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6PRIORITY OF FORMATION OF EDUCATIONAL ACTIONS OF YOUNGER SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE TRAINING COURSE ON L.V. ZANKOV'S SYSTEM
Abstract
The paper deals with characteristic of pedagogical and methodical aspects of formation of universal educational actions of younger school students in the training course of initial step of the general education. The author defines optimum conditions and possibilities of implementation of the new educational standard by means of L. V. Zankov's didactic system of developing training, the main tendencies connected with formation of universal educational actions of younger school students. The results of the research show that organization of educational process in the framework of L.V. Zankov's didactic system help school students to form and improve all types of universal educational actions. Thus, L. V. Zankov's didactic system can serve the technological component of education defining ways and means of formation of universal educational actions, achievements of socially desirable level of pupils' development. Methodical materials are developed and approved on the basis of MAOU Gymnasium No. 2 after A. P. Chekhov (Taganrog, Russia).
Keywords
primary education, universal educational actions, pupil, teacher, learning process, general development, formation
AUTHOR
Susanna Nalesnaya
PhD in Education, Associate Professor Department of Elementary Education Pedagogics Taganrog institute after A. P. Chekhov, branch of Rostov State University of Economic (RINH)
Taganrog, Russia [email protected]
For the last decades, society has cardinal changes in representation of the purposes of education and ways of their realization. From recognition of knowledge, skills and abilities as the main result of education, there was a transition to understanding of training as a process of preparation of learners to real life; their readiness to take an active position; solving vital problems successfully; ability to cooperate and work in a group; readiness to fast reaction in response to updating of knowledge and requirements of labor market.
In this regard, the Federal State Educational Standard of the primary general education emphasizes that "implementation of the standard has to provide conditions for common cultural and personal development of pupils on the basis of formation of the universal educational actions providing not only successful assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities, but also formation of a picture of the world, system of competences of any subject of knowledge" (Federal State Educational Standard, 2011).
The requirement to formation of universal educational actions of pupils became one of professional competences of the elementary school teacher.
The existing psychologic-pedagogical, educational-methodological literature do not always fully reflect essentially new pedagogical experience. The insufficient volume of necessary skills, psychologic-pedagogical installations on technology of formation of
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universal educational actions of pupils is one of the actual problems of modern education.
The purpose of our research is the analysis of L. V. Zankov's didactic training system in the light of realization of the modern education system ideas on practice.
The solution of the social task ensuring ability of the Russian education system adequately to react to inquiries of a person, change of requirements of national economy and positive society organization is submitted important nowadays.
Within the activity approach, the results of education have to be directly connected with the directions of personal development. These results are presented in an activity form. It means that the results of education should have not only a subject format, but also have nature of universal actions. Universal educational actions have to be the basis for a choice and structuring the content of education, receptions, methods, forms of education, and creation of complete educational-upbringing process.
The concept of "the system-activity approach is the cornerstone of universal educational actions and provide:
• formation of readiness for self-development and continuous education;
• design of the social environment of learners' development in the education system;
• active educational cognitive activity of learners;
• creation of educational process according to the specifity of age, psychological and physiological features of learners" (Efimov, 2012).
Formation of pupils' universal educational actions happens in the context of different subjects and, eventually, conducts to mastering the ability to acquire new knowledge and abilities independently, including the independent organization of process of knowledge mastering, i.e. the ability to study.
This ability is provided by the fact that "universal educational actions are the generalized ways of actions opening possibility of broad orientation of pupils both in various subject domains, and in a structure of the educational activity of its own, including understanding by pupils of its purposes, value-semantic and operational characteristics" (Efimov, 2012). Thus, achievement of 'the ability to study' assumes development of all components of educational activity, which includes educational motives, educational purpose, educational task, educational actions and operations (orientation, material transformation, control and assessment).
Today A.G. Asmolov, G. V. Burmenskaya, I.A. Volodarskaya, O. A. Karabanova, L. G. Peterson and others actively consider approaches to formation of pupils' universal educational actions.
The scientific literature treats the essence of the concept 'universal educational actions' in different ways. In wide sense, the term 'universal educational actions' means the ability to study. In narrower sense (actually psychological sense), the term 'universal educational actions' can be defined as a set of ways of pupil's action (and the skills of study related to it) providing his ability to independent assimilation of new knowledge and abilities including the organization of this process (Efimov, 2012).
In Federal State Educational Standard of the primary general education, universal educational actions are grouped in four main units:
1) personal actions;
2) regulatory actions;
3) cognitive actions;
4) communicative actions.
