CC BY
54ив
паям
7. Senoa A. Bozji sud // Pjesme. Putopisi. Ljubica / prired. D. Jelcic, K. Spoljar. Zagreb: Globus, 1978. S. 215-217.
8. Senoa A. Kugina kuca // Pjesme. Putopisi. Ljubica / prired. D. Jelcic, K. Spoljar. Zagreb: Globus, 1978. S. 180-186.
9. Senoa A. Mrak // Pjesme. Putopisi. Ljubica / prired. D. Jelcic, K. Spoljar. Zagreb: Globus, 1978. S. 93-97.
East European Scientific Journal #1(65), 2021 59
10. Senoa A. Pokladna noc // Pjesme. Putopisi. Ljubica / prired. D. Jelcic, K. Spoljar. Zagreb: Globus, 1978. S. 294-310.
11. Senoa A. Postolar i vrag // Pjesme. Putopisi. Ljubica / prired. D. Jelcic, K. Spoljar. Zagreb: Globus, 1978. S. 131-136.
12. Senoa A. Vilin prsten // Pjesme. Putopisi. Ljubica / prired. D. Jelcic, K. Spoljar. Zagreb: Globus, 1978. S. 188-199.
Yusifov E.G.
PhD, associate professor of Azerbaijan University of Languages
Mammadova T.B.
Senior teacher of Azerbaijan University of Languages
Yusifova K. Y.
Senior teacher of Azerbaijan University of Languages
ON THE STUDY OF THE SOMATIC PHRASEOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS IN GERMAN AND
ENGLISH LANGUAGES
Э.Г.Юсифов Т.Б.Мамедова КЯ.Юсифова
ОБ ИССЛЕДОВАНИИ СОМАТИЧЕСКИХ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЙ В
НЕМЕЦКОМ И АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
Summary. This topic has been addressed in view of the importance of studying somatic phraseological units as expressions that have historically undergone the least change and are the most consistent, stable and unchanging ideas of language. Somatic expressions are important in confirming conceptual ideas with new facts, in shedding light on general theoretical issues, and in giving critical, figurative, expressive, and stylistic nuances to existing ideas. Studies show that somatisms, especially those related to body parts such as the head, eyes, heart, throat, ears, and hands, are more productive in the formation of figurative somatic phraseological compounds. The somatic phraseological combinations used with these somatisms create stable word complexes in the language, mainly with high expressiveness and imagery. In both languages, the semantic range of metaphorical, metonymic, hyperbolic, and lithotic structural, characteristic somatic phraseological combinations is very wide and comprehensive. As a result, it should be noted that somatic phraseological units generally include the cultural and national worldview of the peoples who speak each language. The most widely used areas of somatic phraseology are fiction and vernacular. Somatic phraseological units are formed in the language due to proverbs, legends, proverbs and especially the internal capabilities of the language. Therefore, they have a wide coverage in both languages with their expressiveness, imagery, colorful shades, artistic and stylistic features. However, somatic phraseological associations are related to a person's thinking, speech, movement, feelings and emotions, attitude to work, and worldview, and can be directly reflected in such expressions.
Резюме. Эта тема была затронута исходя из важности изучения соматических фразеологических словосочетаний, которые исторически претерпели минимальные изменения и систематически выражают наиболее стойкие, устойчивые и неизменные мысли о языке. Соматические выражения играют важную роль в подтверждении концептуальных идей новыми фактами, подчеркивая общие теоретические проблемы и представляя критические, образные, выразительные и стилистические оттенки существующих идей. Исследования показывают, что соматизмы, особенно связанные с такими органами тела как голова, глаза, сердце, горло, уши и руки, более эффективны при образовании образных соматических фразеологических словосочетаний. Соматические фразеологические словосочетания, разработанные этими соматизмами, создают устойчивые словарные комплексы в языке, в основном с высокой выразительностью и экспрессивностью. Семантический круг таких соматических фразеологизмов как метафорические и метонимические, гиперболические и литотоксические, достаточно широк как в немецком, так и в английском языках. В заключение следует отметить, что соматические фразеологизмы обычно отражают культурные и национальные взгляды народов, являющихся носителями каждого языка. Наиболее часто используемые области соматических фразеологизмов- это художественная литература и общенародный разговорный язык. Соматические фразеологические словосочетания формировались за счет притч, легенд, пословиц и особенно внутренних возможностей языка, поэтому они имеют широкий охват в обоих языках своей экспрессивностью, образностью, красочными оттенками, особенностями искусства и стиля. Тем не менее, соматические фразеологические словосочетания связаны с человеческим мышлением, речью, движением, чувствами и волнением, отношением к труду, мировоззрением и могут быть непосредственно отражены в подобных выражениях.
