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DOI 10.14526/01_2017_216
MILITARY HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS CADETS FIREARMS TRAINING BASED ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MENTAL PROCESSES
Alexey V. Chaban - Senior Lecturer Tyumen Higher Military-Engineering Command College (Military Institute) " 1, str. L. Tolstogo (10 military campus), Tyumen, 625001, Russia Zinaida M. Kuznetsova - doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University, Str. Nizametdinova, d. 28, Naberezhnye Chelny, 423806, Russia E-mail: kzm_diss@mail.ru Andrey V. Ryabchuk - candidate of biological sciences, associate professor,
colonel of the reserve Tyumen State University, Physical Culture Institute, associate professor of sports disciplines department, 6, Str. Volodarsky, Tyumen, 625003, Russia E-mail:aryabchuk@mail.ru
Annotation. Military universities cadets firearms training requires the study of the psychological aspects of aimed shot technique, improvement technique of shooting in conditions close to combat situation and professional activities. Improving firearms training of the cadets identify the role of mental processes in the work on the shot and their place in different phases of the shot. In particular, the control and improvement of mental processes allow to assess the readiness of cadets to implementation of the shot, to improve shooting technique. Research methods. Analysis and generalization of scientific and methodical literature, pedagogical observation, research of mental processes, statistical analysis. Materials. The article deals with the problem of military higher educational institutions cadets firearms training taking into account mental processes. Psychological processes and peculiarities of their formation in firearms training of the cadets is clarified. Such psychological processes as sensation, attention, memory, thinking, emotions and volitional qualities are considered. Education of specific sensitivity in the process of firearms training of cadets is an important point in the training process experience. Results. In the first stage psychological processes and peculiarities of their formation in the shooting training of military schools cadets are clarified. Psychological processes include: sensation, attention, memory, thinking, emotions and volitional qualities. An exemplary training facility aimed at the development of balance feeling, muscle tone, steady state is developed. It is noted that the development of mental process and sensation of the cadets within the firearms training is the basis for the formation of the cadets willingness to shoot. Conclusion. The study of the psychological processes mechanisms and the use of special complex exercises aimed at the development of these processes allow the cadet in difficult circumstances by strong-willed effort to regulate his mental state to focus on the actions that he must perform. Keywords: cadets, shooting training, mental processes, sensation, attention, memory, thinking, emotions, willpower.
Relevance. In Russia the priority direction of professional-applied training of specialists is the training of military specialist, who owns modern equipment and weapons in any extreme environment with maximum efficiency [1,2,3,4,5,6]. This requires a high level of physical and psychological preparation, in which a special place occupies
the firearms training of cadets. Analysis of scientific-methodical literature showed that the psychology of the shooting sport reveals the psychological characteristics of this sport. Military higher educational institutions cadets firearms training consider the study of psychological aspects of technique aimed shooting, improving shooting technique in
conditions close to combat situation and professional activities. Improving firearms training of the cadets identify the role of mental processes in the work on the shot and their place in different phases of the shot.
In this regard, the problem of military universities students mental processes development in the firearms training is actualized.
The aim of this work was to identify the peculiarities of the manifestation and perfection of students mental processes in the framework of the firearms training.
Research methods: analysis of scientific and methodical literature, questionnaire survey, testing, mathematical-statistical processing of the results.
The results of the discussion. The main goal of firearms training is the improvement of technical and tactical actions of cadets with overcoming psychological difficulties in the process of educational and professional tasks implementation.
The process of psychological training requires individual and joint actions of cadets. In this connection, much attention in the preparation of the cadet is given to independence, consistency, risk tolerance failure avoidance and the ability to work in a team.
The growth of the cadets shooting proficiency is changing the specific weight of psychological training in a common set of comprehensive training. In the first phase of firearms training psychological training is aimed at the rapid acquisition of technical actions and execution of various commands by the cadet. In the process of improving firearms training specific psychological qualities are
formed, depending on the peculiarities of the person"s mental properties. The formation of individual psychological qualities of cadets impact on the end result of the firearms training.
In the first stage psychological processes and peculiarities of their formation in the process of cadets firearms training is clarified.
The psychological processes of the specialists will include: sensation, attention, memory, thinking, emotions and volitional qualities. Mental process of the objects individual properties sensation, as well as the internal state of the body, especially the condition of the muscles, is important in the process of adopting the original position, the readiness, grip, finger position on the descent in the classroom at the cadets fire training lessons. The basis of sensation is a neuro-physiological process in bodies, which is necessary for further development. Specific sensitivity education in the process of cadets firearms training is important for the training process experience.
To this end, we have developed a training system aimed at the development of balance feeling, muscle tone, steady state.
