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28Статья поступила в редакцию 10.06.09. Ред. рег. № 709
The article has entered in publishing office 10.06.09. Ed. reg. No. 709
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ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЭНЕРГИИ ВЕТРА В УСЛОВИЯХ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА
112 О.М. Саламов , Ф. Ф. Мамедов , У. Ф. Самедова
1Институт радиационных проблем Национальной Академии наук Азербайджана АЗ1143, Баку, ул. Ф.Агаева, 9. Тел. (+994 12) 4383224; Факс (+994 12) 4398318 E-mail: [email protected] 2Институт почвоведения и агрохимии Национальной Академии наук Азербайджана АЗ1073, Баку, ул. М. Ариф, 5. Тел/факс: (+99412) 4383240
Заключение совета рецензентов: 20.06.09 Заключение совета экспертов: 25.06.09 Принято к публикации: 30.06.09
В работе рассматриваются возможности использования энергии ветра в различных регионах Азербайджана. Изучены ветровые режимы как на высоте установления флюгера h = 10 м, так и на высотах до 150 м, в частности, были определены среднемесячные и среднегодовые скорости ветра, амплитуды суточных колебаний, главные минимумы по месяцам, скорости порывистых ветров, повторяемости скоростей ветра, а также длительности энергетического затишья. В результате проведенных измерений и расчетов метеостанции Азербайджана объединены в три группы с достаточно однородными повторяемостями (зоны А, Б и В). Были определены оптимальные высоты установления ветроколеса для всех регионов, входящих в зоны А, Б и В. Установлено, что в зоне А целесообразно использование быстроходных ветродвигателей (ВД) мощностью до десятка МВт, служащих для выработки электрической энергии, а в зонах Б и В -тихоходных, а также роторных ВД мощностью до 100 кВт.
Ключевые слова: ветроэнергетика, ветродвигатели (ВД).
PROSPECTS OF WIND ENERGY APPLICATION IN AZERBAIJAN O.M. Salamov1, F.F. Mammadov1, U.F. Samadova2
'Institute of Radiation Problems, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences 9 F.Aghayev str., Baki, AZ1143, Azerbaijan Tel.: (+994 12) 4383224; Fax: (+994 12) 4398318 E-mail: [email protected] 2Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences 5 M.Arif str., Baki, AZ1073, Azerbaijan. Tel/fax: (+994 12)4383240
Referred: 20.06.09 Expertise: 25.06.09 Accepted: 30.06.09
The resources of a wind energy application in different regions of Azerbaijan were reviewed in the work. The wind conditions were studied at the heights of h = 10 m where the weathervane had been installed, as well as up to 150 m, in particular, the average monthly and average annual wind speed, the amplitudes of a diurnal oscillation, the principal monthly minimums, flaw speeds, the repeatability of wind speeds and also an energy calm duration were determined. At the result of the carried out measurements and calculations the weather stations of Azerbaijan were combined into three groups with sufficiently similar repeatabilities (A, B and C zones). The optimal height of installing the wind wheel was specified for all regions being parts of A, B and C zones. It was established that in A zone high speed windmill (WM) with 10 MW power serving for electricity generation was applied and in B and C zones - a low speed WM as well as a rotor-type WM with 100 kW power.
Октай Мустафа
оглы Саламов
Сведения об авторе: канд. физ.-мат. наук, профессор, д-р наук Международной экоэнерге-тической академии по развитию альтернативной энергетики, ведущий научный сотрудник Института радиационных проблем Национальной Академии наук Азербайджана.
Образование: Электротехнический факультет Азербайджанского технического университета (1973 г.).
Область научных интересов: солнечная и ветровая энергетика, математическое моделирование альтернативных энергоустановок различного назначения, водородная энергетика и теплоэнергетика, в частности, горячее водоснабжение и теплоснабжение с применением комбинированных солнечно-ветровых энергоустановок, разработка следящих систем для автоматического наведения концентрирующих зеркал на солнце, антикоррозионных систем для катодной защиты металлических сооружений от электрохимической и электрической коррозии, а также оптимизирующих, дозирующих и защитных устройств различной модификации.
Публикации: более 95 работ, в том числе 17 авторских свидетельств СССР и 12 патентов Азербайджана.
International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology № 1 (81) 2010
© Scientific Technical Centre «TATA», 2010
Recently great attention has been paid to a complex use of different types of energy resources, improvement of an energy transformation, accumulation and transfer methods as well as expanding the scale of their application to the energy balance of the future ecologically clean alternative energy sources one of which is a wind energy generated at the expense of nonuniform heating of the Earth surface by solar rays [1-3]. Wind energy resources are practically inexhaustible and their amount equals to 1.58-10 kW-h per year. In comparison with other conventional energy resources, in particular, liquid and solidones, expenses are not spared for a wind energy "production" and transportation. However, the utilization of wind energy both at sea and on land is connected with some complications which are mainly conditioned by an arbitrary change of both its speed and direction. A local wind speed in many respects depends on environment, in particular, the presence of hills, trees, buildings, mountains, cliffs and so on. Therefore, during conducting meteorological observations the nomenclature of shadiness conditions both of a weather vane or an anemometer and windmill (WM) should be taken into account, which has been subdivided into eight classes in accordance with Prof. Greenwich's classification.
In a boundary layer the wind speed considerably depends on the height of a wind wheel (WW) installation and air density, which can be determined corresponding to the following simplified exponential equation [4]:
vH = V (H/h)) = yhKrec, (1)
where Vh - average annual wind speed in the vicinity of the Earth at h height (height of a weather vane installation), m/s; H - height of a wind wheel installation, m; a - non-dimensional power exponent, the value of which depends on an atmospheric stability and a surface roughness; VH - average annual wind speed at H height, m/s; Krec - non-dimensional recalculation coefficient.
It has been established [5, 6] that with rise in the average wind speed a value decreases, i.e. a wind speed increase in proportion to heights is insignificant at high wind speeds.
Wind speed can quickly change from a meteorological zero up to a gusty which should be taken into consideration during selecting WM types and constructions. An average monthly wind speed significantly differs from its average annual values characterized by an amplitude change in both directions which is conditionally identified by the signs + or -.
In the works [1-6] the opportunities of wind energy utilization in a number of foreign countries, in particular, in the USA, England, in the territory of the former USSR as well as in other developed countries taking into account local climatic, meteorological and geographical conditions have been examined. Though in the work [5]
some information has been given about the wind resources of Azerbaijan (for example, the weather stations, installed correspondingly in Baku, Gil-Gilchay, Mashtaga, Bine and Sumqayit), this is not enough for a unique determination of the opportunities of wind energy utilization along the whole territory of the Republic. The objective of the work is to study the wind resources of Azerbaijan and reveal the prospects of wind energy application in Azerbaijan taking into consideration the climatic and meteorological conditions of the Republic.
