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Международный информационно-аналитический журнал «Crede Experto: транспорт, общество, образование, язык». № 4 (11). Декабрь 2016 (http://ce.if-mstuca.ru)
УДК 811.51 ББК 81.2-03 N89
И.Н. Новгородов Якутск, Россия Д.М. Токмашев Томск, Россия А.Ф. Гайнутдинова Казань, Россия Л.К. Ишкильдина Уфа, Россия
К ИССЛЕДОВАНИЮ УСТОЙЧИВОГО СЛОВАРНОГО ФОНДА
ТЕЛЕУТСКОГО ЯЗЫКА*
В статье представлено исследование происхождения телеутского устойчивого словарного фонда. Авторы пришли к выводу о том, что телеутский язык обнаруживает большее сходство к башкирскому, татарскому (кыпчакским) языкам, чем к турецкому (огузскому).
Ключевые слова: язык, сравнение, лексика, устойчивый словарный фонд, тюркский, огузский, кыпчакский, телеутский, турецкий, татарский, башкирский.
*Исследование выполнено за счёт гранта Российского гуманитарного научного фонда (№ 14-04-00346) в ФГАОУ ВПО СВФУ им. М.К. Аммосова. Тема проекта « Устойчивый словарный фонд тюркских языков».
Innokentiy NOVGORODOV Yakutsk, Russia Denis TOKMASHEV Tomsk, Russia Albina GAINUTDINOVA Kazan, Russia
© Новгородов И. Н., Токмашев Д. М., Гайнутдинова А. Ф., Ишкильдина Л. К., 2016
Linara ISHKILDINA Ufa, Russia
REMARKS ON THE LEIPZIG-JAKARTA LIST OF THE TELEUT LANGUAGE*
Abstract: Background. This article is about the Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Teleut language. Authors come to a conclusion that the Teleut language is more similar to the Kipchak languages according to the Leipzig-Jakarta list. Materials and Methods. Research materials are the most resistant words (the Leipzig-Jakarta list) of the Turkic languages. The most resistant words were written out of the dictionaries of the Turkic languages. In this study of Teleut, field materials of Denis Tokmashev are used. In this survey, the comparative method is used as the main method.
Results. Words of the Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Teleut language in comparison with the Oghuz and Kipchak languages are revealed.
Discussions. Teleut as the Altai language dialect was previously considered to belong to the Kipchak languages according to Baskakov's conception and Siberian group of the Turkic languages that also included the Khakass, Shor, Saryg-Yughur, Yakut, Tuvinian, Altai and other languages according to Mudrak's opinion. It should be noted that according to the Russian Federation Government Resolution the Teleut dialect was recognized as the separate Turkic language. Authors disagree with Mudrak's statement and come to a conclusion that the Teleut language is more similar to the Kipchak languages according to the LeipzigJakarta list.
Keywords: language, the Leipzig-Jakarta list, Teleut, Oghuz, Kipchak.
*A research was prepared at North-Eastern Federal University within the framework of the project № 14-04-00346 on "The Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Turkic languages " theme supported by the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation.
1. Introduction
As it is known, the modern Turkic languages are classified into different groups: the Oghuz, Kipchak, Karluk and others. Each group has its own members. For example, the Oghuz languages include the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen and others.
Before discussing the classification status of the Teleut language, a few lines about the speakers of it should be written. The Teleuts are a Turkic people located in southwestern Siberia. Majority of the people lives in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. According to the 2010 census, there are 2,643 Teleuts in Russia.
2. Materials and Methods
To study the relationship of the Teleut language, the Leipzig-Jakarta list was taken into consideration. For the convenience of analysis, the Leipzig-Jakarta list was taken from open electronic sources rather than [Tadmor, 2009] due to the arrangement of the material in the former (e.g., the alphabetical order of vocabulary and a single lexeme for identifying each vocabulary sample).
