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22Citation: Cellular Therapy and Transplantation, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1 December 2008, p. 49-53 doi: 10.3205/ctt-2008-en-000016.01
© The Authors. This article is provided under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Germany, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/deed.en
Submitted: 17 Oktober 2008, accepted: 7 November 2008, published: 1 December 2008
Platelet lysate for rapid expansion of human mesenchymal stromal cells
Claudia Lange, Figen Cakiroglu, Andrej Spiess, Heike Cappallo-Obermann, Axel R. Zander
Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
Correspondence: Claudia Lange, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, E-mail: [email protected]
Summary
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) are promising candidates for new treatment options in transplant and regenerative medicine. However, most expansion protocols still use fetal calf serum (FCS) as growth factor supplement, which is a potential source of undesirable xenogeneic pathogens. We established an easy and reproducible expansion protocol for hMSC based on the addition of platelet lysate (PL) obtained from human thrombocyte concentrates. Both CFU-F and cumulative cell numbers were significantly increased compared to the conventional FCS-based medium. The generated cells meet all criteria for MSCs, e.g. plastic adherence, spindle-shaped morphology, surface marker expression, lack of hematopoietic markers, and differentiation capability into 3 mesenchymal lineages. Human MSC expanded with PL revealed favorable immunological properties in vitro. Gene expression profiles showed up-regulation of cell cycle and DNA replication genes and downregulation of developmental, differentiation, adipogenic and MHC II genes. Thus, PL provides a safe component for accelerated and safe hMSC expansion.
Keywords: mesenchymal stromal cells, platelet lysate, gene expression
Introduction
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), also named mesenchymal stem cells, are characterized by adherence to plastic when maintained in standard cultures in vitro, by expression of surface antigens CD105 and CD90 but lack of hematopoietic markers CD34 and CD45, and by differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondroblasts in vitro [1]. Since their first description [2], a multitude of work has been carried out to show their properties and functionality in vitro and in vivo [3,4,5]. MSC have been shown to display a considerable therapeutic potential in pre-clinical [6,7,8,9,10,11] and clinical [12,13,14,15,16] studies for the treatment/regeneration of neuronal degeneration, osteogenesis imperfecta, graft-versus-host disease, support of hematopoietic engraftment, metabolic diseases, and bone and cartilage tissues, as well as renal and myocardial infarction. To date, all reported clinical trials are employing hMSC generated in medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS). FCS, however, is a source of undesirable xenogeneic antigens, and carries the risk of transmitting animal viral, prion and zoonose contaminations. Additionally, FCS has been implicated with anaphylactic or arthus-like immune reactions in patients who received cells generated in FCS-supplemented medium [17], even leading to arrhythmias after cellular cardioplasty [18]. Uptake of
FCS components is an active process [19]. Although up to 99.99% of FCS can be removed by sequential cultivation of MSC first in FCS, followed by autologous or heterologous serum [20], a residual risk still remains.
Very recently, human platelet lysates (PL) have been shown to serve as a safe substitute for animal serum for hMSC expansion [21,22,23], but the resulting hMSC are still not fully characterized. We have extensively analyzed animal-serum free culture conditions for hMSC expansion using platelet lysate as a substitute for FCS. Compared to FCS-supplemented culture conditions, we found a significant increase of both CFU-F as well as cumulative cell numbers after expansion. Our optimized protocol uses 5% of PL as growth supplement. Cells obtained by this protocol meet all criteria for MSCs, e.g. plastic adherence, spindle-shaped morphology, surface marker expression, lack of hematopoietic markers, and differentiation capability into 3 mesenchymal lineages. MSC retained their immune-privileged potential by suppressing the allogeneic reaction of T-cells. Additionally, gene expression profiles showed decreased mRNA levels of MHC II components. Taken together, our GMP-compatible protocol allows for safe and accelerated expansion of hMSC, which could
be of interest for cell and tissue therapies. Results and discussion
In comparing the additives FCS and PL, the media used consisted of a-MEM containing glutamax, the stable form of glutamine, supplemented either with + 10% preselected fetal calf serum (FCS; BioWhittaker, Apen, Germany) + 1% glutamine or 5% freshly thawed platelet lysate (PL) + 10 IU Heparin (Roche, Grenzach-Wylen, Germany; 5000 IU/ml) per 5 ml medium. The isolation of hMSC already revealed a higher number of CFU-F in PL-containing medium (Table 1) as well as larger colonies (Figure 1). In line with the CFU-F numbers, the expansion capabilities of hMSC grown in PL were considerably higher (Figure 2), reaching twice as many cells after only 40 days. With regard to morphology, a more elongated cell appearance has been observed in PL-cultures, resulting in significantly higher cell numbers per growth area.