It is necessary to mention that already in the middle of the last century in Institute of Energy named after V.I. Esmann of Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR certain studies have been carried out on a wind cadastre and an isodynamic map of Azerbaijan SSR has been made with different isodynamic lines of wind speeds (to 4 m/s and higher) [7]. According to the map after stepwise specification the weather stations installed in different regions of the Republic have been combined into three groups. The first group is composed of the weather stations located in Absheron and along the narrow coastal strip of the Caspian Sea (Sumqayit, Mashtagha, Bine, Baku, Puta, Alat and Kultuck Island). This group is conditionally named a group of the weather stations with an A-type frequency distribution (A zone) which are characterized by a high repeatability of the winds with the speeds useful for a practical wind energy utilization applying both a low-power (to 10 kW), a low-speed WM of different use and a high-power WM assigned for an electricity generation.
The weather stations installed in the Kura lowland (Agstafa, Qazakh, Tovuz, Goychay, Yevlakh, Ganja, Tartar, Sabirabad, Salyan, Shirvan, Bilasuvar, Beylagan, Shamkir, Gazimammad, Astara, Lankaran, Julfa, Lerik, Gadabay etc.) belong to the second group. This group is conditionally named a group of the weather stations with a B-type frequency distribution (B zone) which are characterized by high repeatability of the winds with the speeds useful for a practical wind energy utilization applying both a low-power (to 10 kW), low-speed WM with sequent energy accumulation generally assigned for providing the electricity and non-electricity needs of energy consumers. In order to use a high-speed WM it's necessary to select an optimal height of a WW installation from the Earth surface for each district included into this zone.
The third group (C zone) is composed of the weather stations installed in mountainous and several low-lying regions of the Republic (Fizuli, Agdam, Yardymli, Dashkasan, Khankandi, Shusha, Lerik, Zardab, Jabrayil, Kalbajar, Lachin, Zangilan, Shahbuz, Quba, Shamakhi, Ismailli, Qabala, Oguz, Shaki, Zaqatala, Balakan and Qakh). In the work [7] as B zone is of no interest for a practical wind energy utilization, furthermore it hasn't been studied and authors have satisfied with only the fact that the histograms designed according to the given weather stations of this zone are combined into three subgroups with strongly elongated left parts characterrized by corresponding wind speeds to 1.0, 0.8 and 0.5 m/s. The
Международный научный журнал «Альтернативная энергетика и экология» № 1 (81) 2010 © Научно-технический центр «TATA», 2010
opportunities of wind energy utilization in the regions included into this zone will be considered below too.
In accordance with the given long-term meteorological studies (for 20 years) it has been established that the histograms of all weather stations of A zone, except the weather stations in Puta and Alat, are extremely similar, and the latter ones differ from others for a highly-developed left part characterized by a big amount of a wind repeatability with the speeds lower than 2.0 m/s. This is most likely conditioned by the impact of the branches of the Greater Caucasian Mountain Range. The histograms of the weather stations included into the second (B zone) and third (C zone) groups are also characterized by a highly-developed left part (with corresponding wind speeds to 1.5 and 1.0 m/s) and steep slope of the right edge branch (almost a with wind speed not higher than 10-15 m/s).
Taking into account the long-term anemometric measurements conducted at 182 weather stations located in corresponding zones of the Republic, the diurnal behaviour of average wind speeds have been determined. In Table 1 the average monthly and the annual wind speeds for several selected weather stations located correspondingly in A, B and C zones (the height of the weather vane installation h = 10 m), which have been determined taking into consideration the moments of the principal minimums as well as the magnitude of their relative irregularities are shown.
As it's shown in Table 1, in most cases the breaking of the principal minimum is observed in November-December. This is typical both for Absheron, the coastal zone of the Caspian Sea and the Kura lowland and some mountainous districts of the Republic, for instance, Zaqatala, Khankandi, Dashkasan and others. At several weather stations the breaking of the principal minimum is observed in a spring period (Pirallahi and Jiloy islands in May, Yardymli in March), Sumgait in June, Shaki in July, Shusha and Mingachevir in August, Shamakhi in September, Lerik and Jabrayil in October. And in some points the principal minimum is registered twice and more: Absheron-lighthouse in January, May-June, September and November; Mardakan in August and October; Astara in May, July and September; Gadabay in June and September.
March is characteristic for Absheron as a month of most intensive winds, though in some cases much stronger winds are observed in other months: January in Sumgait, July in Baku, Puta, Shubana.
For the coastal zone of the Caspian Sea the winter minimums and the spring maximums of wind intensity and sometimes the presence of the second maximum in a summer time are characteristic.
Kura lowland differs for higher wind speeds in spring-summer time and a lower intensity in winter. This is also observed in Ganja, where the maximum of wind intensity breaks in April, and the minimum in December.
In the mountainous districts located on the northwestern part of the republic (Qabala, Zaqatala, Qakh, Balakan, Oguz, Shaki and others) wind conditions don't
fall under systemization, except for the fact that in these districts most intensive winds are observed in summer, and weak winds in autumn and winter.
More essential average monthly wind speed fluctuations, which carry an anomalous character, are observed in Nakhichevan and in Julfa. Moreover, as it's shown in Table 1, the principal minimum equals to 20% in all three zones for some weather stations. This testifies that at the specified weather stations a big seasonal wind speed amplitude variation is observed and it makes quite efficient the utilization of wind energy in these regions of the Republic for the provision of consumers' seasonal needs. Some contradictions between the exponents of the weather stations in B and C zones are connected with the openness rate of the weather vane, as well as the effect of several statistic and relief parameters. At the result of the additional anemosurveys using portable weather stations supplied with a weather vane capable to change the height of a wind-receiving device (detector), it has been determined that the data given in Table 1, is rather underestimated. For instance, according to Table 1 the average annual wind speed for Salyan city equals to 3.1 m/s and it can't be characteristic for the whole region.
