CC BY
19
DOI 10/14526/01_2018_292
PSYCHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF PROFESSIONALLY SUCCESSFUL SPORTSMEN OF NATIONAL TEAMS OF RUSSIA: INTERSEX DISTINCTIONS
ANALYSIS
Mariya S. Sevostyanova - Clinical Psychologist of the Highest Qualification Category, Director of the
Center of Modern Psychological Technologies Federal Siberian Research-Clinical Centre of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency, House 26, Kolomenskaya str., Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russia E-mail: SevostyanovaMS@yandex.ru
Irina O. Loginova - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor, the Head of Clinical Psychology and
Psychotherapy Department with Postgraduate Course Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after professor V.F. Voyno-Yasenetskiy, House 1, Partisan Zheleznyakstr., Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russia E-mail: loginova70 70@maU.ru
Annotation. The article is about the urgent problem of searching for psychological conditions of effective professionalization in elite sport. The results of psychological peculiarities empirical study, which distinguish professionally successful sportsmen and female athletes of high qualification from other athletes of the same sex, are presented. Comparative analysis of psychological profiles of professionally successful sportsmen- men and women are presented. Materials. Objective medical-psychological data about the level of psychic adaptation of 354 sportsmen from national teams of Russia, results of questionnaire and psychological testing. Research methods: 1) medical documents analysis; 2) clinical-psychological methods: observation, structured interview, questionnaire survey using specially created author's questionnaire "My sports career"; 3) psychognostic testing; 4) methods of mathematical statistics: Mann-Whitney U test. Results. Several formal-dynamic and personal psychological characteristics for male and female sample groups, owing to which sportsmen manage to preserve a high level of psychic adaptation, were defined. For example, for men these characteristics were the following: motor plasticity, communicative speed, motor emotionality, involvement, control, risk acceptance, self-transcendence, freedom, responsibility, existentiality, single-mindedness, modeling, masculinity, androgyny. For women these characteristics were the following: intellectual plasticity, intellectual ergicity, motor plasticity, motor speed, involvement, control, risk acceptance, single-mindedness, balanced development, responsibility, activity structuring fixation, orientation toward present, modeling, planning, programming, flexibility. Also, characteristics were defined, which distinguish sportsmen with stable high sports results. For men these characteristics are the following: motor ergicity, intellectual ergicity, motor emotionality, communicative emotionality, self- distancing, self-transcendence, personality, activity structuring fixation, perseverance, planning, programming. For women these characteristics are the following: personality, modeling, independence and femininity. Comparative analysis ofpsychological profiles ofprofessionally successful men and women didn't reveal valid differences in the indices values of components of vitality and emotional peculiarities, which prove the features of alexithymia. Insignificant differences were in the intensity of the separate formally dynamic features of individuality. Maximum intergroup differences were revealed according to the indices of the profile of existential performance, skills of self-regulation, self-organization and gender characteristics. Conclusion. The received results can be used for psychogram of professionally successful highly-qualified sportsman projection, can be taken into consideration in case of psychological selection and for programs creation of effective professionalization psychological-pedagogical support in elite sport.
Keywords: elite sport, portrait of "an ideal" sportsman, professional success.
Introduction. The problem of the psychogram or the model (portrait) of "an ideal sportsman" projection and creation is very urgent for modern sports psychology [6].
As underline V.M. Melnikov and I.A. Yurov, sports orientation should have scientific character and should be based on the results of empiric studies. In particular, it is necessary to "create typical and individual characteristics of sportsmen in order to estimate sports fitness, reveal the presence of necessary qualities, opportunities and abilities. This complex of events is necessary for sportsmen's essential qualities and peculiarities formation, correction and compensation in the definite kinds of sport" [6, p. 18]. At the same time, in terms of increasing in the whole world interest (interest expressed by psychologists, teachers, philosophers, sociologists) in the question of self-realization of a woman in the sphere of physical activity and the problems of female sport in particular, the question of specificity of sports activity and sports career organization by men and women is still very important, the peculiarities of professionally important sportsmen's qualities, depending on sex, are thoroughly studied [1; 2; 8; 9].