Personal actions allow to make the learning process sensible; provide a pupil by the importance of the solution of educational tasks, coordinating them to the real vital purposes and situations. Personal actions are directed on understanding, research and acceptance of vital values and meanings, allow to orient in ethical standards and
estimates, develop the living position concerning world around, himself and his future.
Regulatory actions provide possibility to manage cognitive and educational activity by means of statement the purposes, planning, control, correction of actions and assessment of successful mastering. Consecutive transition to self-government and self-control in educational activity provides the base of future professional education and self-improvement.
Informative actions include research, search and selection of necessary information, its structuring; modeling of the studied contents, logical actions and operations, ways of tasks solution. Informative universal educational actions include all-subject logical educational actions, and statement and solution of a problem.
Communicative actions provide possibilities of cooperation such, as ability to hear, listen and understand the partner; to plan joint activity and carry it out in coordination; to cast; to control actions of each other; to be able to agree, conduct discussion; to express the thoughts in the speech; to respect the partner and himself in communication and cooperation. Ability to study means the ability to cooperate effectively with both a teacher, and contemporaries, ability and readiness to carry on dialogue, to look for decisions, to support each other.
The analysis of teachers' experience shows that the complete pedagogical system of L. V. Zankov provides achievement of the planned results by means of special selection and structuring the maintenance of subjects. Such selection creates conditions for realization of the system-activity approach and individual training. The subject contents is selected and structured on the basis of the didactic principle of the leading role of theoretical knowledge to create conditions for pupils' research of interdependence of phenomena and their internal essential communications.
"A pupil works at intersections of knowledge (on theoretical, theoretical and practical, intersubject and intrasubject levels) that, in turn, creates conditions for realization of the didactic principle of training at the high level of difficulty" (Program for elementary school, 2012). A pupil overcomes the arisen difficulty due to realization of the didactic principle of understanding of training process: "Why it did not turn out?", "What knowledge is missing?". Educational-research independent activity of the educational process subject is formed this way. This activity forms personal universal actions, character, communication-arguing thinking and search of missing information that leads to task solution.
Connections operating provides with communication multilevel systematization of knowledge, intermediate and total generalization that gives fast speed to training.
Below we consider possibilities of L.V. Zankov's didactic training system In the course of school students' training according to L.V. Zankov's system, all types of universal educational actions are formed at once. To open this statement, we take into account the thought that the training purpose is development of child's identity. First, it means that a child should understand the learning process. Motivation, formation of positive relation to learning, ability to self-assessment and so on make a complex of personal universal educational actions.
Within L.V. Zankov's training system, a pupil is the subject of process, so he learns to accept and keep an educational task, independently to plan the actions, to conduct total and step-by-step control, to introduce amendments in actions, to perceive teacher's assessment adequately, i.e. he develops regulatory universal educational actions.
The purpose of the active pupil is recognition, opening, development, therefore he carries out the whole complex of informative universal educational actions: work with information, carry out analysis and synthesis, establish relationships of cause and effect, create statements in an oral and written form, use general receptions of tasks solution, etc.
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Conditions for productive communication between pupils and between pupils and a teacher are created at lessons. It is an indispensable condition for pupils to solve educational tasks and for a teacher to define the zone of proximal development of each pupil and to build work with orientation to it. The part of the above-mentioned actions is carried out by pupils in the conditions of communication, i.e. they can control actions of a partner, use the speech for regulation of an action, agree, come to the common decision, consider different opinions, seek for coordination, formulate own opinion and position, etc. in a learning course. It means that there are conditions for development of communicative universal educational activities.
To carry out the learning process subordinated to the purpose is optimum general development of each child and it is possible only in unity of all types of universal educational activities, which are fully presented in the Federal State Educational Standard of the primary general education.
Coincidence of the major provisions of L. V. Zankov's didactic training system and Federal State Educational Standard of the primary general education characterize the present stage of education:
- the purpose of education is development of a person;
- understanding of need of common development, but not just intellectual development of pupils with different training opportunities;
- understanding of a way to achieve the purpose by organization of independent individual and joint activities.
The psychological-pedagogic system of L. V. Zankov can serve the technological component of education defining ways and means of universal educational actions formation, achievements of socially desirable level of pupils' development.
REFERENCES
1. Efimov, V. F. (Comp.) (2012) The program of formation of universal educational actions of learners on the level of primary general education, Moscow, Education, 76 P.
2. Federal State Educational Standard (2011), Moscow, Education, 187 P.
3. Program for elementary school. L. V. Zankov's training system (2012), Saratov, "Fedorov" Publ., 123 P.