This is associated with that the weather station in Salyan is located within the bounds of the city which corresponding to shadiness conditions is relevant to a 6 class by Greenwich. In case of supplying shadiness conditions in accordance with 5 class and installing the weather vane at 16 m height the average annual wind speed increases up to 4.1 m/s, i.e. the level which is sufficient for the practical utilization of wind energy, taking into account that the minimal average annual wind speed for the practical utilization of wind energy is 4 m/s. The similar situation is observed in Absheron-Peninsula too. If according to the isodynamic line the average annual wind speed on the Peninsula (on the western part of Baku city) equals to 6-7 m/s, then the anemosurveys testify that at separate points of the Peninsula, in particular, at the peaks of the hills the average annual wind speed reaches 10 m/s and more. Serious objections are caused by the isodynamic lines shown for the mountainous districts of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus (Quba, Khachmaz, Shamakhi, Ismailli, Qabala, Oguz, Shaki, Zaqatala, Balakan, Qakh and others) and Talysh Mountain (Masalli, Lerik, Astara, Lankaran, Jabrayil and so on) too. Some discrepancies are observed on the isodynamic lines at the weather stations installed in the high-mountainous districts of Mountainous Garabagh (Khanlar, Khankendi, Shusha, Lachin, Kalbajar, Qubadli, Zangilan etc.) too. All these differences are conditioned by the fact that the results of the studies carried out at the weather station located in the high-mountainous districts can't be representative for the whole surrounding territory. And here no reduction can help, because even if we take into consideration the shadiness of the weather vane installed in the settlement and surrounded by trees and buildings, it's all the same difficult to specify the wind speed at the point situated not far from the weather station.
International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology № 1 (81) 2010
© Scientific Technical Centre «TATA», 2010
Таблица 1
Среднемесячные и среднегодовые скорости ветра для выборочных метеостанций, установленных соответственно, в зонах A, B и С Азербайджана (высота флюгера h = 10м )
Table 1
Average monthly and average annual wind speed for the selected weather stations installed correspondingly in А, B and C zones of Azerbaijan (the height of a weather vane installation h = 10 m)
Average monthly wind aped, m/sec VH , Principal minimum, %
I II II IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII m/sec
Absheron-lig 7.6* 8.4 8.8 8.0 7.6* 7.6* 7.8 8.0 7.6* 7.7 7.6* 7.8 8.0 5
Pirallahi isl. 8.5 8.4 8.7 7.6 7.1* 7.7 7.9 7.5 7.7 7.7 8.0 7.9 7.8 9
Sumgayit 7.8 6.9 7.5 7.0 6.6 6.3* 7.1 7.4 6.8 7.1 6.8 6.6 7.0 10
Puta 6.9 7.4 7.5 7.2 7.0 8.1 8.1 7.8 6.5 6.2 5.4* 5.5 7.0 23
1) tí о Mardakan 7.2 7.5 7.6 7.0 6.7 7.0 7.3 6.3* 6.5 6.3* 6.7 6.6 6.7 6
N < Baku 6.7 6.5 7.3 6.5 6.4 6.7 6.6 6.8 6.4 6.3 5.9 5.4* 6.5 17
Mashtaga 6.6 6.1 6.7 6.0 5.9 5.7 6.6 5.8 5.1* 5.3 5.4 5.1* 5.8 12
Kizil Burun 3.8 3.7* 4.2 4.7 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 3.7* 4.0 3.7* 4.2 12
Alat 4.1 3.9 4.7 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.0 4.8 4.2 4.0 3.8* 3.8* 4.2 9
Kultuch isl. 3.7 3.8 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 3.8 3.8 3.4* 3.4* 4.0 15
Ganja 2.9 3.3 3.8 3.9 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.1 2.9 2.5* 2.7 3.2 22
Salyan 3.1 3.3 3.7 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.7* 2.7* 3.1 13
Lankaran 2.7* 2.8 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.7* 3.1 13
Tartar 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.9 2.5* 2.8 2.9 14
Astara 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.7* 2.8 2.7* 2.9 2.7* 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.9 7
Jabrayil 2.9 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.5* 2.6 2.9 17
Mingachevir 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.4* 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.7 11
1) tí О N Nakhichevan 1.1 2.0 2.7 3.1 2.6 3.0 3.9 3.8 3.3 2.6 1.8 1.0* 2.6 61
Julfa 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.2 3.7 5.7 5.2 3.3 1.6 1.1* 1.3 2.6 58
Щ Yevlakh 2.1 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.6* 2.5 36
Agstafa 2.2 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.7 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.5* 2.5 40
Kurdamir 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.8* 1.9 2.3 22
Lerik 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.6* 2.4 2.5 2.3 30
Gadabay 3.0 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.0 1.8 1.7* 1.9 1.7* 1.8 2.1 2.6 2.3 26
Shirvan 1.8 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7* 2.2 23
Sabirabad 1.9 2.2 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.6* 1.8 2.2 27
Khachmaz 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.6* 2.1 24
Fizuli 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.9 1.8* 1.9 2.0 10
Dashkasan 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.7* 2.0 15
Shamakhi 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.7* 2.0 20
Agdam 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6* 1.9 16
ä о N Shaki 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.5* 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 21
Zardab 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.3* 1.8 28
и Khankandi 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.3* 1.7 24
Yardymli 2.2 2.1 1.3* 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.9 1.6 19
Shusha 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.3* 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 13
Zaqatala 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9* 1.2 25
Qabala 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.5* 0.6 0.8 38
Международный научный журнал «Альтернативная энергетика и экология» № 1 (81) 2010 © Научно-технический центр «TATA», 2010
In consequence with the conducted long-term anemometrical measurements it has also been established that the more the average annual wind speed is, the less its variation coefficient is. For instance, if for A zone the variation coefficient changes within 5.7 and 8%, then for B and C zones their values reach correspondingly 11.8% and 31.1%.
Besides the above-mentioned factors, another important circumstance should be mentioned that after making the first isodynamic map on the wind resources of the Republic of Azerbaijan first Mingachevir, then Shamkir (at the end of XX century) water power plant have been built, which result in an essential change of climatic conditions observed in adjacent regions of the Republic, as well as wind conditions in the direction of
the average annual wind speed and its working speed increase.
To judge for the data shown in Table 1 it can be concluded that under the conditions of Azerbaijan for the efficient utilization of wind energy only those regions are available which belong to an A-type frequency distribution (A zone). However, hereinafter it has been determined that practically in all regions of the Republic the efficient utilization of wind energy is possible for which it's necessary to install a wind wheel at the optimal height Hopt from the Earth surface that varies
from Ganja (B zone) to Qabala ^ zone) within quite wide bounds.