In our opinion, in order to solve effectively the problem of the search for specific psychological characteristics, which distinguish professionally successful highly-qualified male and female athletes from other athletes of the corresponding sex and also in order to compare psychological portraits of "the ideal sportsmen" men and women for further technologies improvement of psychological-pedagogical training process support, it is necessary to hold scientific-practical research works with professionally successful sportsmen as respondents (as a fact). Our research was designed taking into account this fact. It should be noted, that in terms of this research work, we took into consideration stated from the position of health-protecting approach model of professional success in elite sport (I.O. Loginova, M.S. Sevostyanova, 2017), according to which professionally successful
sportsman is a sportsman, who has achieved stable high sports results, preserving a high level of psychological health and psychic adaptation (we speak about "psychological cost" correspondence with labor results according to A.K. Markova) [5; 7].
The aim of this research work was psychological peculiarities study of professionally successful sportsmen from national teams of Russia, including the dependence on biological sex.
In accordance with the set aim the following research objectives were formulated: 1) to define from all respondents of both sex professionally successful sportsmen, form subgroups for comparative analysis; 2) for each subgroup analyze the following psychological peculiarities: formal-dynamic features of individuality, vitality, existential performance, activity self-organization, behavior self-regulation, emotional peculiarities, connected with the phenomenon of alexithymia and gender characteristics, to reveal statistically valid differences, make corresponding conclusions.
Research methods and research organization. This research work was adopted by local Ethical Committee of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after professor V.F. Voyno-Yasenetskiy" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and according to its essence content corresponds with several scientific-research works, which are directed at highly-qualified sportsmen's psychological peculiarities study [3; 4]. The research was held since 2013 till 2017 on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Establishment "Federal Siberian Research-Clinical Centre of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency" in terms of medical-psychological support of sportsmen from national teams of Russia (in accordance with RF Government Ordinance № 812, October, 17, 2009).
According to the main notions of the Federal Law of December, 4, 2007 № 329-FL(FZ) (redaction 05.10.2015) "On physical
culture and sport in the Russian Federation", "an elite sport is a part of sport, which is directed at high sports results achievement by sportsmen at official All-Russian sports competitions and the official International sports competitions". Speaking about elite sport, we also mean the members of the first and reserve team of sports national teams of the Russian Federation (according to chapter 5, article 35-36 of the present law). These theses of the Federal Law formed the base of sportsmen selection for the respondents of the research formation. The final criteria of inclusion into sampling were the following: 1) voluntary informed agreement; 2) age range of sportsmen: from 18 till 35; 3) interest and desire of a sportsman to take part in the research; 4) no dysfunctional training and pre-competitive states during a questionnaire survey and testing (deprivation, monotonia, excessive fatigue, hyperprosexia, psychomotor perseveration, psychic satiety, frustration); 5) inclusion of a sportsman into the first national team of the Russian Federation in a corresponding kind of sport during the last 3 years; 6) sportsman's officially confirmed regular taking part in All-Russian and International competitions during the last 3 years (candidate masters of sports should take part in the last three competitions of All-Russian scale - Championship of Russia, Russia primacy and etc.), which proves high competitive activity; 7) documented data according to the results of psychophysiological and psychognostic study in terms of a thorough medical check-up (TMC) within last three years.
General sampling of the research at its different stages was 354 highly-qualified sportsmen, who were continuously the part of the first national teams of Russia in different kinds of sport during the following period: 2013 till 2016 (227 men, the average age -23,8 ±5,7, and 127 women, the average age -22,6±6,376). 33 people among them had an honorary degree "Merited Master of Sports" (were the champions and prizewinners of the Olympic Games, the winners of World Championships and etc.), 74 people were World-class athlete, 145 were masters of
sports and 104 sportsmen had the category "Candidate Master of Sports".