Table 1: Isolation of hMSC with FCS- or PL-supplemented media.
Values are shown for 107 plated cells.
Figure 1: Isolation of hMSC by plating 5 x 105 mononuclear cells/well in
3 ml. Shown are crystal violet-stained CFU-F in FCS- or PL-supplemented media 14 days after seeding.
Figure 2: Accelerated expansion of MSC in PL- compared to FCS-containing medium aMEM. Shown are cumulative cell numbers of one example out of 11 experiments. Each symbol respresents a single time ooint of trypsinization.
PL contains 7 fundamental growth factors actively secreted by platelets: PDGF-aa (platelet derived growth factor), -PP, -aP, TGF-P1 (transforming growth factor) and -P2, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and EGF (epidermal growth factor) [24,25]. The growth factors PDGF, TGF, EGF and FGF (fibroblast growth factor) have been described as mitogens for MSC [4]. Thrombocyte concentrates are regularly produced and applied in everyday clinical life, and meet all criteria for a safe and well-controlled growth factor source. The main reason for the superiority of PL therefore may originate in the release of these
factors. We thoroughly analyzed PL with either Human 27-plex (BIO-RAD) or ELISA and showed that inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines as well as a variety of mitogenic factors are contained in PL (Table 2). Previously, it has been shown that thrombocytes release certain amounts of mitogenic cytokines, varying for PDGF-aP, for example, between 35-133 ng/ml [25]. For effective expansion of MSC, an optimized preparation of PL is needed. It consists of pooled PL from at least 10 donors (to equalize for differences in cytokine concentrations) with a minimum concentration of 3 x 109 thrombocytes/ml. Beside this, the accelerated growth under the influence of PL is supported by differential gene expression profile showing an upregulation of cycle-promoting proteins and downregulation of genes for differentiation, attachment, and apoptosis [26].
Evaluation of the surface antigens CD34, CD45, CD59, CD90 and CD105 by flow cytometry revealed a similar phenotype as with FCS-medium, i.e. a lack of the hematopoietic markers CD34 and CD45 and expression of CD59, CD90 and CD105 (not shown). Additionally, both expansion media enabled a subsequent differentiation of hMSC into osteo-, adipo- and chondrogenic lineages. An exception in the quantity of differentiating cells was found for adipogenic differentiation. The formation of adipocytes was delayed and required longer induction times. This result is supported by the downregulation of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism [26]. We assess this decreased adipogenic/lipogenic ability as a favorable property, because in mice the intra-arterial injection of MSC for treatment of chronic kidney injury has revealed formation of adipocytes [27].
