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Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Imaging: Enables high-resolution chemical mapping, invaluable in fields like materials science and biomedicine.
Raman Spectroscopy Enhancements: Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has amplified sensitivity, allowing single-molecule detection.
Chromatography Developments Chromatography techniques have become faster and more efficient:
Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC): Delivers rapid separation with higher resolution. Multidimensional Chromatography: Combines techniques like gas chromatography (GC) with MS for comprehensive analyses.
Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies
Miniaturized systems have revolutionized analytical workflows by enabling on-site, real-time analyses. Lab-on-a-chip devices integrate multiple laboratory processes into a single microfluidic chip, facilitating applications in diagnostics and environmental monitoring.
Conclusion
Innovation is the lifeblood of analytical chemistry, driving its evolution from a qualitative science to a highly quantitative and interdisciplinary field. Advances in spectroscopy, chromatography, miniaturized devices, and AI have transformed the discipline, enhancing its precision, efficiency, and scope.
However, challenges such as data management, standardization, and environmental impact must be addressed to unlock its full potential. As analytical chemistry integrates with emerging technologies and embraces sustainability, it will continue to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of science and technology. References:
1. Hollas, J. M. (2004). Modern Spectroscopy. John Wiley & Sons.
2. Ewing, G. W. (1997). Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis. McGraw-Hill.
3. Cazes, J., & Scott, R. P. W. (2001). Chromatography Theory and Practice. Marcel Dekker.
4. Oberhardt, M. A., Palsson, B. 0., & Papin, J. A. (2009). Applications of systems biology in biochemistry and analytical chemistry. Analytical Chemistry, 81(1), 8-19.
© Amandurdyyev B., Ogshukova G., 2024
УДК 54
Arazgylyjova A.,
student, Faculty of Chemistry and Nanotechnology.
Hasanova O.
Lecturer, Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Nanotechnology.
Oguz han Engineering and Technology university of Turkmenistan.
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
OBTAIN BUILDING LIME AND AMMONIUM SULFATE FROM PHOSPHOGIPS
Annotation
Phosphogypsum, rich in calcium sulfate, represents an underutilized resource with significant potential for value-added applications. The study explores the dualpurpose utilization of this material by extracting calcium for building lime and ammonium sulfate, a nitrogen-rich fertilizer. The research involves the chemical processing of phosphogypsum, employing sulfuric acid and ammonia as reactants to produce ammonium sulfate while
leaving calcium compounds suitable for lime production. Experimental studies focus on optimizing reaction conditions, such as temperature, pH, and reagent ratios, to maximize yield and purity. Analytical techniques, including spectroscopy and titration, are utilized to evaluate product quality and confirm the efficiency of the process. This work emphasizes the environmental benefits of recycling phosphogypsum, reducing industrial waste, and minimizing the environmental footprint of construction and agricultural practices. By integrating principles of circular economy, the study proposes a sustainable model for resource recovery from industrial byproducts. The findings have implications for industrial-scale applications, contributing to sustainable development goals by promoting resource efficiency and waste valorization.
Key words:
phosphogypsum recycling, construction lime production, ammonium sulfate synthesis, zero-waste technology, soil alkalinity reduction.
Currently, the possibilities of obtaining construction lime (CaCO3) and ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) from phosphogypsum, a production by-product of the Chemical Plant located in the Lebap region, are being explored [1].
The methods for obtaining construction lime and ammonium sulfate from phosphogypsum are diverse, involving a production process that consists of several stages:
First Stage: Phosphogypsum is washed three to four times with hot water at 80-90°C to purify it. It is then treated with a diluted solution of 98% sulfuric acid and dried through evaporation.
Second Stage: Ammonium carbonate ((NH4^CO3) is prepared by reacting ammonia (NH3) with carbon dioxide (CO2). The prepared ammonium carbonate is then sent to the next stage.
Third Stage: The ammonium carbonate is added to the purified phosphogypsum and heated in a furnace at 250°C for three to four hours.
Fourth Stage: The heated mixture is processed by separating the solid sediment from the liquid. The solid part is dried first at room temperature, while the liquid part is dried at 100°C for two to three hours until it crystallizes [2].
As a result, the study investigates the potential to produce construction lime and ammonium sulfate from phosphogypsum by-products generated by the Chemical Plant in the Lebap region.
Objective of the Study:
To develop a zero-waste technology for processing phosphogypsum, a production by-product, into construction lime and ammonium sulfate. The aim is to demonstrate that the resulting environmentally friendly and economically efficient fertilizer can be utilized in agriculture, particularly for reducing the alkalinity of high-pH soils.
Figure 1 - Sequence of preparation of building chalk and ammonium sulfate from phosphogypsum.
Novelty of the Study:
The novelty lies in creating numerous opportunities to obtain construction lime and ammonium sulfate
from phosphogypsum using raw materials. Additionally, it focuses on developing innovative and digital technologies to produce environmentally friendly products through advancements in chemical science and modern chemical technologies.
Список использованной литературы:
1. Geldinyyazov M. Natural resources of Turkmenistan and their processing. - A.: TDNG, 2010.
2. Eng&Tech Jornal vol 29. No4.2011 Study on the production of Ammonium sulfate Fertilizer from Phosphogymsum.
© Arazgylyjova A., Hasanova O., 2024
УДК 54
Myradova S.,
student. Ekayev M.,
teacher.
Oguz han Engineering and Technology university of Turkmenistan.
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION OF AMMONIUM ACETATE
Annotation
Ammonium acetate, a versatile salt of ammonia and acetic acid, plays a vital role in various industrial, agricultural, and scientific applications. This article discusses the production methods of ammonium acetate, focusing on its synthesis, purification, and scalability. Furthermore, it explores its applications in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and environmental science, emphasizing its importance as a biodegradable, eco-friendly compound.
Key words:
ammonium acetate, production technology, industrial applications, analytical chemistry, agriculture, pharmaceuticals.
Ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4) is a white crystalline solid known for its solubility in water and alcohol. It is widely used in buffer solutions, as a reagent in analytical chemistry, and in the pharmaceutical industry. Its eco-friendly nature and versatility make it an essential compound in both laboratory and industrial settings. This article provides a comprehensive overview of ammonium acetate's production methods and its diverse applications.
Production Technology
1. Synthesis
Ammonium acetate is primarily produced by the reaction of ammonia (NH3) with acetic acid (CH3COOH):
NH3+CH3COOH^CH3COONH4
Batch Process: Ammonia gas is bubbled into a solution of acetic acid under controlled temperature and pressure conditions.
• Continuous Process: Acetic acid is mixed with gaseous or liquid ammonia in a flow reactor, optimizing yield and reducing reaction time.