Таблица 2
Среднегодовые скорости ветра на различных высотах и оптимальные высоты ВК для некоторых выборочных метеостанций зоны В и С
Table 2
Average annual wind speed at different heights and optimal heights of a WW installation for the weather vane for various selected weather stations of B and C zones
Weather station Average annual wind speed, m/s, at the height H, m Optimal height of WW, m
10 30 60 90 120 150
Ganja 3.20 4.19 4.96 5.47 5.89 6.21 25.0
Salyan 3.10 4.06 4.81 5.30 5.70 6.01 28.5
Lankaran 3.10 4.06 4.81 5.30 5.70 6.01 28.5
Jabrayil 2.94 3.85 4.56 5.03 5.41 5.70 35.5
Tartar 2.86 3.75 4.43 4.89 5.26 5.55 39.0
Astara 2.86 3.75 4.43 4.89 5.26 5.55 39.0
Mingachevir 2.73 3.58 4.23 4.67 5.02 5.30 48.0
ä о N Nakhichevan 2.62 3.43 4.06 4.48 4.82 5.08 56.0
Julfa 2.59 3.39 4.01 4.43 4.77 5.02 59.0
m Yevlakh 2.50 3.28 3.88 4.28 4.60 4.85 68.5
Agstafa 2.50 3.28 3.88 4.28 4.60 4.85 68.5
Lerik 2.33 3.05 3.61 3.98 4.29 4.52 91.0
Kurdamir 2.30 3.01 3.57 3.93 4.23 4.46 96.5
Gadabay 2.30 3.01 3.57 3.93 4.23 4.46 96.5
Sabirabad 2.22 2.91 3.44 3.80 4.08 4.31 111.0
Khachmaz 2.10 2.75 3.26 3.59 3.86 4.07 139.0
Dashkasan 2.00 2.52 3.64 4.18 4.60 4.96 79.5
Fizuli 2.00 2.52 3.64 4.18 4.60 4.96 79.5
Shamakhi 2.00 2.52 3.64 4.18 4.60 4.96 79.5
Shaki 1.90 2.39 3.46 3.97 4.37 4.71 92.5
Agdam 1.90 2.39 3.46 3.97 4.37 4.71 92.5
и Ö о Zardab 1.80 2.27 3.28 3.76 4.14 4.46 109.0
N О Khankendi 1.67 2.10 3.04 3.49 3.84 4.14 135.0
Yardymli 1.58 1.99 2.88 3.30 3.63 3.92 160.5
Shusha 1.54 1.94 2.80 3.22 3.54 3.82 173.0
Zaqatala 1.20 1.51 2.18 2.51 2.76 2.98 365.0
Qabala 0.80 1.01 1.46 1.67 1.84 1.98 1220.0
International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology № 1 (81) 2010
© Scientific Technical Centre «TATA», 2010
For the indicated purpose the calculated values of the average annual wind speeds have been first found at 10150 m heights applying the equation (1), then the optimal heights of a WW installation have been determined, at which the average annual wind speeds exceed 4 m/s. In order to set the functional dependences between recalculation coefficient Krec and the height H aA = 0.143; aB = 0.245; aC = 0.335 have been correspondingly accepted as power exponents for A, B and C zones. Moreover, the results mentioned in the works [4-6] as well as the possible variations of the indicated power exponents aA = 1/7 ± 0.05; aB = 1/4 ± 0.05; aC = 1/3 ± ± 0.05 have been taken into consideration. In Fig.1 the graphic dependences of the recalculation coefficient Krec and the values of the average annual wind speeds
VH )
V / a
correlation
V) IVH)
. v ' ave / v 'a
■10 are shown. In the
given case the values of the average annual wind speeds for A, B and C zones found by a calculation method taking into account the data of the long-term anemometric measurements at the standard height level of a weather vane installation h = 10 m have been
accepted as (Vh) , the numerical values of which equal
\ ' ave
correspondingly to (vh) = 6.1 m/s; (vh)
V / ave V Ia
= 2.6 m/s and
V )c
a
= 1.7 m/s.
In Table 2 the results of calculating the average annual wind speeds are given for the selected values of height H, in particular, at H = 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 m.
As it's shown in the Fig. 1 and Table 2 despite of the fact that at all weather stations included into B and C zones the average annual wind speeds at 10 m height are lower than their minimal working values necessary for the breakaway of a high-speed WM (4 m/s) for Ganja being part of B zone at Hopt > 25 m, it's completely
rational to utilize a wind energy applying both highspeed and low-speed WMs of a propeller type with a horizontal axis of rotation and low-speed WMs of a rotary type with a vertical axis of rotation. In B zone the maximal value of height Hopt is observed at Khachmaz
weather stations, it equals to Hopt > 139 m. And for a number of weather stations in B zone with the average annual wind speeds Vh = 2 m/s (Dashkasan, Fizuli and Shamakhi) the optimal height of a wind wheel installation equals to Hopt = 79.5 m. The worst situation
relating the wind energy utilization is observed at Qabala weather station. This is most probably connected with the fact that Qabala district is bordered by the rocky Greater Caucasus mountains from the northern part and from the eastern and western parts - by the mountains and hills of Ismailli and Oguz districts.
V ) , \(V ) /V ) 1-10-1 ■ Ke
\ /are 'are / \ /are J
12
. 4
ly
6
•4'
40
80
120
H, m
160
for A, B and C zones, including the height H
Рис. 1. Графические зависимости среднегодовой скорости VH (кривые 1, 2 и 3), соотношение (Vh / VH) -10-1 (кривые 4,
5 и 6) и коэффициента пересчета Кп (кривые 7, 8 и 9) от высоты Н для зоны А (кривые 1, 4 и 7), Б (кривые 2, 5 и 8) и В (кривые 3, 6 и 9) Fig. 1. Graphic dependences of an average annual speed
(VH) (curves 1, 2 and 3), correlation ) j(VH) ] '10_1
(curves 4, 5 and 6) and a recalculation coefficient Kec (curves 7, 8 and 9) on the height H for A (curves 1, 4 and 7), B (curves 2, 5 and 8), and C (curves 3, 6 and 9) zones
As it's shown in Table 2 in Qabala the optimal height of the WW installation equals to Hopt = 1220 m. The
similar situation is also observed in other neighboring areas included into B zone, the data of which haven't been given in Table 1 and 2 (Ismailli, Oguz, Qakh and Balakan). Krec and H for C zone than for A and B zones, which makes a corresponding effect on the behavior
■ 10-1 from the height H
(Vh ) and V ) / (Vh )
\ ' ave ' ave ! \ ' a
for the relevant zones. However, it should be mentioned that the calculated values VH revealed by applying the equation (1) is rather optimistic. In the works [4-6] it has been stated that the value of wind energy sharply changes at various heights of the weather vane installation and in typical cases increase up to 30-60% at 10-20 m heights. As in our case the height of the weather vane installation equals to h = 10 m, and the average annual wind speeds for different high-mountainous districts included into B zone have been determined basing on the data of the anemometric measurements carried out just at the given height of the weather vane installation, and it has naturally negative effect on the acquired results.