In order to realize the set objectives the following methods were used: 1) medical documents analysis of Sports medicine center and Modern psychological technologies center of the Federal State Budgetary Establishment Federal Scientific-Clinical Center of Specialized Kinds of Medical Help and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical- Biological Agency of Russia (medical and sports psychologist opinion, individual cards of psychological support, protocols of rehabilitation lessons on the basis of Psychological Analysis and Testing Laboratory) for current and dynamic estimation of psychic adaptation degree and psychological health indices; 2) clinical-psychological methods: observation, structured interview, including questionnaire survey using specially created author's questionnaire "My sports career", for objective and subjective sides of sports effectiveness study [3]; 3) psychognostic testing using the following methodologies: a) the author's methodology by I.O. Loginova "Steadiness study of a person's vital world" (2012); b) questionnaire of formal-dynamic features of individuality (QFDFI) by V.M. Rusalov (1997); c) vitality test by Salvatore Maddi (1984) in Russian adaptation of D.A. Leontev and E.I. Rasskazova (2006); d) existence scale (Existenz-Skala, ESK) by Langle A., Orgler C (1988-1989) translated by S.V. Krivtsova (2009); e) questionnaire of activity self-organization (QAS) by E.D. Mandrikova (2010); f) "Style of behavior self-regulation" questionnaire (SBSM) by V.I. Morosanova (1988); g) Toronto Alexithimia Scale TAS - 20; h) "Masculinity-femininity" methodology (S. Bem questionnaire "Bem Sex Role Inventory" (BSRI), 1974); i) methods of mathematical statistics: Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test (Mann-Whitney U test). Results handling was realized with the help of the package of statistical programs STATISTICA 10.0.
Logic of empiric research was organized in a way to provide stage by stage objectives realization. At the first stage all documents of Sports medicine Center and
Modern Psychological Technologies Center of Federal State Budgetary Establishment "Federal Siberian Research-Clinical Centre of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia" were analyzed. These documents are connected with medical-psychological support of sports activity and also the results of a questionnaire survey "My sports career" use. For each respondent current group of a sportsman's psychic adaptation was defined. Also dynamic estimation of a sportsman's psychological health within the last three years was given. Respondents' answers analysis, concerning open and closed questions of the questionnaire, helped to estimate the dynamics of sports effectiveness for the last 3 yearly cycles and specify how objective results of competitive effectiveness sort with subjective results.
As a result of all received results systematization 6 subgroups of respondents were formed for further comparative analysis. Two first subgroups included men (n=44), women (n=12) - male and female athletes, who had the highest indices of psychic adaptation and the level of psychological health during the last three years, and also had stable and high (or constantly increasing) sports results. At the same time, among all representatives of these subgroups subjective estimation of own achievements didn't
At the II nd stage psychodiagnostics was held, as a result of which psychological peculiarities of 6 subgroups of respondents were revealed. Further comparative analysis was held using Mann-Whitney U test in two directions:
1. Intragroup (inside male and female sampling) comparison of
contradict objective indices (number of victories, rating and etc.). The second two subgroups - men (n=15), women (n=13) included male and female athletes, who had the same objective indices of sports effectiveness during the last three years, as the representatives of the first two subgroups. However, these sportsmen systematically had strongly pronounced dysfunctional disorders and states - neurotic symptomatology and/or functional state of vegetative nervous system and /or central nervous system decrease with risk factors of neurotic states development, cognitive level decrease and etc., within a long time period (no less than 3 years). The last two subgroups included men (n=16) and women (n=18), who had low indices of psychic adaptation and the level of psychological health. At the same time, sports results of these athletes during last three years could be objectively characterized as stably low, decreasing or not stable ("going up and down"). Subjective estimation of own sports result dynamics by sportsmen in all cases coincide with the results of objective statistics. For clarity the criteria of the initial sampling division into subgroups and characteristic of each subgroup are presented in table 1.
professionally successful male and female athletes with the respondents-representatives of the same biological sex, but with different combinations of psychological adaptation and sports effectiveness indices.