The Leipzig-Jakarta list is a 100 word list to test the degree of relationship of languages by comparing words that are resistant to borrowing [Tadmor, 2009; Novgorodov, 2012; Novgorodov, 2014a]. The indicated 100 most resistant words are used to establish the relationship of Teleut among the Kipchak and Oghuz languages.
The Leipzig-Jakarta list has already been published on the several Turkic languages [Novgorodov, 2014b; Novgorodov, 2014c; Novgorodov, 2014d].
It should be mentioned that we previously came to a preliminary conclusion that the Turkic languages are divided into two main groups [Novgorodov, 2015a; Novgorodov, 2015b]. The first one is the Yakut and the Kipchak languages, and the second one - the Chuvash and Oghuz languages.
In order to establish a relationship of the Teleut language among the Kipchak and Oghuz ones, we take into consideration the Turkish language (which belongs to the Oghuz group) and the Tatar and Bashkir languages (which belong to the Kipchak group).
In this study of Teleut, field materials of Denis Tokmashev are used.
In this survey, the comparative method is used as the main method. 3. Results
The result of this study reveals the Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Teleut language in comparison with the Oghuz and Kipchak languages.
Before presenting the Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Teleut language, it should be noted that 1 is a number of the Leipzig-Jakarta list item; 'ant' - meaning; (3. 817) - index number of World loanword database, available online at http://wold.clld.org/meaning; tel. - abbreviation of the Teleut language; quzurum -form of a word; (< tu. [ESTJ 2000: 141]) - indication of a word origin, information of a source and its page; tur. - abbreviation of the Turkish language; [TRS 1977: 515] - indication of a source and its page; karinca - form of a word; (< tu.) -indication of a word origin that was mentioned above; tat. - abbreviation of the Tatar language; [TRS I 2007: 703] - indication of a source and its page; kïrmïska -form of a word; (< tu.) - indication of a word origin that was mentioned above; bash. - abbreviation of the Bashkir language; [RBS I 2005: 558] - indication of a source and its page; kïrmïôka - form of a word; (< tu.) - indication of a word origin that was mentioned above.
We reveal the Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Teleut language in comparison with the Oghuz and Kipchak languages. The Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Teleut language is presented below.
1 'ant' (3. 817) tel. quzurum (< tel. *qusurum < *qumurs < *qïmïrs ( cf. turk. qïmïrsa- (< *qïmïrs + a-) 'to creep, to swarm about insects' (< tu. [ESTJ, 2000 : 141]) > yak. *qïmïrsakac (< qïmïrsa- + -kac) > yak. qïmïrdayas) ; tur. [TRS 1977: 515] karinca (< tu. [ESTJ, 1997 : 323]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 703] kïrmïska (< tu. [ESTJ, 2000 : 140]); bash. [RBS I 2005: 558] kïrmïôka (< tu.).
2 'arm' (4.31), 'hand' (4.33) tel. qol (< tu. [ESTJ, 2000 : 37]); tur. [TRS 1977: 555, 265] kol (< tu.), el (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 260]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 649] kul (< tu.); bash. [RBS II 2005: 334] kul (< tu.).
3 'ash' (1.84) tel. kul (< tu. [ESTJ, 1997 : 137]); tur. [TRS 1977: 580] kul (< tu.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 628] kol (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 398] kol (< tu.) etc.
4. Discussions
First of all, it should be mentioned that synonyms (18 items: 4, 15, 18, 20, 24, 26, 27, 42, 44, 50, 51, 61, 78, 82, 87, 95, 96, 97) are traced in the Teleut language, e.g.:
4 'back' (4.19) tel. arqa (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 174]), kogus (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 54]); tur. [TRS 1977: 63, 206, 774] arka (< tu.), sirt (< tu. [ESTJ, 2003 : 418]), dial. dal 'back, shoulder'(< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 131]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 117] arka (< tu.); bash. (RBS II 2005: 444) arka (< tu.).