60 East European Scientific Journal #1(65), 2021 ...2;...,..
Key words: phraseological units, somatic expressions, somatic phraseological units, somatic phraseological combinations.
Ключевые слова: фразеологические единицы, соматические выражения, соматические фразеологизмы, соматические фразеологические сочетания.
The nature of each lexical meaning in a language, its origin and development in speech are connected with the national-cultural specifics of that language and the way of life of the people who carry it. For this reason, it is important to thoroughly study and analyze the lexical and semantic development of words and phraseological units in different periods. Fixed word combinations have always been watched with great interest not only by historians, but also by linguists as monuments of material and spiritual culture, which have lived in the language for centuries and preserved the traditions that have been petrified in the memory of the people for many years. With reference to the investigation on the materials of the German and English languages the phraseologisms can be grouped as follows:
1) phraseological expressions related to religious ideas, legends and narrations;
2) phraseological expressions arising on the basis of domestic events;
3) folk literature, i.e. folklore, phraseological expressions based on folk tales;
4) phraseological expressions reflecting different feelings and emotions, human relations;
5) phraseological expressions reflecting various historical, political, socio-economic processes and norms of ethical behavior, etc.
From this perspective, it is important to study somatic phraseology and the main factors that determine their existence, their condition, their semantic integrity, their inability to be translated literally, and their structural closedness.
The main purpose of this research is to determine the specific features of somatic phraseology on the basis of German and English materials. From this point of view, it is important to study the structural features of somatic phraseology, their syntactic role within a sentence, their interaction with free syntactic word combinations, as well as ways of translation into other languages. Somatic phraseology, as a linguistic means that embodies language units, has a special significance in influencing the formation of language, worldview, thinking and mental principles of each nation, as well as in the complex study of such phraseology and analysis and research based on materials of different systems. Somatic phraseology also allows us to study the national characteristics of each nation from a historical perspective, to trace their relationship to changes in the process of historical development. Somatic phraseology is attractive with its richness of form and content, lexical-semantic, structural-grammatical features. From this point of view, one of our main goals is to study, select, systematize somatic phraseological compounds based on the materials of both Germanic languages, which attract attention with their level of development, and to analyze them on the specific microsystems of each language. Studies show that a large proportion of somatic phraseological units
have similar and different equivalents at different levels of the language system in comparable languages.
In general, the study of somatic phraseology in linguistics is associated with the name of Sh. Bally. Later, phraseology and especially somatic phraseology were introduced by a number of linguists - I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov, A.V. Kunin, I. Ibrahimova, A. Hajiyeva and others.
Sh.Bally, who is considered to be the founder of somatic phraseology in linguistics, comes to the conclusion as a result of research that the unity of meaning of phraseological combination can be considered as the main feature. According to him, the problem of structural types of phraseology in determining the composition and scope of phraseology has also led to some differences of opinion. For this reason, Sh. Bally considers that the presentation of fixed predicative word combinations as phraseological combinations does not correspond to the principle of structural identity of phraseology (4, 22-23).
It is important to study the views of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay on the essence of phraseological combinations. He first noted the study of the structural features of phraseological compounds in linguistic literature. Baudouin de Courtenay notes that the question of the dependence of phraseological compounds on the structure of the language system is related to their syntactic indivisibility (5, 52-53).
A.A. Shakhmatov approached the research and analysis of phraseological units from the syntactic aspect and from this point of view he distinguished their divisible and indivisible types. In general, A.A. Shakhmatov's views on phraseology play an important role in resolving a number of controversial issues in linguistics (12, 278-279).
