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13PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES
LOOK BEYOND THE "MATERIAL". WAS IT NECESSARY TO BURN THE SORCERERS?
Apanovich I.
Mining engineer-geophysicist. Siberian Production and Geological Association.
Krasnoyarsk
Abstract
If you are a judge, what punishment will you choose for the defendant, whose behavior was supposedly predetermined by nature? After all, our actions can be interpreted as a result of a meaningful choice or considered a consequence of the evolution of the surrounding matter. The author tried to answer these difficult questions in this small paper.
Keywords: matter, consciousness, information, properties of objects, gravity, determinism, memory, materiality of conscious actions.
By limiting the subject of research, we compare it with another similar object. Such an action, at first glance, is not difficult. But you can study the subject by analyzing its various properties. For example, a ball may be white, heavy, hot, solid, or hollow. Each of the characteristics is applicable to the ball. Similarly, the temperature, for example, may be the same for objects of different shapes. It means that we cannot unambiguously characterize any material (solid, material) object perceived by the senses. That is why Plato had problems in his "theory of ideas" (eidos theory). Plato's eidos are the eternal essence of material objects, their ideal property regardless of how they are perceived by the observer. It is clear that the idea, as a disembodied property of objects, is unequivocally even harder to characterize. Therefore, instead of the concept "idea", Aristotle used the term "form". Thus, between the "material" and the "ideal" (spiritual) among researchers a border appeared - the subject of controversy. After all, Plato characterized ideas not only as a reality, but also as an asset of the human soul (his mental abilities). There was also the problem of finding a tool for human knowledge of reality, as well as clarifying the relationship of ideas to the objective world.
Information about the "invisible" properties of the object is not easy to get. "White" is clearly visible against the background of "black". Regarding what to study the property, the connection of which with the subject is only supposed? Having lifted a sample of peridotite core from a well, we will unequivocally establish which rock is at a given depth. A geologist about this "a priori" may not know. A geophysicist can assume the presence of such a breed due to the gravity anomaly in this area. We cannot see or feel the anomaly, but we use a gravimeter for this. The interaction of particles in the radiation fluxes of a rock and the mass of a pendulum gravimeter is different at different points, and this is a tool for the researcher. Water deposits are often sought by the method of biolocation. Feeling the underground water, such a "scout" is like a sorcerer. How material are the processes in his body in this interaction? In the Middle Ages, only for suspicion of using mysterious forces, people were burned at the stake. This is not currently practiced. What has
changed?
Obviously, it is necessary to answer a few main questions: how does a material substance evolve, and can it be a "non-material" generator? Let us proceed from the definition already given earlier: "The basis of the existence of the material world is eternal and constant movement-interaction" [2]. But movement-interaction is a process. In philosophy, the process is "a set of interrelated actions," and for humans this is a cognitive category. With this category, we often associate the concept of "information". The billiard ball gets momentum from another ball and, perhaps, it is enough for him. We (apparently from idleness) begin to reason further and conclude that the ball "B" received information from the moving ball "A". Indeed, the magnitude of the received pulse "B" pulse can be judged on the properties of the ball "A".
Can we consider "information" a material substance? "Information is not matter and not energy, information is information" (Norbert Wiener). The impulse is quite material. In the apparatus of mathematics he is assigned the amount of substance (ivory in the volume of the ball) and the speed of movement. The ball "B" transfers the received impulse to the billiard table, to the air and finishes the movement-interaction in the basket. Everything is material and simple enough. But we can say that the information in this chain was transmitted to both the table, and the air, and the billiard basket, and the rocks under the basket, because at this point the distribution of matter changed. Considering from the position of an outside observer, gravity as a mandatory attribute of the existence of matter is somewhat broader, we can assert that the process of exchanging impulses is accompanied by the transfer of information about interacting objects. But does information exist in the real world as a material entity? Maybe we just came up with it? How logical is it to consider the exchange of information one of the main properties of highly organized matter?