15 'to carry' (10.61) tel. tazi- (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 170]), akel- (< tel. alip kel- < tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 127; ESTJ, 1980 : 14]), apar- (< tel. alip bar- < tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 127, ESTJ, 1978 : 64]); tur. [TRS 1977: 444, 831, 352] iletmek (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 267]), ta§imak (< tu.), goturmek (< tu. [ESTJ 1980: 86]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 685] kuterep yotu (yortu) (< tat. < tu. [ESTJ 1980: 86, ESTJ 1989: 229]); bash. [BRS 1996: 596] tashiu (< tu.), apariu- (< tu.).
24 'to eat' (5.11) tel. yi- (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 333]), azan- (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 210]); tur. [TRS 1977: 921] yemek (< tu.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 155] asau (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 313] asau (< tu.), eyeu (< tu.) etc.
It should be noted the Kipchak (Bashkir) (4 items: 15, 24, 27, 42) synonyms are found in Teleut synonyms and the Kipchak and Oghuz synonym is found (item 82), e.g.:
15 'to carry' (10.61) tel. tazi- (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 170]), akel- (< tel. alip kel- < tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 127; ESTJ, 1980 : 14]), apar- (< tel. alip bar- < tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 127, ESTJ, 1978 : 64]); tur. [TRS 1977: 444, 831, 352] iletmek (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 267]), ta§imak (< tu.), goturmek (< tu. [ESTJ 1980: 86]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 685] kuterep yotu (yortu) (< tat. < tu. [ESTJ 1980: 86, ESTJ 1989: 229]); bash. [BRS 1996: 596] tashiu (< tu.), apariu- (< tu.);
24 'to eat' (5.11) tel. yi- (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 333]), azan- (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 210]); tur. [TRS 1977: 921] yemek (< tu.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 155] asau (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 313] asau (< tu.), eyeu (< tu.);
27 'to fall' (10.23) tel. tus- (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 330]), yïgïl- ( < tu. [ESTJ 1989: 273]); tur. [TRS 1977: 255, 926] du§mek (< tu.), yikilmak (< tu.); tat. [TRS II 2007: 418] tôsu (< tu.), [TRS I 2007: 368] egïlu (< tu. [ESTJ 1974: 69]); bash. [RBS II 2005: 9] y'ïyïlïu ( < tu.), auïu- (< tu.);
42 'to hit/to beat' (9.21) tel. soq- (< tu. [ESTJ 2003: 286]), qaq- (< tu. [ESTJ, 1997
: 221]); tur. [TRS 1977: 901] vurmak (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 599]); tat. [TRS II 2007:
263] sugu (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 86] huyïu (< tu.), kayïu- (< tu.);
82 'to suck' (5.16) tel. sor- (< tu. [ESTJ, 2003 : 311]); em- (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 271]); tur. [TRS 1977: 271, 786] emmek (< tu.), sormak (< tu. [ESTJ, 2003 : 311]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 447] imu (< tu.); bash. [RBS II 2005: 436] imeu (< tu.), hurïu- (< tu.).
The majority of forms (75 items: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100) of the Teleut language are similar to those of the Turkish, Tatar and Bashkir languages and these forms are of the Turkic origin, e.g.:
1 'ant' (3. 817) tel. quzurum (< tu. [ESTJ, 2000 : 140]; tur. [TRS 1977: 515] karinca (< tu. [ESTJ, 1997 : 323]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 703] kïrmïska (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 558] kïrmïôka (< tu.);
2 'arm' (4.31), 'hand' (4.33) tel. qol (< tu. [ESTJ, 2000 : 37]); tur. [TRS 1977: 555, 265] kol (< tu.), el (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 260]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 649] kul (< tu.); bash. [RBS II 2005: 334] kul (< tu.);
3 'ash' (1.84) tel. kul (< tu. [ESTJ, 1997 : 137]); tur. [TRS 1977: 580] kul (< tu.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 628] kôl (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 398] kôl (< tu.) etc.