At the end of the last century a number of studies were conducted by the leading specialists of the USA on the determination of the wind vertical extrapolation applying both logarithmic and power velocity profiles [5, 6], and using measuring devices installed at high towers [8] and by the method of radio- sounding at 800-3000 m [4]. Analyzing the results of all measurement methods it has been accepted that generally at the heights close to mountain peaks wind speeds (including average annual)
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equal to ~30-70% of the speeds characteristic for the corresponding heights of open territories, belonging to the zones of more intensive wind speeds. Taking it into account most probable average annual wind speeds have been specified for the mountainous areas of the Republic at 100-2000 m height. In addition, the values of the
average annual wind speeds for A zone (Vh) = 6.1 m/s
\ ' ave
found by a calculation method using the data given in Table 1 including the values of the average annual wind speeds at 100, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 m heights revealed by a calculation method for A zone applying the
equation (1) under the assumption of (Vh) = 6.1 m/s;
ave
aA = 0.143 have been accepted as base data. Furthermore, applying the following empiric formula the
values of the average annual wind speeds VH have been found for the different heights of mountainous areas
K = KZVH , (2)
V"! , m/s
10
,2
200 600 1000 1400 1800 2200
H, m
Рис. 2. Зависимости среднегодовых скоростей ветра для гористых местностей и холмов VH от высоты Н (кривая 1 - для различных уровней высоты горы с высотой вершины 2000 м; кривая 2 - для горы или холмов с различными высотами вершин от 100 до 2000 м) Fig. 2. Dependence of average anual wind speed for mountainous areas and hills V^ depending on Н (curve 1 - for different level of mountain height with 2000 m; curve 2 - for mountains and hills with various heights from 100 to 2000 m)
where K™c - recalculation coefficient of the average annual wind speeds for mountainous areas or hills (in our case K™c = 0.3-0.7); VH - average annual wind speed at different heights of open areas with an A-type frequency distribution (A zone).
On the base of the data acquired at the result of the
conducted calculations a graphic dependence of VH on H for both cases which are shown in Fig. 2 (curves 1 and 2) has been plotted. The curve 1 has been made for different levels of the mountain heights with 2000 m peak, and the curve 2 - for the mountains and hills with different heights (100-2000 m). At the same time in the first case the numerical values of KH for 100, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 m heights equal correspondingly to 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 0.6 and 0.7, and in the second case KH has a constant value (0,7), but the heights of the mountain and hill peaks vary. At it's shown in Fig. 2, in the first
case VH more sharply depends on H, than in the second case. It's interpreted by the fact that in the first case self-shadiness effect is made from the side of the mountains at the result of which the openness conditions of the research area considerably deteriorate and it leads to a sharp wind speed reduction at low values of H, and in the second case everything depends on presence of other mountainous massifs or hills in the vicinity (2-10 km). The obtained results agree with the results acquired by the authors of the works [9, 10], who have carried out corresponding calculations for several selected sites of Azerbaijan applying Weibullized distribution function (three-parameter distribution) and eventually determined the most probable average annual wind aped at 50 m height taking into consideration a number of statistical parameters.
From the comparison of Table 2 and Fig. 2 it becomes evident that in the districts of the Republic with worst meteorological and relief conditions the seasonal utilization of wind energy with sufficiently high efficiency is possible too, as in accordance with Fig. 2 for mountainous districts included into B and C zones, at the hill peaks with 50-100 m height separated from the high mountainous massifs the average annual wind speed can vary in the range of 5.5 and 6.3 m/s, which corresponds to specific powers from 102 to 154 W/m2 and wind energy flow density from 419 to 631 W/m2, and it can be found by the calculation method from the following empiric expression [11]:
E = 0,5pV|3 (1 + 3/Kl), (3)
where V1 - average annual wind speed different for 1012% from its average annual speed V , which is called a Weibullized constant (accepted Vl = 1.11 V); Kl -Weibullized power exponent which varies in the range of 0.9 < K1 < 2 (accepted K1 = 1.5); p = 1.23 kg/m3 - air density. The useful power of WM equals to
Puse = EF£ , (4)
where F - surface-swept area, which equals to F = nD74 (D - diameter of WW); £ -coefficient of wind energy utilization (in the given case £ = 0.3 and £h = 0.45 were correspondingly accepted for low-speed and high-speed WMs).
Taking into account the given values £ for both types of WM with WW diameters of D = 3, 4 and 6m from the equation (4) the corresponding values Pme have been found. The average annual wind speeds (at the hill peaks of H = 100 m) have been calculated VH = 6.3 m/s. The
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results of the calculations are shown in Table 3. As it's evident in Table 3 the mentioned powers are completely convenient for the energy requirements of strategically military units, buildings with lighting and tele-radiocommunication facilities designated for the security of plains and other aircrafts from accidents, as well as agricultural units situating at the certain height of mountainous massifs including the peaks of mountains and hills. Another important fact should be mentioned that for the values of VH found from the equation (2) the optimal heights Hopt for mountainous areas of the
Republic considerably decrease, which is an essential advantage. For instance, taking into consideration the anemometrical data acquired at the result of meteorological measurements conducted at the height of the weather vane installation h = 10 m, the optimal height for Qabala equals to 1220 m that in accordance with Fig. 2 it acquires a value more than ~ 450 m. By the corresponding way the size of Hopt for other
mountainous areas of the Republic (Khachmaz, Khankendi, Yardymli, Shusha, Qakh, Zaqatala, Oguz, Ismailli, Shamakhi and others) decreases too.
It should be mentioned that in order to more precisely determine the efficiency of wind energy utilization both from the power-engineering and economic aspect, the awareness of only the isodynamic lines of the average annual wind speed change is not sufficient. At the same time other important characteristics of wind conditions should be studied which include a short-term wind speed change within the bounds of calm and flaw, diurnal wind amplitude variations per month, the maximal values of flaw speeds, the repeatability of wind speeds per mille (ppm) for all types of frequency distribution, as well as energy calm duration per annual cycle.
