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16
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_186
PECULIARITIES OF POPULATION AXIOLOGICAL ORIENATTIONS FORMATION TO A HEALTHY LIFE-STYLE
Tatiana A. Ponomareva - candidate of sociological sciences Sterlitamak Institute of Physical Culture (branch) Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ural State University of Physical Culture" Str. Kochetov, 26 B, Sterlitamak, 453100, Russia
E-mail: ponmarsem@mail.ru
Annotation. One of the priority aims of society social development is the problems of health study among population. During this problem study mainly the importance of biological, ecological components, working conditions, life and leisure conditions of a person are estimated, but not his social nature, oriented to health preservation and improvement. That is why the necessity appears to study the peculiarities of axiological orientation formation among population to a healthy lifestyle. Scientific research works organization and methodical approaches creation would provide health preservation and improvement, axiological orientations of a healthy life-style formation. Materials. A healthy life-style formation is determined by the system of social relations, needs and interests of a personality and society, by the definite factors influence. Many-sided understanding of health and a healthy life-style will provide its integral conception. The article gives the analysis of axiological orientations different aspects to a healthy life-style formation. Research methods: scientific-methodical literature analysis and summarizing, the results of All-Russian sociological surveys analysis, questionnaire survey "The attitude of population to health" (Sterlitamak, the Republic of Bashkortostan, 2016). Results. The empiric data analysis helped to reveal the hierarchy of axiological orientations, determine the place of health, create typology of population orientations to a healthy life-style, based on the following features: cognitive - a person's idea of health, a healthy life-style and diseases, and behavioral - stereotypes of behavior, activity, directed at health support and a healthy life-style formation. Conclusion. The empiric research helped to reveal the components and peculiarities of a healthy life-style formation among population. The results of the research can be the informational base for the strategy creation in the sphere of health preservation and improvement among the population of the Russian Federation, physical culture and sport importance increase in axiological orientations to a healthy life-style formation. Keywords: health, a healthy life-style, values, axiological orientations, physical culture.
Urgency. The problem of health study is one of the priority objectives of society social development and it conditions the urgency and the necessity to carry out scientific research works, organizational-methodical approaches creation to health preservation and improvement and a healthy life-style among population formation.
Recently, health state of the population in Russia, including the Republic of Bashkortostan, is anxiety-provoking subject [1]. Russia is one of the countries, where health state worsening among population is catastrophic. According to
statistical indices, there is the increase of congenital malformations, number of chronic patients, mental disorders and malignant diseases, life expectancy decrease [5].
For a long time health wasn't the main value in Russia and social support was guaranteed only to people, who were ill. In spite of the fact that nowadays health is the "order of the day", the mass media spread bad habits and simultaneously popularize healthy life-style. Social-economic indices show lack of attention paid to health of population. Low rates on public health and physical culture, the quality of food decrease, abilities
restriction of hospitals in providing medical services, fee-for-service medicine- all these factors prove lack of attention paid to health of population by government.
Moreover, during this problem study mainly the importance of biological, ecological components, working conditions, life and leisure conditions of a person are estimated, but not his intensive activity, oriented to health preservation and improvement.
That is why the necessity appears to study the peculiarities of axiological orientation formation among population to a healthy life-style.
The aim of the research is the peculiarities revelation of axiological orientations to a healthy life-style formation among the population.
The objectives of the research:
5. To specify the notions "health", "healthy life-style".
6. To reveal the hierarchy of values, which determine health.
7. To determine the peculiarities of axiological orientations to a healthy lifestyle formation.
Research methods: scientific-methodical literature analysis and summarizing, the results of All-Russian sociological surveys by I.V. Zhuravleva analysis, the author's questionnaire survey "The attitude of population to health" (Sterlitamak, the Republic of Bashkortostan, 2016).