V.V. Vinogradov first gave the nature of the basic concepts of phraseology in the Russian linguistic literature and studied its theoretical problems. He divided all phraseologies into 3 groups according to the degree of figurative meaning and metaphor: phraseological union, phraseological unit and phraseological combination. According to V.V. Vinogradov, sentence structured communicative phraseology as a unified language system and human speech activity is the object of research of speech phraseology (7, 119). We would like to note that V.V. Vinogradov, continuing the scientific research of Sh. Bally and A.A. Shakhmatov on fixed word combinations, defined new principles of phraseological research in linguistics.
A.V. Kunin, on the other hand, perceives phraseology not as fixed compounds in which the meaning of all its components has completely changed, but as phraseologisms in which one of its components retains its lexical meaning (9, 29).
Speaking about phraseology and its study in English, A.I.Smirnitsky identified the structural types of phraseological units and the differences between
UB
bbsm
their components, noting that phraseology is used in different functions in this language and there is independence between their components, as well as free combinations of figurative meanings (11, 203).
Conducting a comparative analysis of phraseology in German and Russian, A. Reichstein noted that the semantic relevance of the components to the thematic group had a weak effect on the interlingual equivalence of phraseology. According to him, such features are manifested only in a small number of derived idioms in the language (10, 120).
Evaluating the equivalence as the interlinguistic similarity of somatic phraseological combinations, I.I. Ibrahimova pays attention to the lexical fullness of the structure and the stylistic features of the unit. According to her equivalence in different languages is considered as the similarity of the structure and meaning of phraseological combinations (8, 6).
For the first time, A. Hajiyeva analyzed somatic phraseological combinations in English and Azerbaijani languages in a comprehensive and systematic way, and studied the equivalence of somatic phraseological units at the level of phraseological thematic groups. She substantiated it with language units that the components that make up their meaning are important in determining the internal form of somatic phraseological compounds (1,46). At the same time, A. Hajiyeva notes that most of the idiomatic expressions were formed in connection with the names of body parts. Phraseological expressions have emerged from words expressing body parts in language. According to her, somatic compounds form a special layer of the lexical system of language (2,4).
According to M.Mirzaliyeva, somatic units are expressions consisting of words denoting human and animal body parts. They are the expressions of human feelings and emotions, the relationship with the environment. In this case, the names of specific body parts are used (3, 89).
However, F. Buck notes that we should not forget that "there is an important point of collision of somatic phraseology of different peoples due to universal mental processes and the main functions of body parts (6,153).
Depending on the structural features of each language, the development of somatic phraseology in the language system is characterized by a number of characteristics. In the language system, the components of phraseological units manifest themselves as a combination of interrelated semantic, lexical, morphological and syntactic language levels.
Researchers note that phraseological combinations contribute to the development of speech culture and speech skills. However, the comparison of different language factors helps to determine the regularity of language events. Approaching from this perspective, the general features of somatic phraseological combinations can be characterized as follows: thematic affiliation of their component composition, semantic mechanism, the main methods of their phrase-forming base, syntactic structures. The analysis of somatic phraseological units allows us to conclude that they mainly reflect the norms of ethical behavior of people, social relations, activities in
East European Scientific Journal #1(65), 2021 61 society. In general, the formation and emergence of somatic phraseological associations is associated with the national-cultural nature of each language. Therefore, these words, which express the names of human body parts in somatic phraseological units, are also the oldest core of the lexicon of any language.
Since somatic phraseological compounds are genetic, that is, they are word combinations of origin, their components cannot communicate with each other. This reaffirms that they are the result of word combinations or changes in the meaning of sentences. At the same time, somatic phraseological combinations cannot be replaced by word combinations, because they change their form and syntactic function in speech, maintaining their lexical meaning as a whole lexical unit in the speech process. In this case, they can even lose their function as free word combinations.
Somatic phraseological functions perform the same grammatical function as words, they can match another word within a sentence, they can control it, they can approach it (1, 15).
Studies show that words that do not have a component can be added to somatic phraseological units. These words can make semantic connections with them and can be used as part of a sentence. For example, die Augen auf null stellen/drehen; knock one's head against a brick (stone) wall; run one's head against a brick (stone) wall.