Таблица 3
Полезно вырабатываемые мощности ВД с различными диаметрами ВК (для VH = 6,3 м / с)
Table 3
Useful power of WM with several diameters of WW (for VH = 6.3 m/sec)
Types of WM Useful power of WM, W at WW diameters, m
3 4 6
High-speed 2006 3567 5574
Low-speed 1337 2378 3715
In Fig. 3 the graphics of absolute diurnal amplitude variations of wind speeds per month for several weather stations belonging correspondingly to A zone (weather stations in Absheron-Lighthouse and Kultuck-island), B zone (Ganja, Khachmaz and Julfa) and C zone (Dashkasan, Zaqatala and Shusha) are shown. In the given case the difference between the wind speed at 13 p.m. and at 1 a.m. (AV = Vpm - Vam ) is accepted as the size of a diurnal amplitude. As it's presented in Fig.
3 in Julfa the absolute monthly amplitude in August equals to 2.4 m/s, and in September it jumps up to +3.1 m/s that considerably affects on the values of the average monthly wind speeds, for instance, at the average annual wind speed 2.6 m/s its average monthly value in July reaches 5.7 m/s (see Table 1). This is probably connected with the summer effect of the local mountainous-valley winds that makes the efficiently seasonal use of WM with a horizontal axis of rotation and 6-10 m mast height possible in the indicated region of the Republic.
Рис. 3. Графики изменения абсолютных суточных амплитуд скоростей ветра по месяцам для некоторых выборочных метеостанций зоны А (1 - Апшерон-Маяк; 2 - Культук), Б (3 - Гянджа; 4 - Хачмас; 5 - Джульфа) и В (6 - Дашкесан; 7 - Закаталы; 8 - Шуша) Fig. 3. Graphics of an absolute diurnal amplitude variation of a wind speed per months for some selected weather stations of A (1 - Absheron lighthouse; 2 - Kultuck island), B (3 - Ganja; 4 - Khachmaz; 5 - Julfa) and C (6 - Dashkasan; 7 - Zaqatala; 8 - Shusha) zones
Analyzing Fig. 3 and Table 1 it can be concluded that in those regions where the principal minimums of wind intensity is observed in a summer period, and the maximums- in a winter period of year, the application of WM is appropriate for heating and hot water supply. But in other regions of the Republic it's efficient to use WM for electric energy [12] and compressed air generation, water transmission [13], as well as water electrolysis with a sequent energy-intensive and ecologically clean energy carrier-hydrogen [14].
In Table 4 the values of the flaw speeds V^, are
shown which have been found by the calculation method applying an empiric formula at different heights
VHw - VhaKe,
flaw
flaw rec '
(5)
where Vjhaw - flaw speed at the height h = 10 m; Krec -
recalculation coefficient, specified from the following logarithmic formula for different H values:
Krec -
Ln ( H/h0 ) Ln (h/h0 )
(6)
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where h0 - the height at which a wind speed equals to zero, and depends on the roughness of the underlying surface (for A, B and C zones h0A = 0.032 m; h0B = 0.06 m;
h0c = 0.2 m have been accepted).
As it's shown in Table 4 in comparison with A zone in B and C zones flaw speeds depend on the height more sharply which is conditioned by the similar change of Krec at the height H at the selected values of h0A, h0B, h0C .
As for the selected values Vt,flcw, it's necessary to
mention that at the indicated height of the weather vane installation in B zone in the course of the whole year flaws with the speed more than 18 m/s, and in C zone -more than 12 m/s are rarely encountered. Therefore, in the given case not only real but also theoretically possible cases have been examined which are important to be taken into account during selecting the type, the construction and the height of WM installation.
Таблица 4 Table 4
Изменение порывистых скоростей ветра V'fCw в зависимости от высоты Н Change of flaw speed V? depending on the height H for A, B and C zones
H, m VfHw , m/s
A zone B zone C zone
10 15 20 25 30 10 15 20 25 10 14 18 22
20 16.8 22.4 28.0 33.6 11.4 17.0 22.8 28.4 11.8 16.5 21.2 25.9
10 17.9 23.8 29.8 35.7 12.2 18.2 24.4 30.4 12.8 17.9 23.1 28.2
40 18.6 24.8 31.0 37.2 12.7 19.1 25.4 31.8 13.5 19.0 24.4 29.8
50 19.2 25.6 32.0 38.4 13.2 19.7 26.4 32.9 14.1 19.8 25.4 31.0
60 19.7 26.2 32.8 39.4 13.5 20.3 27.0 33.8 14.6 20.4 26.2 32.1
70 20.1 26.8 33.5 40.2 13.8 20.7 27.6 34.5 15.0 21.0 26.9 32.9
80 20.4 27.2 34.1 40.9 14.1 21.1 28.2 35.2 15.3 21.4 27.6 33.7
90 20.7 27.6 34.6 41.5 14.3 21.4 28.6 35.7 15.6 21.9 28.1 34.4
100 21.0 28.0 35.0 42.0 14.5 21.8 29.0 36.3 15.9 22.2 28.6 35.0
110 21.3 28.3 35.4 42.5 14.7 22.0 29.4 36.7 16.1 22.6 29.0 35.5
120 21.5 28.7 35.8 43.0 14.9 22.3 29.8 37.2 16.4 22.9 29.4 36.0
130 21.7 28.9 36.2 43.4 15.0 22.5 30.0 37.5 16.6 23.2 29.8 36.4
140 21.9 29.2 36.5 43.8 15.2 22.7 30.4 37.9 16.8 23.6 30.2 36.9
150 22.1 29.4 36.8 44.1 15.3 22.9 30.6 38.2 16.9 23.7 30.5 37.2
As it has been shown above, other important characteristics of the wind cadastre are the duration of energy calm as well as the repeatability of working wind speeds. The general repeatability laws of the working wind speeds for B zone suggested by Prof. Greenwich taking into consideration the whole complex of local singularities including physico-geographical conditions have the follow view:
AV ( V tep = 1000—a(V I exp
IV
. V
(7)
Taking into account the equation (7) the following design equations of the curved wind speed distribution [7] have been introduced in order to flatten all empiric wind speed distributions in A and B zones of the Republic of Azerbaijan:
for А zone
С = 884 A— (V
rep V ( V
2/5
exp
for B zone
where trep - repeatability of wind speeds at the height of
the weather vane installation per mille; V - average annual wind speed, m/s; V - instantaneous wind speed (measured), m/s; AV - selected gradation interval of average wind speed, m/s; a, p, k, n - the parameters which are determined due to the statistical characteristics of the wind speed distribution.