Table 1 presents a set of exercises aimed at the development of feeling in the firearms training process of military schools cadets. It is noted that the development of mental process and sensation of the cadets within the firearms training is the basis for the formation of the cadets General willingness to shooting. For this purpose, specific exercises, taking into account all phases: starting position, ready, aiming are used.
Table 1 - a set of exercises aimed at the development of cadets feeling in the process of
ïrearms training
№ p/p Name and the content of the exercises the Dosage methodic instructions exercises Focus
1 Hold hands in the ready position To the tiring (to Failure) To determine the time and degree of tension in the muscles of the hand, The education of the hand muscles tension degree feeling
2 The initial phase of sight Until even the files kept under the target Repeat until the muscular-articulate sense happen to automaticity education of the muscular-articular feelings
3 Main phase aiming reduction of the arms vibrations To smooth fly, stilled under the target A feeling of lasting fading education of the muscular-articular feelings
4 The main phase of aiming the sinking of weapon from 0.5 - 1.2 To increase the force on the descent Education of good resistance fade before the shot
Mental process of perception is the reflection of the cadets consciousness of the external and internal influences on the body. Perception is important in the training of cadets, as it is the basis of the shift arms prevention, performing the involuntary muscle tremors that may lead to the displacement of arms from flies. The shooter thinks that he executed the shot with proper sinking flies towards the target, and in fact have been an oversight of the moment involuntary muscle jerk. In this situation, the signal about the changes could come, but the shooter this time was not perceived by the consciousness. Muscle activity of the shooter in this situation was small, but the mind was busy with more important motor actions, the final execution of the shot. Therefore, perception is a process that it is necessary to train on the level of feelings. This requires that in the final phase of making a visual image of the observed object reacts to the visual analyzer less than one ten thousandths of a second. Only then the shooter can see the movement. Otherwise, the shooter will not notice the movement of weapons and will not pay attention to the error. For further improvement of the perception process it is necessary to train the muscle feeling and use it to adjust the action.
Thus, the mental process of perception is the key point of a cadet shooting impact, so it is necessary to teach the cadets the correct perception of their feelings. The correctness of the perception is particularly important in a competitive environment.
Attention is seen as an active force cadet sent to motor action in training to fire. It
is well known that attention can be focused on both internal and external activity form. In this regard, cadets need to learn to focus on thoughts and actions which are defined by the objectives of the lesson, disconnect from the environment (such as noise, conversations, behavior, teammate), to suppress extraneous thoughts.
Raising attention of students in the process of psychological training should be done in conjunction with other aspects of training. Attention develops in the process of awareness of the need for firearms training to achieve the goals, but also to increase interest in firearm training and having emotional recovery from a well done job. The formation of duty to the Motherland consciousness , family and awakening to perform work on a high professional level are also the basis for the cadets attention formation.
Memory for the cadets in firearm training aimed to capture, preservation and reproduction of past experience, manifested in motor actions. The training of visual, emotional and muscle memory is especially important for firearms training . Visual memory is key at all stages of the cadet training to shooting. Visual memory is improved in the course of the shooting.
The basis of mastering the technique of motor actions in the shooting is muscle memory. In the training process shooters always need to allocate special classes to enhance and support muscle memory.
The knowledge accumulated in the process of lessons provide the students the thinking pattern of the whole training process.
Cadets must learn to manage thoughts, depending on the specific situation. In training and fighting cadets meet unusual situations, faced with which they need to make the right decision. Cadets thinking education in the firearms training process aims at avoiding critical situations and emotional outbursts. The process of accurate shot for the cadets is not a mechanical action, but conscious process, which is always controlled by consciousness. Preparation for firing, firing and participation in competitions require constant reference of the thought processes.
For the cadets mental background development we defined guidelines to foster active mental processes:
- clear knowledge and view of the performed action and the ability to mentally replay all the actions;
- control of muscle tone, its increase or decrease;
- evaluation of the actions taking into consideration the shortcomings and errors;
- analysis of actions taken in parts and as a whole;
- ability to assess and evaluate the state of readiness for firing.
Emotions as a mental process can influence human behavior both positively and negatively. Emotions can cause profound changes in the autonomic system of the person. Management of emotional background is the basis for the cadets firearms training. Emotions are not amenable to direct volitional influence. To control emotional background special techniques is necessary to possess.
Cadets training process includes the following methods:
-proper formulation of the goal in the competition;
- setting higher and more responsible tasks to training sessions;
- mental representation of the competition situation;
- analysis of negative emotional manifestations;
- stimulation of emotions; control of breathing, heart rate and behavior.
- monitoring of the athlete emotional
state.
All by the aforementioned mental processes are improved and brought up in the process of building a competent educational and training process of cadets firearms training.
When developing methods of cadets firearms training given the psychological processes the following methodological features were taken into account:
- correct formulation of educational and training sessions objectives;
- create a general idea about the end
result;
- production of private higher and more challenging tasks in the process of training;
- rigor and discipline to the quality of
jobs;
- education of attention stability;
- planning of each lesson.