Research results and their discussion. Scientific-methodical literature analysis and summarizing helped to define several groups of works concerning the problem of the research. Theoretical-methodological basis for the category "health" analysis were studied in the works by N.M. Amosov, G.P. Apanasenko, R.P. Baevskiy, A.P. Bersenov, I.I. Brekhman, E.N. Vayner, V.P. Kaznacheev, L.A. Popov and others. The questions about the way of living were studied in the works by V.A. Bromley, A.P. Butenko, R. Gillinkhem, S.I. Popov, U. Ris, O. Toffler, P. de Kharvurd and others. A healthy life-style was studied in the works by
N.G. Blinov, N.V. Bredikhina [2], E.P. Demkina [3], I.V. Zhuravleva [8], D.A. Izutin, E.N. Kazin, V.P. Kaznacheev, Y.P. Lisitsin, M.G. Moskvicheva, N.V. Pankratov, A. D. Stepanov.
In different concepts the notions "health" and "healthy life-style" have different definitions. In our research work we took into consideration the approaches of N.V. Bredikhina, E.P. Demkina, I.V. Zhuravleva, followed the principles of sociological analysis and axiological and system approaches. Axiological approach helped to study health as value and as health value, determine its place in the system of the population life values. System approach helped to reveal the integrity of healthy lifestyle phenomenon, reveal interconnections between its structural components, consider healthy life-style as the part of a lifeway.
Sociological approach to the notion "health" analysis in contract to other approaches studies three components of health: physical, psychic and social health [2].
N.V. Bredikhina determines social health as the range of features, which condition comfortable for psychic health relations of the individual with different social groups (small and big), including himself. Different means and ways of health improvement use by a person characterizes not its physical, psychic components, but social health. In this case, mastering those or that health-improving methodologies, a person tries to change own mindsets and orientations to health preservation and a healthy life-style formation. Social health, ultimately, is seen in the definite forms of a person's behavior, connected with health preservation, in own health potential, life powers understanding and in orientations to a healthy life-style [2].
A healthy life-style formation is conditioned by the system of social relations, needs and interests of a personality and society, by the definite factors influence [4].
In terms of the research a questionnaire survey was held, the aim of which was to reveal the attitude of population to own health and a healthy life-style in
general. The questionnaire survey was held in towns of the Bashkortostan republic: Salavat, Ishimbay, Sterlitamak. 650 people (Sterlitamak - 350 people; Salavat - 180 people; Ishimbay - 120 people) were studied. The following parameters of a healthy lifestyle measuring were chosen: axiological measuring; informative measuring and activity-based measuring.
The base of a healthy life-style form the mindsets of a person directed to health as the highest value. Each person has the definite range of values, which form during his individual development. Axiological orientations are inseparably connected with a
Table 1 - the opinions of the respondents number of the respondents)
person's needs for material well-being, career aims achievement and etc. [6;10].
The research results analysis shows that the value of health is sufficiently high (78,8 %) in the system of population values. It should be noted that more than 60% of the respondents (64,4%) consider material well-being one of the main life values. Its importance is higher, than the importance of love, career, social recognition. The values of creativity, new knowledge gaining and interesting job are not the leading ones in the system of population life values. The results are presented in table 1.
about the most important life values (in % to the
Values Part %
Health 78,8
Happy family life 64,4
Financially secure life 59,6
Good and reliable friends 41,8
Career 38,4
Love 32,6
Interesting job 16,2
Active life 14,2
Social recognition (respect of people) 13,1
Constant new knowledge gaining 10,8
Contentments (life, full of enjoyment) 8,7
Creativity (opportunity of a creative activity) 4,7
At the same time, health is considered as a norm, really existing fact, as a result of which the aim of health achievement as the highest value considerably decreases. Almost 32% of the respondents gave health higher place in the system of values, at the same time, estimating own health as not sufficiently satisfying. The research revealed the following regularity: the respondents, who feel that they are healthy, don't value health much.