B _„AV(V
С = 752VI Vl exp
1/3
-0,531 V
V
-0,391 V
7/4'
(8)
(9)
Applying the equations (8) and (9) computer calculations have been conducted and the amount of repeatability of the working wind speeds for different V
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values (from 0.5 to 20 m/s) and V (from 1 to 8 m/s) have been determined. The calculations have been carried out for the height of the weather vane installation h = 10 m. For the simplicity, AV = 1 m/s has been accepted as a step of an average wind speed change. Furthermore, the amount of the working wind speed repeatability at the different heights of wind wheel (WW) installation has been specified by the following empiric formula [1]
tH _ th Krec
rep rep rep -
(l0)
where t
HP - working wind speed repeatability at H
кre
height; K™ - repeatability recalculation coefficient
which can be found from the expression for Azerbaijan conditions with a minimal error
r c
Kr p =
0,0526(1-1 ")
(11)
where n - number of the measurements at h level (in this case n = 20); 0.0526 - the coefficient depending on meteorological factors and statistical parameters [11].
■ case
600
400
200
/V i
-2
V3
'5
Г6 И\'| 7\¿
8 a 12 V. m/s 16
600
400
200
V, m/s
b
Рис. 4. Графические зависимости повторяемостей рабочих скоростей ветра от мгновенных скоростей применительно
к режиму распределения частот типа А (Vh = 1-8 м/с):
a - для Н = 10 м; b - для Н = 150 м Fig. 4. Graphical dependences of the working wind speed repetition on a momentary speed in respect to a frequency distribution mode of A type: a - for H = 10 m; b - for H = 150 m (curves 1-8,
correspondingly to V = 1-8 m/s)
The numerical values of Krreep have been first found for different H heights form the equation (11). Afferwards, using corresponding values of K™ the
speed repeatability has been revealed consequently from the equations (8), (9) and (10) at 50, 100 and 150 m heights. For instance, in Fig. 4, a, b the change of the working wind speed repeatability accordingly at 10 and 150 m-concerning the frequency distribution mode of A type has been graphically described, and in Fig. 5, a, b -the similar change regarding the frequency distribution of B type. As it becomes evident from the graphics, given in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, there's an opportunity for the efficient utilization of wind energy at both modes.
600
400
200
. 'il» case
600
400
200
V, m/s
Рис. 5. Графические зависимости повторяемостей рабочих скоростей ветра от мгновенных скоростей применительно
к режиму распределения частот типа Б (Vh = 1-8 м/с):
a - для Н = 10 м; b - для Н = 150 м Fig. 5. Graphical dependences of the working wind speed repetition on a momentary speed in respect to a frequency distribution mode of B type: a - for H = 10 m; b - for H = 150 m (curves 1-8,
correspondingly to V = 1-8 m/s)
The characteristics of an energy calm duration have also been studied. In comparison with wind calms wind time, when wind speed changes from calm to a minimal working speed Fmm during WM operation is considered in the given case. The magnitude of Fmin differs for several WMs, for example, if for multiblade low-speed
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b
WMs Vmin can be 3 m/s and more, then for high-speed WMs it varies from 4 (for three-blade) to 7 m/s (for single-blade). In practice, in overwhelmingly major cases 4 m/s is accepted as Vmin in wind-power engineering. For Azerbaijan the energy calm duration is specified from the following equations [7] per mille (ppm):
for A zone
PA = 884 ^ (v/V) e~0'53 (v/V) dV / V; (12)
0
for B zone
Vmin/ V ,
PB = 752 J (v/V)1'6 e-0'69 (V/V)2 dV /V . (13)
0
Integrating the equations (12) and (13) in the range of Vmin/V and Vmax/V, the total duration of WM continuous running can be determined. In order to have much more clear view on the calm distribution laws according to their duration in the territory of Azerbaijan, daily recordings of the wind speed changes have been conducted at weather stations Hydrometeorological Service Department of Azerbaijan [15]. The studies have shown that the difference between the results of the calculations equals to ~1% in Baku for the recent 5 years. Therefore, the calculations have been carried out according to the equations (12) and (13) on five-year series of observations considering that the reliability of our conclusions is completely sufficient for the practical utilization of wind energy. During conducting calculations in all cases Vmin = 3 m/s has been accepted as a minimal working wind speed. The calculations have been carried out at six weather stations belonging correspondingly to A zone (Mashtaga and Sumqayit), B zone (Ganja and Salyan) and C zone (Shamakhi and Zaqatala). The stations which cover all zones of the Republic have been selected. Moreover, the compared calm conditions and the height of the weather vane installation for all weather stations of the Republic have not been taken into account and in this meaning; they haven't been summarized, as it requires more painstaking job. In the further studies we'll examine step-by- step the effect of the calm conditions including statistical and meteorological factors on the characteristics of the energy calm and the weather stations data included into each group will be generalized more exactly.
On the base of the acquired data due to the calculations the corresponding graphics of an energy wind calm distribution with different durations for the weather stations included into A, B and C zones which are shown in Fig. 6 are built. Analyzing the presented graphics it becomes evident that at all weather stations the calm with the duration of 0.5 day and less are often observed Moreover, at the weather stations in A zone (curves 1 and 2) short-term calm duration (up to 0.5 day) equals to 90% and more (for instance, for Mashtaga weather station 932
cases of possible 1000 cases). But the calm with the duration of 1 day in this zone is from 4 to 18%, 2 days-from 1 to 3%, three days-less 1%. At Mashtaga weather station the calm with the duration of 3 days and more hasn't been observed once for the last 5 years. In the Kura lowland (B zone) the calm with the duration of less than a day is observed more rarely than in Absheron (A zone) and vice versa in this zone the wind energy calm with the duration of three, four days and more is considerably more often observed. And the calm with the duration of more than 7 days at the weather stations of the zone is rarely observed. The duration of both short-term (up to 0.5 day) and much longer-term (more than 10 days) calm can be different. Hence, they have been united into a graphic and therefore in both graphics the weather stations of B zone (Shamakhi and Zakatala) the number of the calm cases with the duration of 10 days is more for several times than the calm with 10 days.