MSC have been described as immunomodulatory by impairing T-cell activation without inducing anergy. We tested the immunomodulatory properties of PL-expanded hMSC in vitro in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). MLRs were carried out with different combinations of allogeneic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) used as effectors (E) and irradiated stimulators/activators (A) at ratios of 1:1. Human MSC (M) added to the MLR were from unrelated healthy donors. In all 6 experiments, hMSC added at effector/stimulator/MSC ratio of 1:1:1 suppressed T cell proliferation efficiently (p=0.000004). The average inhibition at this ratio was 84.8 ± 9.7% (Figure 3). In contrast to FCS-generated hMSC, no dilution effect of the MSC-effect with decreasing numbers [28] was observed. This result is supported by differential gene expression showing a downregulation of MHC II compounds in hMSC (Figure 4). Addition of PL-generated hMSC leads to significantly decreased immunostimulation of allogeneic T cells caused by MSC. Expanded hMSC express MHC I but not II complexes although MHC II is present intracellularly, and can be induced by addition of interferon gamma (IFN-y) [29]. The lack of MHC II on hMSC has been interpreted so far as evidence for their non-stimulating properties, so that MSC are transplantable between MHC-incompatible individuals. The downregulation of MHC II in hMSC expanded in PL-supplemented medium makes the cell preparations even more safe and useful for application in cell-replacement therapies. It has been shown that both autologous and allogeneic MSC can be used without significant immune reactions [30,31,32] and PL-MSC could make the allogeneic use even safer. We expect, according to the results of decreased allo-stimulation under the influence of PL-MSC, a broader applicability of these MSC.
aMEM+FCS aMEM+PL
mean± SE 415 ± 97 1181 ± 244
Table 2: Determination of factor-concentrations in PL. Anti-inflammatory cytokines are shown in bold, inflammatory in italic. The human-plex method presents the concentration in [pg/ml] from undiluted PL, while in the ELISA PL was diluted to a thrombocyte concentration of 1 x 109/ml and used as 5% in medium (the values therefore have to be multiplied by at least 20). < : below the detection limit.
Human 27-plex [pg/ml]
IL-1ß IL-2 IL-4 IL-5 IL-6 IL-7 IL-8 IL-9 IL-10
< 32±10 16±10 < 43.8 23±13 269±119 263±103 81±47
IL-12 IL-13 IL-15 IL-17 G-CSF GM-CSF IFN-Y TNF-a MCP-1
19.2 11±7 < < 73±35 49.2 2073±798 153±98 84±43
MIB-1ß IL-1Ra Eotaxin bFGF IP-10 MIP-1a PDGF bb RANTES VEGF
< 772±158 253±21 86±47 < < 43830±6767 7089±1732 1023±109
ELISA (n=6, 5% PL) [pg/ml]
TGF PDGF bb IGF-1 EGF bFGF HGF VEGF
4537±1409 915± 379 634±124 89±24 16±5 13±22 50±20
Figure 3: Immunomodulatory properties of hMSC are preserved after cultivation in PL-supplemented medium. Bar graph shows the relative percentage of Ki-67+ CD3+ cells in the presence of effector (E), irradiated activator (A), and PL-generated MSCs (M) in various ratios. Data represent relative mean values ± SD of proliferating Ki-67 positive T-cells from 6 experiments.
+
fi Q
'O
100
80
60
40
> 20
* 0
E:A:M
-Itn
1:1:0
1:1:1
1:1:0.5
1:1:0.2
Figure 4: Differential gene expression profile reveals the II compounds in MSCs cultured in PL- compared to FCS-supplemented media. Gene expression values are shown as log2 of raw fluorescence for MHC II genes involved in antigen presentation.
Additional gene expression data shows that PL-generated MSCs might be particularly good candidates for regenerative therapy in CNS damage. They express the gene Prickle1, which is involved in neuro-regeneration, to an eight-fold higher degree when compared to MSCs cultured in FCS-supplemented media. Mouse Prickle1 and Prickle2 are expressed in postmitotic neurons and promote neurite outgrowth [33]. Furthermore, MAG (Myelin-associated glycoprotein) is expressed at 13-fold lower amount. MAG is a cell membrane glycoprotein, and may be involved in myelination during nerve regereneration. The lack of recovery after central nervous system injury is caused, in part, by myelin inhibitors including MAG. MAG acts as a neurite outgrowth inhibitor for most neurons tested, but stimulates neurite outgrowth in immature dorsal root ganglion neurons [34]. These differentially regulated genes would favor the use of PL-cultured hMSC for regeneration of neuronal injury. Additionally, the 12-fold higher expression of RAR (retinoid acid receptor) -responsive 1 gene (TIG1) [35], 9-fold higher expression of Keratin 18 [36], 5.7-fold higher expression of the cellular retinol binding protein 1 CRBP1 [37], and Prickle 1 suggest a less tumorigenic phenotype of the MSCs after cultivation in PL-supplemented media.