At the same time, it is possible to change the components of somatic phraseological compounds, i.e. to replace them with other lexical units. For example, Augen im Kopf haben, fur die Augen zu wenig, fur den Bauch/Arsch zu viel; make a mouth; to draw the mouth; imitate ironically; pull a face; make a wry face; draw a face; make faces and so on.
Somatic phraseologies are formed from a combination of two or more words, such as expressions with a complete meaning, a stable lexical structure and a syntactic structure. The stability and uniformity of the words that make up this combination are closely related to the totality of the components of somatic phraseological units and the degree of imagery. Somatic phraseological compounds, which have a separate structure of meaning, lose their lexical meaning and create somatic expressions that are processed as a whole within the combination. From this point of view, the main features that determine somatic phraseological combinations can be characterized as follows:
1) somatic phraseological expressions express a whole meaning;
2) somatic phraseological compounds are readily available in the language;
3) somatic phraseological combinations are figurative and emotional expressions that combine national-cultural-historical features;
4) the sides of somatic phraseological units are used figuratively to create somatic expressions that act as a whole and as a member within a sentence.
Structural change in somatic phraseological units can lead to the emergence of new shades of meaning. For this reason, it should be noted that structural stability, immutability, integrity is considered one of the main conditions for somatic phraseological
62 East European Scientific Journal #1(65), 2021 combinations. Thus, somatic phraseological units can be considered as phraseological units that have the integrity of meaning, are not semantically divided into components, and contain lexical and syntactic stability. The general meaning of somatic compounds is related to the independent meaning of one of its components, i.e. the semantics of somatism. For example, die Augen schliessen/zumachen/zutun: sterben; die Augen auf null stellen/drehen (salopp): sterben; sich die Beine in den Bauch/in den Leib stehen: sehr lange stehen und warten müssen; jmdm. den Daumen aufs Auge drücken/halten/setzen: jmdm. hart zusetzen, jmdn. zu etw. zwingen; to ask for; to beg for; say under correction; pretend not to see; shut the eyes (to); turn a blind eye and so on.
The general meaning of somatic phraseological compounds is not the same as the meaning of its components, the combination generally has a single meaning. Somatic phraseology is more emotional, figurative, expressive, effective than other phraseological combinations. Somatic phraseology attracts attention with its expressiveness in the expression of thought in language, creates a more effective meaning in the attitude of the reader or listener to the said idea, is reflected figuratively. For example, ganz Auge und Ohr sein: genau aufpassen; jmdm. den Daumen aufs Auge drücken/halten/setzen: jmdm. hart zusetzen, jmdn. zu etw. zwingen; sich die Beine in den Bauch/in den Leib stehen: sehr lange stehen und warten müssen; Musik im Blut haben: angeborene Musikalität besitzen; come home to smb's heart; move smb 's heart; read people's faces; fortune is blind; give smb.the finger; have a pair of clever hands; be a good master of one's craft and so on.
If we pay attention to the examples, we can see that national-moral features, norms of ethical behavior, values of the people are more vividly reflected in somatic phraseological combinations, the set of meanings of the elements that make up the common meaning is more specifically related to the meaning of somatism. From this perspective, it is not possible to translate most somatic phraseological units into other languages. Therefore, their translation into other languages uses more kalka method, as well as explanatory and equivalent translation means. This is due to the semantic structure of somatic phraseological compounds, as they are perceived in the language as semantically complete, stable lexical and syntactically structured expressions. These expressions are also combinations of two or more words.
Somatic phraseological combinations also change structurally, in some stylistic points they are used in different forms, that is, they are not always constant. Intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic processes, as well as lexical, grammatical, semantic changes have influenced historically certain changes in the composition of somatic phraseological combinations, i.e. it is possible to replace one of its components with another that corresponds to it. For example, jmdm. den Hals umdrehen-jmdm. den Hals brechen; so einen Hals auf jmdn. haben/bekommen/kriegen-grosse Wut auf jmdn. haben/bekommen; kleine Auge machen- sehr müde sein; grosse Auge machen - staunen, sich wundern; head up to the ears; over head and ears; up
LJB
aaa«
to the eyebrows; head over ears in debt; bore smb.to death (to tears); make smb.sick; watch; look after; keep one's eyes (on); give smb.the gaze; cast covetoes eyes (upon); have one's eye on the ball(amer.) and so on.