In spite of the fact, that most respondents gave health the first place in the system of values, their life-style proves that they don't seriously improve their own health. 73% of the respondents spend their free time with computer or TV. Passive forms of leisure
are very popular, such as communication with friends, reading, listening to music and 13,6% of the respondents like to do nothing. Active forms of leisure is popular only among a small group of the respondents: 9,6% of the respondents go in for sports, 16,8% of the respondents ride the bicycle or walk in the park. Answering the question about the measures, which people take in order to support health, 12,6% of the respondents said, that they do nothing. It means that in spite of the fact that value of health is significant, not all respondents have motivation to improve health and lead a healthy life-style.
Thus, we can come to the conclusion that only respondents, who have health problems, consider it the highest value. This
category of respondents connects its lack with global factors: ecological, economic, medical support and others. According to the results of our research works, more than 20% of respondents didn't have serious problems with their physical or psychic health and "healthy state" is considered as a perfect, ideal state and that is why health is considered the highest value.
Table 2 - The opinion of the respond' number of the respondents)
The research results show that for most respondents the essence of the notion "health" means productive life (23,5%). 14,6% of the respondents consider health as the absence of diseases. Unfortunately, such characteristics, as physical and psychic state of a person and active life of a personality mentioned only 2,2% and 1,5% of the respondents (table 2). about the characteristics of health (in % to the
Health is Part %
Productive life 23,5
The main thing in life, the essence of life 14,6
Happiness, success 9,0
Absence of disease 10,4
Everything, that a person has 6,8
A healthy life-style, sport 7,3
Value 4,2
Active life 1,5
Longevity 1,7
Physical and psychic state 2,2
Stability 1,8
When you feel well 1,8
Healthy food 1,3
Analyzing the notion of a healthy life-style and its main characteristics, we got the following results, which are presented in table 3.
Table 3 - The opinion of the respondents about the components of a healthy life-style (in % to the number of the respondents)
Characteristics of a healthy life-style Part %
No bad habits 40,4
Going in for physical culture and sport 19,6
Rational and healthy food 17,8
Active life 8,5
Following day regimen 13,9
Regular medical checkups 3,6
Following the rules of personal hygiene 3,3
Following labor and rest regimen 11,6
Ability to cope with own emotions 22,3
Positive attitude to life 10,0
Other characteristics 5,5
Difficult to answer 1,2
According to the answers of the of bad habits - 40,4%, going in for physical respondents, the first place takes the absence culture and sport and an active life mentioned
19,6 % of respondents. of bad habits, going in for sports, correct,
For the category of respondents (14-25 balanced food, proper rest. The results are years-old) a healthy life-style is the absence presented in table 4.
Table 4 - The opinion of students about the components of a healthy ife-style
Characteristics of a healthy life-style Part %
No alcohol misuse 72,4
No smoking 73,4
Going in for physical culture and sport 80,6
Rational and healthy food 78,4
Active life 50,7
Following day regimen 57,6
Regular medical checkups 40,5
Following the rules of personal hygiene 57,6
Following labor and rest regimen 42,3
Ability to cope with own emotions 30,0
Positive attitude to life 45,5
Other characteristics 16,2
Difficult to answer 0,8
According to the results of the questionnaire we can come to the conclusion that most respondents, who belong to the category of students, defined 4 key components of a healthy life-style: going in for physical culture and sport (80,6%), no smoking (77,8%) and no alcohol misuse (72,4%), and also healthy food (70,8%). More than a half of respondents said that the following characteristics were the parts of a health life-style: following the regimen of sleep (57,6%) and the rules of personal hygiene (54%), active rest (50,7%). 45,5% of respondents mentioned positive attitude to life, 42,3% - following labor and 40,5% - rest regimen and regular medical checkups. 30% of the respondents said that the ability to cope with emotions also is an important element of a healthy life-style.
Comparative analysis of the results of All-Russian research, held by order of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health [7], and our empiric data, showed that young people percept healthy life-style more polyhedrally, than adults in general: most part of students consider a healthy life-style in the following combination: "going in for physical culture and sport and no bad habits". Healthy
food is considered the part of a healthy lifestyle by more than a half of the examined Russians (55,4%, among students - 70,8%), following the rules of personal hygiene -(47,7%, among students - 54%). At the same time, such kind of parameters as regular medical checkups and the ability to cope with own emotions were mentioned both by students and the Russians in general (40,5% and 42,5%, 30,6% and 34%) [9].