downregulation of MHC
Conclusions: Isolation and expansion of hMSC using PL as medium supplement allows for rapid generation ofhigh cell amounts within short time. MSC expanded under these conditions fulfill all criteria stated for hMSC. Differential gene expressions support the findings of delayed adipogenesis and favorable immunological properties. Thus, PL-generated hMSC are prime candidates for transplantation as well as regenerative approaches.
□ MHC II DP beta 1 (HLA-DPB1)
□ MHC II DM alpha (HLA-DMA)
□ MHC II DR alpha (HLA-DRA)
□ MHC II DP alpha 1 (HLA-DPA1)
□ MHC II DR-beta 1 (Dwl4)
Acknowledgement:
The work was supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Contract grant number 13N8904 (HyCelex).
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© The Authors. This article is provided under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Germany, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/deed.en
Ссылка: Клеточная терапия и трансплантация, том 1, номер 2, 1 декабря 2008, с. 53
ао1: 10.3205/сй-2008-гц-000016.02
Лизат тромбоцитов для ускоренного размножения мезенхимных стромальных клеток человека
Ланге К., Чакироглу Ф., Шписс А., Каппалло-Оберманн Х., Цандер А.Р. Резюме
Мезенхимные стромальные клетки (МСК) из костного мозга человека являются перспективными кандидатами для новых способов лечения в трансплантационной и регенеративной медицине. Однако большинство протоколов культивирования включают фетальную телячью сыворотку (ФТС) в качестве источника факторов роста, которая является потенциальным источником чужеродных патогенов. Недавно было показано, что лизаты тромбоцитов (ЛТ) являются безопасной заменой животной сыворотки для размножения МСК, но образующиеся МСК слабо охарактеризованы. ЛТ содержит основные факторы роста, активно секретируемые тромбоцитами: PDGF-aa, -РР, -ар, TGF-pl и -Р2, VEGF и EGF. Мы создали легко воспроизводимый протокол для культуры МСК с добавлением ЛТ из концентратов тромбоцитов человека. Как КОЕ-Ф, так и общее число клеток существенно возрастали, по сравнению со стандартной средой, содержащей ФТС. Образующиеся клетки соответствуют всем критериям для МСК, таким, как: прилипание к пластику, веретенообразная форма, экспрессия поверхностных маркеров, отсутствие гемопоэтических маркеров и способность к дифференцировке в три ростка мезенхимных клеток. МСК человека, размноженные с ЛТ, проявляли благоприятные иммунологические свойства в культуре. Мы проверяли иммуномодулирующие свойства МСК, размноженных с ЛТ, в смешанной лимфоцитарной реакции, проводимой с мононуклеарамии крови человека, использованными как эффекторы или облученные стимуляторы в соотношении 1:1:1. При добавлении МСК к смешанной культуре отмечалось эффективное подавление Т-клеточная пролиферации (Р=0,000004), при среднем уровне подавления 84,8±9,7%. Этот результат подтверждается дифференциальной экспрессией генов, показывающей снижение МНС II в МСК. Кроме того, профили генной экспрессии показали активацию генов клеточного цикла и репликации ДНК, наряду с подавлением генов, связанных с развитием, дифференцировкой, адипогенезом. Таким образом, ЛТ является безопасным компонентом сред для ускоренного и безопасного размножения МСК.
Ключевые слова: мезенхимные стромальные клетки, лизат тромбоцитов, факторы роста, экспрессия генов, ингибирование иммунитета, регенерационная терапия
