B and C of the Republic of Azerbaijan) [10,18]. The repetition coefficients for the gradation groups with instantaneous wind speeds of 4,0 < 9,0 m/s play an important role in theoretically determining the energy production of WPPs, although most types of WPPs cannot operate at rated load in that area, but separately - can work on loads as a separate group. In some cases, especially for small WPPs, in the range of 4,0 < Vi < 9,0 m/s of
instantaneous wind speed, it is not possible for the WPP to operate directly on the power generators and it is connected to the accumulation system. Therefore, the values of the repetition coefficients of the instantaneous
46 TECHNICAL SCIENCE / «COLLOMUM-jaurnaL» #27(114), 2021
multiplier and power generator. to determine the output power in different gradations of speed by reporting. In the next stage, the total power produced by the WPP in the WW in different gradation groups of instantaneous wind speed is multiplied by the coefficients of repetition of different instantaneous wind speed gradations and the total number of hours per year (8766 hours) and the results obtained. The amount of energy that can be produced in a year can be determined more accurately. However, all the parameters given in Table 3 are self-evident when calculating the energy output of a small power WPP with a tower height of up to 15 m and intended for individual use. When determining similar characteristics for WPPs with greater power, it is necessary to take into account possible wind regimes at altitudes of 150 m and more.
Table 3
For the average annual values of wind speed observed at meteorological stations operating in the Absheron Peninsula, the numerical values of the coefficients of repetition of different gradations of its
wind speed for this gradation group must be taken into account when calculating energy production.
Since the repetition coefficients given in Table 3 are determined based on the average annual wind speeds observed at the relevant meteorological stations, these coefficients can only be used directly in determining the annual energy production of the WPP. In this case, two methods are usually used: 1) to determine the output power of the WPP from the experimentally derived dependence characteristic of that power at different gradations of the instantaneous wind speed; 2) Dependence of the relative strength of the wind flow on the surface of the WW on the wind speed, the area of the surface of the WW receiving the wind flow, the wind energy utilization factor, as well as the wind speed of the WPP, taking into account the
instantaneous wind speed, m/s Names of meterological stations and average annual values of wind speed m/s
Absheron Peninsula -7.9 Sumgait - Mardakan - 6.9 Baku - 6.5 Mashtaga -5.9
Repetition coefficients of different gradations of instantaneous wind speed during the
hour rel.unit hour rel.unit hour rel.unit hour rel.unit hour rel.unit
< 4 2066 0,2357 2380 0,2715 2439 0,2782 2589 0,2953 2951 0,3364
4 734 0,0837 810 0,0924 824 0,0940 859 0,0980 928 0,1059
5 714 0,0815 776 0,0885 776 0,0885 806 0,0919 840 0,0958
6 672 0,0767 719 0,0820 716 0,0817 741 0,0845 752 0,0858
7 618 0,0705 649 0,0740 653 0,0745 662 0,0755 666 0,0760
8 570 0,0650 579 0,0661 579 0,0661 579 0,0661 565 0,0645
9 517 0,0590 508 0,0580 508 0,0580 495 0,0565 469 0,0535
10-25 2851 0,3252 2332 0,2660 2257 0,2575 2026 0,2311 1617 0,1845
> 25 24 0,0027 13 0,0015 10 0,0011 9 0,0010 4 0,0005
In order to study the possibility of uninterrupted satisfaction of consumer demand, when calculating the energy production that WPP can produce in different months of the year, as well as during the day, as mentioned above, using the coefficients in Table 3, different gradations of instantaneous wind speed It is necessary to determine the monthly values of the repetition coefficients, for which purpose we also use correction factors, which we have developed a special methodology for determining the numerical values, using the following empirical formulas [11]:
¡ a
year aver
Ts- month T r month
KV Vaver
Ty month Ty month ts- month Kd - KV ■ KT
Ts-month_ -\r
KT ~ N month
In
month aver
where - coefficient, K
month
relative unit, which
distinguishes the average monthly wind speed from its
average annual speed; V™°"th - average monthly wind
speed, m/s (given in Table 1 for meteoro-logical stations installed in the territory of Abshe-ron Peninsula); Vya - average annual wind speed, m/s
(given in Table 1); Km^" - coefficient, relative unit, which distinguishes the real number of days of the month from the average monthly number; Nmnth - real number of days of the month, days (for February Nmonth = 28,25 accepted); N^" - average number of
rmont
aver = Nyear /12 = 30,417X
days of the month, days (N
- monthly value of the adjustment factor, part of the unit.
In order to determine the daily energy production of WPP, first using Table 3, the hourly values of the coefficients of repetition of different gradations of instantaneous wind speed for all meteorological stations installed on the Absheron Peninsula were determined, which are given in Table 4.