Two Mongolian loanwords are revealed in the Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Teleut language, e.g.:
18 'to crush/to grind' (5.56) tel. tart- 'to crush in a mill' (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 154]) soq- 'to crush something hard' (< tu. [ESTJ 2003: 286]), niqi- 'to crush something soft', cf. khak. nixi- 'to press with force', 'to ram' < mo. niqu- 'to crush, to knead'; tur. [TRS 1977: 286, 706] ezmek (< tu. [ESTJ 1974: 235]), ovutmek (< tu. [ESTJ 1974 : 618]; tat. [TRS I 2007: 435, TRS II 2007: 321] izu (< tu.), tartu- (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 578] ideu (< tu.);
96 'wind' (1.72) tel. salqin (< mo. [Ras, 1969 : 398b]), yel (< tu. [ESTJ, 1989 : 174]); tur. [TRS 1977: 739, 920] ruzgar (< pers. [Ras, 1969 : 390b]), yel (< tu.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 293] jil (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 136] el (< tu.).
Forms of several words (17 items: 4, 5, 11, 14, 18, 20, 39, 49, 50, 51, 61, 67, 78, 87, 95, 96, 97, ) of the Teleut language are not found in the same meaning of the Turkish, Tatar and Bashkir languages, e.g.:
4 'back' (4.19) tel. kogus (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 54]); tur. [TRS 1977: 63, 774] arka (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 174]), sirt (< tu. [ESTJ, 2003 : 418]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 117] arka (< tu.); bash. [RBS II 2005: 444] arka (< tu.);
5 'big' (12.55) tel. yaan (< tu. [Ras, 1969 : 177b]); tur. [TRS 1977: 138] buyuk (< tu. [ESTJ 1978: 288]); tat. [TRS II 2007: 94] oli (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 593]); bash. [RBS I 2005: 98] olo (< tu.);
11 'to blow (intransitive)' (10.38) tel. soq- (< tu. [ESTJ, 2003 : 286]); tur. [TRS 1977: 279, 887] esmek (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 553]), ufurmek (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 635; Ras, 1969 : 522a]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 467] isu (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 306] i3eu(< tu.), orou- (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 635]) etc.
In item 46 'in' the form of the Teleut locative case -qa, -ga, -ke, -ge etc. is traced and in the Turkish, Tatar and Bashkir its form is -da, -de etc. The locative case of Teleut is similar to the form of the Yakut locative case -ka, -ga, -ke, -ge etc.
Words of the Turkic origin, which are not traced in the Turkish, Tatar and Bashkir languages in the same form and meaning and the form of the locative case reveal specifics of the Teleut language.
Teleut as the Altai language dialect was previously considered to belong to the Kipchak languages according to Baskakov's conception [Baskakov, 1997] and
Siberian group of the Turkic languages that also included the Khakas, Shor, Saryg-Yughur, Yakut, Tuvinian, Altai and other languages according to Mudrak's opinion [Mudrak, 2002]. We disagree with Mudrak's statement and support Baskakov's conception in part of Teleut relationship.
According to the Russian Federation Government Resolution (March 24, 2000, N 255) the Teleut dialect was recognized as a separate Turkic language.
The Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Teleut language is differed from the Altai one in 3 items a) and other items are similar b), e.g.:
a) 1 'ant' (3. 817) tel. qüzürüm, alt. [RAS, 1964 : 307] cïmalï;
4 'back' (4.19) tel. arqa, kögüs, alt. [RAS, 1964 : 723] uca, sïrt;
63 'old' (14.15) tel. qaryan, alt. [RAS, 1964 : 731] ozogï;
b) 2 'arm' (4.31), 'hand' (4.33) tel. qol, alt. [RAS, 1964 : 670] qol;
3 'ash' (1.84) tel. kül, alt. [RAS, 1964 : 211] kül;
5 'big' (12.55) tel. yaan, alt. [RAS, 1964 : 34] yaan etc.