2. Intergender comparison of psychological peculiarities of professionally successful sportsmen.
Table 1 - Criteria of the initial sampling division into subgroups
Name of the group Sex Number of people Stable high sports results Stable high indices of psychic adaptation level
IM male 44 + +
IIM male 15 + -
IIIM male 16 - -
IF female 12 + +
IIF female 13 + -
IIIF female 18 - -
Such kind of an approach helped us, on the one hand, to reveal formal-dynamic and personal characteristics, which distinguish professionally successful male and female athletes from less successful representatives of their biological gender (in other words answer the following question: "Which specific psychological characteristics or combinations provide a high and stable level of sports result achievement and a high level of psychological health preservation among men and women?"); on the other hand, to analyze differential differences of psychological peculiarities of men and women with stably high sports results and psychic adaptation indices.
Research results and their discussion. Comparative analysis of the studied indices values between subgroups I and II for male and female sampling helped to define psychological peculiarities, which distinguish highly-effective sportsmen with high results of psychic adaptation from
highly-effective representatives of corresponding gender with vivid dysfunctional disorders and states. It is obvious that owing to these characteristics sportsmen manage to preserve a high level of psychic adaptation (characteristics, relatively marked out by us as "responsible for health preservation").
In particular, such kind of characteristics for male sampling, are the following: 1) several formal-dynamic features (motor plasticity, communicative speed, motor emotionality, psychomotor and communicative activity); 2) components in the structure of vitality (involvement, control, risk acceptance); 3) existential performance indices (self-transcendence, freedom, responsibility, existentiality); 4) single-mindedness as the skill of activity self-organization; 5) modeling as the skill of behavior self-regulation; 6) gender characteristics (masculinity, androgyny) (table 2).
Table 2 - Comparative analysis of psychological characteristics of sportsmen with different psychic _adaptation and sports effectiveness indices
Block I -statistically valid differences between IM and IIM (>;
_<)_
Block II - statistically valid differences between IM and IIIM (>; <)
Block III -statistically valid differences between IIM and IIIM (>; <)
Block IV - statistically valid differences between IM and IIM + IIIM
simultaneously (>; <)
motor plasticity > communicative speed > motor
emotionality > psychomotor activity index > communicative activity index > general activity index > general
adaptedness index
>
involvement > control > risk acceptance > general level of vitality >_
motor ergicity > communicative emotionality < psychomotor activity index >
communicative activity index >
general activity index > general emotionality index <
general adaptedness index > involvement > control > risk acceptance > general level of vitality >
self-distancing
>
self-transcendence >
motor ergicity > intellectual ergcity < motor emotionality < communicative emotionality < index of general emotionality < general adapteness index >
self-distancing > self-transcendence > personality > performance > persistence > activity structuring fixation < planning > programming >
psychomotor activity index >
communicative activity index >
general activity index >
general adaptedness index
>
involvement > control > risk acceptance > general level of vitality > self-transcendence > freedom > responsibility > existentiality > performance > single-mindedness > modeling >
masculinity >_
self-
transcendence > freedom > responsibility > existentiality > performance > single-
mindedness > modeling> masculinity > androgyny >
freedom > responsibility > existentiality > performance > individuality > single-mindedness > persistence > activity structuring
fixation <
orientation to present > general level of self-organization > programming > modeling > flexibility >
general level of self-regulation >
difficulties of feelings description < outer-oriented thinking < general index according
to the scale of alexithimia
<
masculinity > androgyny >_
androgyny >
For female sampling these characteristics are the following: 1) a range of formal-dynamic features (intellectual plasticity, intellectual ergicity, motor plasticity, motor speed, psychomotor and intellectual activity); 2) components in the structure of vitality (involvement, control, risk
acceptance); 3) skills of activity self-organization (single-mindedness, systematic nature, responsibility, activity structuring fixation, orientation toward present); 4) skills of behavior self-regulation (modeling, planning, programming, flexibility) (table 3).