Fiqure 4. Graphs of repetition rates coefficients of different gradations of instantaneous wind speed determined
as a group depending on the average annual wind speed:
1 - V < 4,0 m/s; 2 - 4,0 <Vi < 9,0 m/s; 3 - 9,0 < Vi < 25,0 m/s
Table 4
Numerical values of the coefficients of repetition of different gradations of instantaneous wind speed
V' , m/s qr 7 Absheron-Peninsula Sumgait Mardakan Baku Mashtaga
< 4 5,657 6,516 6,677 7,087 8,074
4 2,009 0,222 2,256 2,352 2,542
5 1,956 2,124 2,124 2,206 2,299
6 1,841 1,968 1,961 2,028 2,059
7 1,692 1,776 1,788 1,812 1,824
8 1,560 1,586 1,586 1,586 1,548
9 1,416 1,392 1,392 1,356 1,284
10-25 7,805 6,384 6,180 5,546 4,428
> 25 0,065 0,036 0,026 0,024 0,012
To determine the monthly values of the energy produced by the WPP, the numerical values of the repetition coefficients expressed in hours per month are determined using the daily repetition coefficients of the different gradations of the instantaneous wind speed given in Table 4. To determine these coefficients accurately, using formula (1), first the coefficients
K
month and Kmonth
then the monthly values of the
correction coefficient Km°nth, which are given in
Table 5, were determined.
Since the output power of a WPP is directly proportional to the cube of the wind speed and the square of the diameter of the WW, when designing a large-scale industrial-scale WPP, of course, in terms of both safety and energy efficiency, the surface
roughness is just as much. For example, the axis of the FL 2500 WPP, with a diameter of 90 m, is installed at a height of 90 m above the Earth's surface, with the minimum and maximum of the circle drawn by its wing as it rotates, ie the circular surface of the wind heights are 45 m and 135 m, respectively. Therefore, in order to more accurately determine the amount of energy that this type of WPP can produce per day, month and year, it is necessary to determine the possible wind regimes at these altitudes. For this purpose, taking into account the average monthly and average annual values of wind speed for different meteorological stations at the height at which the flyer is installed (Table 1), the average monthly and average annual and severe instantaneous wind speeds of 150 m It was determined by reporting how it changed at altitudes up to The results are given in Table 6.
Table 5
Average monthly prices for meteorological stations installed on the Absheron Peninsula, Km>nth taking into account the monthly values of the coefficient A™^ and A^™^ determined by the formula of
coefficients (1)
Meterological stations indexs. Monthly indexs
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
t^ month Aj 1,019 0,929 1,019 0,986 1,019 0,986 1,019 1,019 0,986 1,019 0,986 1,019
Absheron-Peninsula Ts-m°nth KV 0,962 1,063 1,114 1,013 0,962 0,962 0,987 1,013 0,962 0,975 0,962 0,987
jy month Ad 0,944 1,144 1,093 1,027 0,944 0,976 0,969 0,994 0,976 0,957 0,976 0,969
Pirallahi island ry month KV 1,076 1,063 1,101 0,962 0,899 0,975 1,000 0,949 0,975 0,975 1,013 1,000
jy month Ad 1,056 1,144 1,080 0,976 0,882 0,989 0,981 0,931 0,989 0,957 1,027 0,981
Sumgait jy month KV 1,114 0,986 1,071 1,000 0,943 0,900 1,029 1,057 0,971 1,014 0,971 0,943
month Ad 1,093 1,061 1,051 1,014 0,925 0,913 1,010 1,037 0,985 0,995 0,944 0,925
Mardakan month KV 1,043 1,087 1,101 1,014 0,971 1,014 1,058 0,913 0,942 0,913 0,971 0,957
jy month Ad 1,024 1,170 1,080 1,028 0,953 1,028 1,038 0,896 0,955 0,896 0,944 0,939
Baku ry month KV 1,031 1,000 1,123 1,000 0,985 1,031 1,015 1,046 0,985 0,969 0,908 0,831
month Ad 1,012 1,076 1,102 1,014 0,967 1,046 0,996 1,026 0,999 0,951 0,921 0,816
Mashtaga month KV 1,119 1,034 1,136 1,017 1,000 0,966 1,119 0,983 0,864 0,898 0,915 0,864
month Ad 0,993 1,113 1,115 1,031 0,981 0,980 1,098 0,965 0,876 0,881 0,928 0,848
Table 6
Dynamics of change of average monthly and average annual wind values for Mashtaga meteorological _station depending on the altitude up to 150 m__
H, m Avarage monthly speeds, m/s Avarage annual speed, m/s
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
10 6,6 6,1 6,7 6,0 5,9 5,7 6,6 5,8 5,1 5,3 5,4 5,1 5,9
20 7,26 6,71 7,37 6,60 6,49 6,27 7,26 6,38 5,61 5,83 5,945,61 5,61 6,49
30 7,72 7,14 7,84 7,02 6,90 6,67 7,72 6,79 5,97 6,20 6,32 5,97 6,90
40 8,05 7,44 8,17 7,32 7,20 6,95 8,05 7,08 6,22 6,47 6,59 6,22 7,20
50 8,32 7,69 8,44 7,56 7,43 7,18 8,32 7,31 6,43 6,68 6,80 6,43 7,43
60 8,51 7,87 8,64 7,74 7,61 7,35 8,51 7,48 6,58 6,84 6,97 6,58 7,61
70 8,71 8,05 8,84 7,92 7,79 7,52 8,71 7,66 6,73 7,00 7,13 6,73 7,79
80 8,84 8,17 8,98 8,04 7,91 7,34 8,84 7,77 6,83 7,10 7,24 6,83 7,91