It should be noted that somatic phraseological units do not differ from each other only in meaning, they have a communicative function, have an independent meaning and are used in the language. Lexical meaning plays a key role in somatic phraseological combinations and somatisms. The analysis shows that there are lexical, semantic, functional-grammatical differences between somatic phraseologies and somatisms. While somatic phraseologies are figurative names that are used only figuratively, somatisms refer to the names of body parts and are used both literally and figuratively. For example, der Zahn- dritte Zahn-künstliches Gebiss; lange Zähne machen, mit langen Zähnen essenauffällig langsam kauen und damit zeigen, dass es einem nicht schmeckt; der Kopf - jmdm. raucht der Kopf - jmd. muss längere Zeit angestrengt nachdenken; das Herz- sein Herz in die Hand nehmen; eye- dust smb 's eyes; cry one's eyes out; hand- have one's hands full; go out of curl; break down; heart- lose consciousness; faint (away); have one's heart at one's heels; make smb's heart leap out of his mouth and so on.
While the components of free somatic phraseology lose their independence within a compound, somatisms gain semantic and morphological independence. Sometimes, depending on the speech situation and the purpose of the speaker, the words in free somatic phraseologies can be replaced or changed by another word that corresponds to the meaning. For example, weh tun = Herz tut weh -Zahn tut weh -Kopf tut weh; ache = heart ache - tooth ache - head ache and so on.
As mentioned above, the composition and structure of somatic phraseological compounds are stable and unchanging. However, it is not possible to replace free somatic phraseology in one word while it is possible to replace somatic phraseology in one word. For example, weh tun = Herz tut weh -Zahn tut weh -Kopf tut weh; ache = heart ache - tooth ache - head ache and so on.
The study and analysis of somatic phraseological units as whole syntactic units that figuratively express the way of life, traditions and way of thinking of each nation is important in terms of tracking the spiritual development, aesthetic taste and artistic thinking of peoples.
Research shows that in both German and English, some somatic phraseological units are historically composed of proverbs and parables that have a concise structure and express a whole idea. For example, jmdm. den Daumen aufs Auge drücken/halten/ setzen; wie die Faust aufs Auge passen; Hand aufs Herz; sich die Lunge aus dem Hals rennen; die linke Hand kommt vom Herzen; have one's heart in one's mouth; take the right hand of smb.; see smth. With open eyes; it is not good to strain at a gnat and swallow a camel; take a hair of a dog that bit you; the face is the index of the mind and so on.
um
Mg»
Research shows that the word order in somatic proverbs and parables is very fixed. It is possible to make changes in somatic phraseological combinations only for stylistic purposes. Most somatic phraseological units are the material of the language and belong to the people, so they are formed mainly due to the internal capabilities of each language. Somatic phraseologies created by the people, understood and used by everyone are generally called somatic phraseological combinations. Examples, Hals- und Beinbruch!; jmdm. ein Dorn im Auge sein; ein Brett vor dem Kopf haben; jmdm. die Haare vom Kopf fressen; sich die Lunge aus dem Hals schreien; mit dem rechten Auge in die linke Westentasche sehen; Augen im Kopf haben; mehr Schulden als Haare auf dem Kopf haben; be a raw yuoth; be a yuong puppy; Better the foot slip than the tongue trip; Better a finger off than any wagging; Still waters run deep; When a tree bears much fruit, it bends low; Have an old head on yuong shoulders; Give him an inch, he will take a yard; The face is the index of the mind and so on.