Block I - statistically valid differences between IF and IIF (>; <) Block II - statistically valid differences between IF and IIIF (>; <) Блок III - statistically valid differences between IIF and IIIF (>; <) Block IV - statistically valid differences between IF and IIF + IIIF simultaneously (>; <)
intellectual plasticity > general level of self-regulation > modeling > intellectual ergcity > motor plasticity > motor speed > motor ergicity > intellectual ergicity > motor plasticity > motor speed > psychomotor activity index > intellectual activity index > personality < general level of self-regulation < modeling < independence < femininity < intellectual ergicity > motor plasticity > motor speed > psychomotor activity index > intellectual activity index> general activity index >
Table 3 - Comparative analysis of psychological characteristics of female athletes with different
psychic adaptation and sports effectiveness indices
psychomotor activity general activity index > general adapted-ness
index > general adapted-ness index >
intellectual activity index > involvement >
index > involvement > control >
general activity control > rick acceptance >
index > risk acceptance > general level of vitality
general adaptedness general level of vitality >
index > > responsibility <
involvement > self-transcendence < systematic nature >
control > personality < single-mindedness >
risk acceptance > performance < activity structuring
general level of responsibility < fixation >
vitality > systematic nature > orientation toward
responsibility < single-mindedness > present >
systematic nature > activity structuring general level of self-
single-mindedness > fixation > organization >
activity structuring orientation toward planning >
fixation > present > programming >
orientation toward general level of self- flexibility >
present > organization >
general level of self- planning >
organization > programming >
planning > flexibility >
programming > difficulty in feelings
flexibility > identification <
outer-oriented thinking >
androgyny >
The same comparative indices analysis between subgroups II and III helped to define psychological characteristics, which distinguished highly-qualified athletes with the decrease of psychic adaptation level from sportsmen with the same dysfunctional disorders and states and, at the same time, demonstrating not stable or decreasing sports results (we, conceptually, defined characteristics as "responsible for the result achievement"). Among men such kind of characteristics are the following: 1) several formal-dynamic features (motor ergicity, intellectual ergicity, motor emotionality, communicative emotionality); 2) existential performance indices (self-distancing, self-transcendence, personality); 3) skills of activity self-organization (activity structuring fixation, perseverance); 4) skills of behavior self-regulation (planning, programming) (table 2). For women these characteristics are the following: personality as the index of
existential performance, such kind of skills of behavior self-regulation as modeling and independence and also femininity (table 3).
Analyzing the received results, we can state, that professional success formation is connected with the peculiarities of some formal-dynamic features and personal characteristics of individuality demonstration. Motor emotionality and communicative activity play special role in the mechanism of a high level of psychic adaptation preservation among men, among women this role belongs to intellectual activity. Also, involvement, control, rick acceptance, single-mindedness and modeling are important both for men and women.
It is indicative that the revealed interconnection between a high level of psychic adaptation and the profile of existential performance and gender characteristics among men wasn't revealed among female sampling, which, in spite of
identity of the qualities ("responsible for health preservation"), proves different mechanisms of health preservation among highly-effective sportsmen of different gender. We consider that exactly these features and qualities play an important role in psychophysiological and psychological professional aptitude provision among men and women in elite sport and it should be taken into consideration during professiograms creation of highly-qualified male and female athletes.
On the basis of these results and also taking into account the revealed intergender differences in the characteristics, conceptually defined by us as "responsible for high sports result achievement" (their complete incongruity), we also compared subgroups IM and IF for the differences revelation between demonstrations of formal-dynamic features and psychological characteristics of professionally successful men and women (table 4).
As a result of this analysis no valid differences in indices values of vitality components and emotional peculiarities, which demonstrate alexithymia, were revealed. Insignificant differences were in the intensity of the separate formal-dynamic features of individuality (for example, women showed more ergicity and emotionality in intellectual sphere and men showed more emotionality in psychomotor sphere). At the same time, according to the intensity of generalized indices of activity in psychomotor, intellectual and communicative sphere no valid differences were revealed, also no differences were revealed in the values of general emotionality and general adaptedness indices. These characteristics (the average values of indices in subgroups IM and IF) can be considered as "universal" features and qualities of professionally successful members of the national teams of Russia, regardless of gender.