Pän.c.i Cc3S6
1 1
1 2
\ll 5
k34
i Vs
Рис. 6. Графики распределения энергетических затиший ветра различной длительности для некоторых выборочных
метеостанций зоны А (1 - Маштаги; 2 - Сумгаит), Б (3 - Гянджа; 4 - Сальяны) и В (5 - Шемаха; 6 - Закаталы) Fig. 6. Graphical distribution of the energy wind calm with different durations for some selected weather stations of A (1 - Mashtaga; 2 - Sumqayit), B (3 - Ganja; 4 - Salyan), and C (5 - Shamakhi; 6 - Zaqatala) zones
Besides, as it's shown that in Fig. 6, if for the zone with intensive wind speeds a law (the more the calm duration is, the less the number of cases is) is observed, but for B zone it's not the case, at the weather stations of this zone the characteristics of the energy calm has a very difficult behavior. The observations show that the characteristics of the energy calm at the weather stations in B zone year by year substantially change, which is explained by the complex relief of these regions. However, all these facts don't mean at all that in the mountainous districts of the Republic, in particular, such as Zaqatala, Qabala, Oguz, Ismailli, Shamakhi etc. with complex relief characteristics the utilization of wind energy is appropriate. As in these regions the data of the meteorological measurements conducted at the height h = 10 m of the weather vane installed in most cases not at certain heights of mountainous massifs, but in level grounds have been used to determine the wind calm
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duration, so it's natural that the requirements of the nomenclature on the shadiness conditions are not met and according to Prof. Greenewich's classification such conditions correspond to 6-8 classes of the weather vane openness. Therefore, the data of the weather stations installed in level grounds of the mountainous districts can't be applicable for all adjacent zones, especially, for the different lavels of the mountain and the hill heights including their peaks. This is evident in Fig. 2 corresponding to which at the hills with the height H =
100 m, not shaded with high mountains VH = 5.945 m/s. As it has been mentioned above, such wind speed is completely enough for the normal functioning of both low-speed WM with the minimal working speed Vmin = 2.5-3.0 m/s, and a high-speed and three-blade WM for which Vmin = 3.5 - 4.0 m/s as well as a rotary WM with a vertical axis of rotation [16], for which much more reliable constructions should be selected.
By this way, analyzing the above-mentioned facts the following conclusions can be made.
1. On the basis of the data due to the long-term anemometrical measurements conducted at 182 weather stations of the Republic, an isodynamic map of Azerbaijan has been made and by the method of successive refinement all weather stations have been finally united into three groups with sufficient homogeneous modes of repeatability, which are conditionally called the groups of the weather stations with the frequency distributions of correspondingly A, B and C types (or A, B and C zones). Besides, the wind regions with the average annual wind speeds more than 4 m/s are included into A zone, and the regions with the correspondingly average annual wind speeds of 2-4 m/s and 2 m/s are included into B and C zones.
2. It has been established that for a number of weather stations, especially concerning B and C zones the average annual wind speed values specified on the basis of the isodynamic lines, are essentially lower which are connected with the relatively low height levels (up to 10 m) and the high shadiness degree of the weather vane corresponding to 5-8 classes of openness of Prof. Greenwich's classification.
3. The vertical wind extrapolation has been studied for 27 selected weather stations of the Republic, belonging correspondingly to A, B and C zones. The average annual wind speed values have been determined by the calculation method at different heights to 150 m as well as optimal heights Hopt of WW installation from
the ground surface for which exponent dependence of the speed profile is applied.
4. It has been established that for the mountainous districts of the Republic the average annual wind speed value at different heights revealed by the calculation method applying the exponential law of the speed profile is substantially underestimated, as in fact at the peaks of the mountains and the hills the average wind speed is at the level from 30 to 70% of those speeds which are observed at the corresponding heights of the open areas
with intensive winds. It has been determined that the average annual wind speed changes within the range of 5.94-9.11 m/s for B zone on the mountains with 2000 m height depending on the height variation from 100 up to 2000 m, which gives an opportunity for the high efficiently seasonal utilization of wind energy applying corresponding WM types and constructions.
5. Flaw speeds at the heights from 10 to 150 m for A, B and C zones have been determined by the calculation method. It has been established that in B and C zones flaw speeds depending on the height change more sharply than in A zone, if the selected site isn't shaded by high mountainous massifs.
6. The characteristics of the absolute diurnal wind speed change have been studied per month for a number of the selected weather stations in A, B and C zones. It has been revealed that in Julfa (B zone) the absolute diurnal amplitudes acquiring reversed signs vary within too wide ranges which correspondingly effect on the average annual wind speeds.
7. The principal minimums on the average monthly wind speeds for all selected weather stations have been specified. It has been established that in those regions where the principal minimums are observed in a summer period, and the maximums-in a winter period of year, and the application of WM is practical for heating and hot water supply.
8. The wind speed repeatability per mille (ppm) for the frequency distribution of correspondingly A and B types has been determined. Moreover, the design equations of the curved wind speed distribution have been taken into account separately for each zone. It has been shown that for both modes of frequency distribution there's an opportunity for the efficient utilization of wind energy.
9. The duration of the energy calm has been specified per mille (ppm) taking into consideration the relevant design equations. Besides, Vmin = 3 m/s is accepted as the minimal working wind speed. It has been established that for the weather station of A zone mainly short-term calm (0.5 day and less) is characteristic, and the calm with the duration of more than 3 days equals to 1%. It has been shown that for B zone the characteristics of the energy calm have a very complex character and year by year they essentially change, which is connected with the relief complexity of these regions.
10. The complex analysis of the obtained results show that in a number of the mountainous districts of B and C zones the seasonal utilization of wind energy, as well as the combined utilization of wind energy together with solar energy applying photoelectric current sources or a flat solar collector is more reasonable.
References
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МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ВЫСТАВКА НОВОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ ХУСУМ NEW ENERGY HUSUM 2010
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Время проведения: 18.03.2010 - 21.03.2010
Место проведения: Германия, Хусум
Темы: Высокие технологии, инновации, Оптика, лазерные технологии, фотоника, Электроника и электроэнергетика, Энергетика
Выставка в Хусуме проводится с 2002 г. ежегодно. В 2009 г. на площади свыше 4000 кв. м 150 участников выставки и свыше 16000 посетителей из 26 стран смогли представить и увидеть самую разную продукцию новой энергетики. Причем организаторы рассчитывали, что посетителей будет немногим более 12000, но в действительности интерес к выставке оказался настолько значительным, что дороги вокруг выставочного центра Хусума представляли собой единую пробку. Почти все участники выставки зарезервировали площадь на 2010 г., поэтому выставочные площади почти все проданы.
Профили выставки 2010 года: солнечные обогреватели, солнечные батареи, системы фотовольтаики, геотермальное оборудование, заводы биотоплива, камины и печи, брикеты и топливные элементы, установки комбинированного цикла, оборудование энергосбережения.
Выставка 2010 года будет сопровождаться Первым всемирным саммитом по малым ветровым турбинам и Вторым германским симпозиумом по малым ветровым турбинам.
International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology № 1 (81) 2010
© Scientific Technical Centre «TATA», 2010