Principle of firearms training for cadets should be a requirement of the shot awareness to execute specific tasks. It is necessary to teach the cadet to mentally carry out the action in general and in the phases of execution. Major elements in firearms training are stand point of reducing the speed of lifting hands arms, release hands to stop flies to the target, the formulation of the index finger in the extraction of the descent, building up pressure on the trigger, check the consistency of descent and aiming efforts. The cadet needs to "scroll" in mind the above steps with special attention and with interest, without diversion of attention to the side.
A comparison of all motor actions performance with the standard is the basis for the cadet understanding the actions result.
The transition to private tasks of the training process requires a necessary inclusion in the educational process of actions implementation method in parts. For example, in the training of cadets, it is possible to use the exercise without the use of cartridges, i.e., the exercise tedious and monotonous, without end, without hitting the target. The execution of motor actions in parts allows the cadet to more deeply master the elements of the action. For example, an important private objective for students is to learn to control muscles in the
shoulder that hold the arm with the weapon in the ready position.
Thus, rational planning of competition and training loads of cadets firearm training aimed at the development of mental processes in the course of many years of training, gives the necessary effect only in the presence of its progress monitoring system. The study of the psychological processes mechanisms and the use of special exercises complex aimed at the development of these processes contribute to foster these qualities that will allow the cadet in the difficult conditions of wrestling to regulate the mental state and focus on the actions he needs to perform.
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Alexey V. Chaban - Senior Lecturer, Tyumen Higher Military-Engineering Command College
(Military Institute)", 1, str. L. Tolstogo (10 military campus), Tyumen, 625001, Russia
Zinaida M. Kuznetsova - doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, Naberezhnye Chelny State
Pedagogical University, Str. Nizametdinova, d. 28, Naberezhnye Chelny, 423806, Russia, E-mail:
kzm_diss@mail.ru
Andrey V. Ryabchuk - candidate of biological sciences, associate professor, colonel of the reserve Tyumen State University, Physical Culture Institute, associate professor of sports disciplines department, 6, Str. Volodarsky, Tyumen, 625003, Russia, E-mail:aryabchuk@mail. ru
For citations: Chaban A.V., Kuznetsova Z.M., Ryabchuk A.V. Military higher education institutions cadets firearms training based on the development of mental process, The Russian journal of physical
education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems ofphysical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 115-120.
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_217
PARTiCiPATiON iN PHYSiCAL ACTiViTY AND SHYNESS ACCORDiNG TO GENDER
Ceyhun Alemdag - doctor of physical education and sport SerdarAlemdag- doctor of physical education and sport Abdullah B. Ozkara- undergraduate/doctorate student School of Physical Education and Sport, Karadeniz Technical University, 61335, Akgaabat, Trabzon, Turkey
E-mail: boraozkara@ktu.edu.tr
Annotation: It is known that feeling of shyness is an important factor that influences relationship among people. A number of studies have been done in order to make people more sociable, social and minimize this feeling or sense. In this context the aim of the research is to examine physical education and sport school students' shyness levels in terms of exercise behavior levels. Method: The sample group of the study consists of 122 women and 190 men as a total 312 university students. Exercise Stages of Change Questionnaire (ESOCQ) and the Shyness Scale (SS) were used as data collection tools. The Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann Whitney U test were used to analyse data. Results: While the shyness levels of male university students in the study were found to vary depending on their stages of exercise behavior, it is appeared that similar differences have not been found among female students. It was determined that the shyness levels of the male students in the preparation stages of exercise behavior were higher than the shyness levels of male students in the passive and active stages of exercise behavior. The lowest level of shyness was determined by the university students in the active stage of exercise behavior. Conclusion: As a result of the research, it can be said that participation in physical activity helps male students to decrease their shyness levels. The male students' behaviours in the passive stage of exercise behavior are lower than the male students in the shyness levels of preparation. Keywords: Exercise, shyness, university student
Introduction
Physical inactivity among young and adult people is a serious cause for concern[1].Physically inactive individuals stay away from many health-related benefits than physically fit ones[2,3].In order to increase these health benefits individuals should be physically active by doing 20 minutes or more exertion per day or some bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that result in energy expenditure. While there are many factors that enable individuals to participate in physical activity (being healthy, losing weight, looking good, social interaction, being
popular,etc.) [4,5], it is possible to talk about the factors that prevent them from participating in physical activity (economic situation of the family, sports environment, income situation, time, preparation for exams, etc.) [6,7]. It is possible to increase them, but with the numbers being limited, there are also studies showing that shyness affects this process [1,810].
As a social entity, each individual diversifies his or her life experiences through interpersonal relationships. One of the important factors affecting the relationship between persons is the shyness that can be defined as the feeling of apprehension and