Very often the commonly useful somatisms are preferable in the formation of the somatic phraseological combinations - Kopf- head, Herz- heart, Auge- eye, Hand- hand, Arm- arm, Ohr- ear, Fingerfinger, Körper- body, Mund- mouth, Stirn- face, Fuss-foot, Bain- leg, Rücken- back, Hirn- brain, Hals-throat, Schulter- shoulder, Lippe- lip, Nase- nose, Zahn- tooth, Zunge- tongue, Haar- hair, Bart- beard grow, Bauch- belly, Knie- knee, Haut- bone, Ferse-shoes (boots), Knochen- bone, Wange- cheek, sometimes the somatic phraseological combinations consisting of the words connected with the inner parts of the body.
Somatic phraseologies mainly contain the peculiarities of the culture, way of life and social activities of the people to whom they belong. They reflect the national vocabulary, which is closely connected with traditions, national and religious holidays, the way of life of the people. Analysis shows that somatisms mostly refer to a person's speech activity, his/her emotional state, mood-related processes, as well as various qualities of a person's character. For example, jmdm. die Haare vom Kopf fressen; die Beine in die Hand nehmen; an jmds. Händen klebt Blut; speak heartily; make a wry face; keep one's tongue between one's teeth; make (make up) a lip; not to turn a hair and so on.
A.Hajiyeva, who extensively researches and analyzes somatic phraseological combinations on the basis of the material of English and Azerbaijani languages, comes to the conclusion that the increase in the frequency of somatic phraseological units in speech is accompanied by an increase in their components and resulting in variability.
Somatic phraseological compounds enrich the language, strengthen the meanings, create emotionality in the language. At the same time, the degree of semantic integrity of the components of somatic
East European Scientific Journal #1(65), 2021 63 phraseology reduces the likelihood of their ambiguity. If the semantic connections between the components are weak, then they are likely to be ambiguous. For example, mit einem Bein im Gefängnis stehen-in Gefahr sein; jmdm. zu tief ins Auge sehen-sich in jmdn. verliebt heben; den Kopf verlieren-die Fassung verlieren; not right in one 's head; be off at the nail; be touched in the head; comb smb 's hair for him; play a trick on smb.; mock rap smb 's fingers and so on.
The results show that most somatic phraseological combinations in German and English are identical in their imagery. At the same time, mimicry compounds that describe a person's facial expressions, grouped around somatic components such as Auge-eye, Gesicht-face, Nase-nose, accompanied by a certain emotionalmental state, play a more important role in creating somatic phraseological compounds. On the basis of research, we have come to the conclusion that historically, in both German and English, there have been numerous expressions and phraseological combinations with words expressing body parts. In these somatic phraseological expressions, expressions related to human thinking, speech, movement, feelings and excitement, and attitude to work are reflected.
LITERATURE:
1. Haciyeva Э.Н.. Müxtalifsistemli dillarda somatik frazeoloji birla§malar. Filol. elm. dok. elmi daracasi almaq ügün taqdim edilmi§ dissertasiyanin avtoreferati, Baki, 2009
2. Haciyeva Э.Н. ingilisca-azarbaycanca va azarbaycanca-ingilisca somatik frazeoloji birla§malar lügati. Baki, "Nurlan" na§riyyati, 2005
3. Mirzaliyeva M. Türk dillarinin frazeologiyasi. I cild, Baki, "Nurlan", 2009
4. Балли Ш. Французская стилистика. М., Издательство иностранной литературы. М., 1961
5. Бодуен де Куртене И.А. Лекции по введению в языковедение. М., 1963
6. Вакк Ф. О соматической фразеологии эстонского языка. - В сб. «Вопросы фразеологии и составления словаря». Баку, 1968
7. Виноградов В.В. Основные понятия русской фразеологии как лингвистической дисциплины.// Труды юбилейной научной сессии ЛГУ, Л., 1946
8. Ибрагимова И.И. Сравнительно-сопоставительное исследование соматических фразеологизмов: Автореф. дис...канд. филол. наук. Казань, 1993
9. Кунин А.В. Английская фразеология. М.: Дубна «Феникс», 2005, с.29.
10. Райхштейн А.Д. Сопоставительный анализ немецкой и русской фразеологии. М., Высшая школа, 1980
11. Смирницкий А.И. Лексикологтя английского языка. М., Высшая школа, 1956
12. Шахматов А.А. Синтаксис русского языка. М., 1941