The analysis of the Leipzig-Jakarta list shows that from 100 items 75 (items: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100) ones are found in the Teleut, Turkish, Tatar and Bashkir languages simultaneously and these items are similar in form and meaning. This fact demonstrate that these languages have originated from the Prototurkic source.
14 items (12, 13, 18, 24, 41, 42, 52, 57, 60, 68, 69, 77, 87, 99) reveal that the Teleut list in form and meaning is more similar to the Kipchak (Tatar, Bashkir) Turkic languages than the Oghuz (Turkish) ones, e.g.:
12 'bone' (4.16) tel. söök (< tu. [ESTJ, 2003 : 357]); tur. [TRS 1977: 531] kemik (< tu. [ESTJ, 1997 : 36]); tat. [TRS II 2007: 255] söyak (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 496] höyäk (< tu.);
13 'breast' (4.41) tel. emcek (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 271]); tur. [TRS 1977: 613, 88] meme (< tu. [Räs 1969: 324b]), bagir (< tu. [ESTJ, 1978 : 17]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 445, 447] imi (< tu.), imcäk (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 252] imsäk (< tu.);
18 'to crush/to grind' (5.56) tel. tart- 'to crush in a mill' (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 154]) soq- 'to crush something hard' (< tu. [ESTJ 2003: 286]), nïqï- 'to crush something soft', cf. khak. nïxï- 'to press with force', 'to ram' < mo. niqu- 'to crush, to knead'; tur. [TRS 1977: 286, 706] ezmek (< tu. [ESTJ 1974: 235]), ovutmek (< tu. [ESTJ 1974 : 618]; tat. [TRS I 2007: 435, TRS II 2007: 321] izu (< tu.), tartu- (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 578] iôeu (< tu.).
Only 1 item (34) reveal that the Teleut list in form and meaning is more similar to the Oghuz (Turkish) Turkic languages than the Kipchak (Tatar, Bashkir) ones, e.g.:
34 'to go' (10.47) tel. yur- (< tu. [ESTJ, 1989 : 229]); tur. [TRS 1977: 938, 340, 325] yurumek (< tu.), gitmek (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 49]), gelmek (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 14]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 200] baru (< tu. [ESTJ, 1978 : 64]); bash. [RBS I 2005: 404] barïu (< tu.).
Two items (47, 76) of Teleut are not found in the Bashkir language in the same form and meaning, e.g.:
47 'knee' (4.36) tel. tize (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 336]); tur. [TRS 1977: 237] diz (< tu.); tat. [TRS II 2007: 353] tez (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 471] tubïk (< tu. *top 'orb' [SFTJ, 1970 : 197]);
76 'small' (12.56) tel. kucu (< tu. [ESTJ, 1997 : 75]); tur. [TRS 1977: 579, 878] kuçuk (< tu.), ufak (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 560]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 563, 219] keckane (< tu.), balakay (< tu. [ESTJ, 1978 : 47]); bash. [RBS I 2005: 545] balakay (< tu.). 5. Conclusion
So, totally from 100 items 89 ones of the Teleut language match the Kipchak (Tatar, Bashkir) Turkic items in form and meaning and 76 items are cognate to the Oghuz (Turkish) ones in same way. Facts of similarity of Teleut and Kipchak (Bashkir) synonymy (4 items: 15, 24, 27, 42) are also taken into cosideration.
Thus, elicitation and comparative analysis of the most resistant words of Teleut demonstrates that the Teleut language is more similar to the Kipchak Turkic languages than the Oghuz ones. Acknowledgment
We sincerely thank the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation for the grant "The Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Turkic languages"; this publication was prepared within the framework of the research project supported by the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation № 14-04-00346. Abbreviations
alt. - Altai ar. - Arabian az. - Azerbaijani chul. - Chulym dial. - dialectological khak. - Khakas mo. - Mongolian pers. - Persian shor. - Shor tu. - Turkic turk. - Turkmenian tuv. - Tuvinian yak. - Yakut
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