In general more than a half of the examined students show a high level of physical activity. According to the results of our questioner, 12,2% go in for physical culture and sport every day, 38,5% - several times a week; 20,5% go in for sports only several times a month, 13,6%- several times a year;10,3% don't go in for physical culture and sport at all.
It is interesting to note that everyday exercises are mainly typical for men, than for women (14,6% and 9,8%), however, regular exercises several times a week are mainly typical for women (36,8% and 25,4%). Men more often than women noted, that they didn't go in for physical culture or sport (13,6% and 7%).
In spite of the fact that most
respondents-students perceive health at the level of physical well-being and think that the main condition of its preservation is the absence of bad habits, activity and healthy food, we came to the conclusion, that in their mind health is not considered as the main life value yet.
The research showed that the representatives of young people group (14-25 years-old) gave higher indices to social characteristics, such as, success, well-being. The respondents-adults (over 50) chose the following characteristics: well-doing, absence of diseases or the natural component of health.
Thus, we come to the following conclusion: among young people a healthy person is socially prosperous, is in good looks and has quick reaction and acts quickly. This person forms the definite impression of himself among other people (owing to good looks) and is able to be active (owing to a high level of working capacity). In this context the main criterion of a healthy person is success of a personality or what presents the personality as successful one in the eyes of society. Therefore, the stress in on the social part of health.
Taking into consideration all mentioned above it is shown that the following model of a healthy person is formed in the minds of population: a person, who is always healthy, doesn't have chronic diseases, doesn't complain of his health and looks good. The important factors in social notions of health and a healthy person formation are the following: a respondent's age and sex.
According to the results of sociological studies, the leading objective factors, which influence health of population are the following: poor ecological situation (54,0%); a low level of income (36,3%); a low level of medical services (33,4%); bad inheritance (29,8%). Subjective factors are the following: absence of motivation to health, bad habits [8].
Speaking about children and young people, apart from mentioned above factors, in our opinion, negative factors include the absence of health culture transfer and a
purposeful formation of the orientation s to a healthy life-style at educational establishments and bad habits popularization with the help of advertisements and the mass media.
The research showed that in orientations formation to a healthy life-style of population there are several contradictions: between the content of social order, society demand to the necessity to preserve and support health of population and personality, orientations formation to a healthy life-style and real preservation of social conditions for not healthy life-style reproduction by different ways, including bad ecological conditions.
Conclusion. The empiric data analysis helped to specify sociological content of the notion "health", which includes the ability to adapt to the conditions of natural and social environment.
The research showed that the leading values are the following: health, happy family life and financial well-being.
The main subjective and objective factors, which influence a person's health are revealed. The leading objective factors include: bad ecological situation in a region, a low level of income, low level of medical services, constant stress situations in everyday life. Subjective factors include: absence of motivation to health, a low level of own activity realization in different diseases prevention and dominating notions of natural and biological component of health and the presence of bad habits.
The empiric data analysis helped to reveal the typology of population orientations in the towns of Bashkortostan republic to a healthy life-style, which is characterized by cognitive and behavioral features. Cognitive component includes a person's idea of health, a healthy life-style and diseases, and behavioral - stereotypes of behavior, activity, directed at health support and a healthy lifestyle formation.
The results of the research can be the informational base for the strategy creation in the sphere of health preservation and improvement among the population of the Russian Federation.
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Tatiana A. Ponomareva - candidate of sociological sciences Sterlitamak Institute of Physical Culture (branch) Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ural State University of Physical Culture", Str. Kochetov, 26B, Sterlitamak, 453100, Russia.
For citations: Ponomareva T.A. Peculiarities of population axiological orienattions formation to a healthy life-style, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogical-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 60-66. DOI 10.14526/01 2017 186