90 9,04 8,36 9,18 8,22 8,08 7,81 9,04 7,95 6,99 7,26 7,40 6,99 8,08
100 9,17 8,45 9,31 8,34 8,20 7,92 9,17 8,06 7,09 7,37 7,51 7,09 8,20
110 9,31 8,60 9,45 8,46 8,32 8,04 9,31 8,18 7,19 7,47 7,61 7,19 8,32
120 9,44 8,72 9,58 8,58 8,44 8,15 9,44 8,29 7,29 7,58 7,72 7,29 8,44
130 9,50 8,78 9,65 8,64 8,50 8,21 9,50 8,35 7,34 7,63 7,78 7,34 8,50
140 9,64 8,91 9,78 8,76 8,61 8,32 9,64 8,47 7,45 7,74 7,88 7,45 8,61
150 9,70 8,97 9,85 8,82 8,67 8,38 9,70 8,53 7,50 7,79 7,93 7,50 8,67
As can be seen from Table 6, in September and December, when the average monthly wind speed in the area where the Mashtaga station is installed is the lowest at the height at which the flyer is installed, the same indicator is 7.5 m/s at an altitude of 150 m. Of course, since these figures are higher at other meteorological stations installed on the Absheron Peninsula, there is no doubt that the use of any type of wind turbines (vertical or horizontal axis of rotation) with both small and
large output power thro-ughout the year in the Absheron Peninsula, including Baku and Sumgayit can give high efficiency. Thus, although the values of average monthly and average annual speeds vary depending on altitude, as in Table 6, the instantaneous wind speeds vary over a larger range and are the optimal conditions for wind electric motors to operate at maximum speed in all months of the year. This can be seen in the graphs of high-speed instantaneous wind speed changes in the Absheron Peninsula described in Figure 4: Curves 1, 2, and 3 in Figure 4 correspond to
the values of the instantaneous instantaneous wind speed at 25, 30, and 35 m/s at the height at which the flyer is installed (at a height of 10 m). As can be seen, even at an altitude of 10 m, the instantaneous wind speed is 25 m/s. At an altitude of 150 m, its value is up to 28 m/s, which is an indication that large wind turbines, usually with a wind wheel axle distance of 100 m or more, can operate efficiently anywhere in the Absheron Peninsula.
In order to more accurately determine how efficient the use of wind energy is, it is necessary to know the total number of hours of idle time of any type of wind turbine during the year. As is well known, the minimum operating speed of the ash required for different types of wind turbines to start is different.
Results
1. As a result of long-term measurements at meteorological stations installed in the Absheron Peninsula, it was found that the average annual wind speed in the areas where these meteorological stations are located is 5,9+7,9 m/s, which is very favorable in terms of wind energy use.
2. It has been determined by the report that even in the areas where the average annual wind speed is the lowest, there is a wind regime suitable for the normal operation of a large strong Wind Energy Engine at an altitude of 150 m.
3. For a slow-moving Wind Power Engine, their use may be considered more efficient as there are fewer quiet hours per year.
For example, if the minimum operating speed is 3 m/s for a slow-moving wind engine with a more perfect design, especially for a vertical-axis wind engine, this figure is at least 6 m/s for a fast-moving wind engine. Taking this into account, the number of days in which both slow and sharp wind engine, as well as wind power engine in Sumgayit, Baku and Mashtagha worked and rested during the year is given, which are given in Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5. were determined by reporting using indicators. The results are given in Table 7. As can be seen, both types of wind turbines have a sufficient capacity to run for a year, which again shows the efficient use of wind energy throughout the Absheron Peninsula. According to this indicator, the most favorable conditions exist in the area where Sumgayit meteorological station is located.
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Figure 5. Graphs of change of high instantaneous wind speed in Absheron peninsula depending on height: Curves 1, 2 and 3 correspond to the values of the instantaneous wind speed
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Table 7
Operating and idling times of slow and fast wind engine
Weather stations Average annual wind speed, m/s Slow wind engine ( Vmin = 3m/s) Fast wind engine ( Vmin = 6m/s)
Operation duration, per day Silence duration, per day Operation duration, per day Silence duration, per day
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Baku 7,0 255 110 197 168
Mashtagha 5,83 241 124 180 185
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