Table 4 - Intergender differences in psychological profile of professionally successful sportsmen of __high qualification __
Presence of statistically valid differences U-criterion value Significance level Alternative hypothesis (alt. hypothesis): median1(IM)>median2 (IF) median1(IM)< median2 (IF)
Formal-dynamic features of individuality
Psychomotor sphere:
Ergicity no
Plasticity
Speed
Emotionality yes 162,0 0,02112 >
Intellectual sphere:
Ergicity есть 421,0 0,00174 <
Plasticity no
Speed
Emotionality yes 385,5 0,01480 <
Communicative sphere:
Ergicity yes 365,5 0,0211 <
Plasticity no
Speed
Emotionality
Index of psychomotor activity (IPA) no
Index of intellectual activity (IIA)
Index of communicative activity (ICA)
Index of general activity (IGA) yes 354,5 0,03602 <
Index of general emotionality (IGE) no
Index of general adaptedness (IGAD)
Vitality
Involvement no
Control
Rick acceptance
General level of vitality
Existential performance
Self-distancing yes 138,0 0,00602 >
Self-transcendence yes 153,5 0,01385 >
Freedom no
Responsibility yes 77,0 0,000092 >
Personality yes 143,0 0,00800 >
Existence yes 143,5 0,008225 >
General level of existential performance yes 139,5 0,00662 >
Peculiarities of activity self-organization
Systematic nature yes 349,0 0,0454 <
Single-mindedness no
Persistence yes 180,0 0,0468 >
Activity structuring fixation yes 354,0 0,03667 <
Self-organization by means of outer means yes 375,0 0,01301 <
Orientation toward present yes 348,0 0,0461 <
General index of activity self-organization yes 374,5 0,01398 <
'eculiarities of behavior self-regulation
Planning no
Modeling yes 185,5 0,0505 >
Programming no
Results estimation yes 178,0 0,0409 >
Flexibility yes 378,5 0,010065 <
Independence yes 375,0 0,0120 <
General level of self-regulation no
Emotional peculiarities
Difficulties in feelings identification no
Difficulties in feelings description
Outer-oriented thinking
General index according to alexithimia scale
Gender characteristics
Masculinity no
Femininity yes 368,5 0,018 <
Androgyny yes 349,0 0,0454 <
Maximum intergroup differences were revealed according to the indices of the profile of existential performance, skills of self-regulation, self-organization and gender characteristics. In particular, successful male athletes have a higher level of existential performance, which is proved by statistically valid differences almost according to all subscales of "Existence scale" methodology. It is obvious, that for women existential performance is not a psychological condition, which provides professional success achievement. Apparently, in this case (concerning female sampling) the process of professional success formation in sport can be considered as the variant of compensation or the means of existence gaining, felt as imbued one. Speaking about the peculiarities of activity self-organization, successful men have more intensive persistence. For successful women the following is typical: systematic nature, activity structuring fixation, self-organization by means of outer means and orientation toward present. Successful male athletes also differed from women in more developed skills of modeling and results estimation. Successful female athletes had a higher level of regular flexibility and autonomy. It should be noted that there were no valid differences in masculine qualities between the representatives of the following subgroups: IM and IF, however for women androgyny was more typical, which is conditioned by more intensive feminine qualities in gender profile of successful female athletes.
Conclusion. The received results have great theoretical and practical importance. On the one hand, they can be used during psychogram or model (portrait) of an "ideal sportsman" (V.M. Melnikov, I.A. Yurov)
creation, can be taken into consideration during the criteria substantiation of psychological selection among highly-qualified sportsmen and also during the program creation of professional success psychological-pedagogical support in elite sport.
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Mariya S. Sevostyanova - Clinical Psychologist of the Highest Qualification Category, Director of the Center of Modern Psychological Technologies, Federal Siberian Research-Clinical Centre of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency, House 26, Kolomenskaya str., Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russia, E-mail: SevostyanovaMS@yandex.ru
Irina O. Loginova - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor, the Head of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Department with Postgraduate Course, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after professor V.F. Voyno-Yasenetskiy, House 1, Partisan Zheleznyakstr., Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russia, Email: loginova70 70@mail.ru
For citations: Sevostyanova M.S., Loginova I.O. Psychological peculiarities of professionally successful sportsmen of national teams of russia: intersex distinctions analysis, The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Phycological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), 2018, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 99-109. DOI 10/14526/01_2018_292