A. Leninger considers information as a form of energy [5]. Indeed, energy is exchanged between all material objects. But in the world there is no other energy than the energy of motion-interaction (gravity). The ball can not inform the outside observer about the
received impulse, but is it important? How is information-energy perceived by the human brain as a message about a possible danger? If you know that there is a hungry bear by the road you need to follow, you will refuse to go on a hike. Another pedestrian who does not know this can be eaten by a hungry predator. In contrast, you had information, and that determined your behavior. How, then, to be with the statement of Norbert Wiener? You have never been eaten by a predator, but you believe non-material information?
Most children do otherwise. They do not perceive the stories of parents about the dangers until they themselves experience a negative impact (for example, receiving a burn or electric shock). So, children and parents have different programs that control their behavior. But if the fundamental property of matter is motion-interaction, it is the only reason for the formation of a program of behavior of a biological organism. At the same time, the biological object changes (learns), because the material motion-interaction is capable of changing only the material substance. And of course, the structural elements of the forming organism are such a substance. When the interaction conditions change, they are preserved in the form of peculiar systems (chains, DNA spirals) and later on participate in the process of interaction and reproduction. The memory of interactions in such structures is nothing but a concentrated movement, the ability of a structure to change and exist in a specific range of forces of magnitude. Create the right
conditions, and the eternal and constant movement will manifest itself. This changes the nature of the movement of water molecules in a piece of ice during its heating and melting. Nothing prevents us from saying that the water in a piece of ice "remembers its condition", turning into water or steam. But is it possible to visually show the training and education of memory for inanimate objects? No problem! If you have a mug formed on a potter's wheel, look inside it. The energy of motion transferred to clay will manifest itself in subsequent changes in external conditions, for example, when heated (Fig. 1). This means that "the memory of an object is a preserved change in its structure, capable at some moment of time to influence subsequent interactions". If a stone rolling down a mountain has developed a hollow, it will affect the movement of other fragments of rock.
Suppose again that the information is not material. What does the organism perceive, possessing both consciousness and self-consciousness? The extremely multi-valued concept of "consciousness" does not have a simple definition. Consciousness is inseparable from thinking, because it is "an awareness of our mental and (or) physical activity". What really happens? Are we acting or aware of our actions? Physical activity does not require awareness. The blacksmith and the mechanical hammer do the same work when they are guided by the same program. Do you like the "thinking hammer"? Maybe the blacksmith is aware of himself while working? Answers will be different.
Fig. 1. Mug with "memory". The vortex pattern of cracks in the glaze is shown on a larger scale
In fact, self-awareness is the awareness and assessment of the person himself (but do not forget that the assessment of the quality of the object relative to the object itself is impossible). This is an assessment of a person as a subject of practical and cognitive activity, as a person (that is, his moral character and interests, values, ideals and motives of behavior). Of the entire set of distinctive features, only motives of behavior can be safely left, since the rest is either a relative characteristic of the subject, or a consequence of the motives of behavior. The motives of the same behavior - a consequence of external causes, but what?
Perhaps you will try to share information and material exchange of pulses in time and space. For example, you will be convinced that information is
remembered and perceived even before an obvious exchange of impulses. You will be given many examples of a certain "foresight", "signals from the future". Do not believe it! Think of the "influence of today's hollow on a stone rolling yesterday". The interaction that has not yet taken place is immaterial, it cannot affect the real substance. The same biolocation method "is based on the development of a stunted ideomotor act under the action of a certain physical signal, in accordance with a fixed set-up" [4]. Does the billiard ball shrink in anticipation of the impact that threatens it? No answer! The leaves of the trees fall not in anticipation of autumn, but because of the decrease in the amount of nutrients and water coming from the heated and now cooling down land. If information is
just a physical signal, is there no need to look for the border between the material and the spiritual? After all, any signal is the result of the interaction of the material substance at the present time. It seems to you that this is a signal "from the past"? No, the signal is real and it controls your modern actions. The problem is whether the conscious body is capable of expressing a valid signal mathematically or understanding its physical nature. But the signal itself does not require it.
If readers do not agree with what was expressed, we will argue further. "Quantity" goes into "quality". Why is there and how does this philosophical law physically work? Obviously, this is a prerequisite for any change. For example, residents chose the state apparatus, consisting of one person. You interact with him, and he works for the good of society. Everything is good. You have chosen a group of officials from 10,000 people. Interaction with all is practically impossible if the society is small. The state institution began to work "for itself" and everything became bad. About members of society have forgotten. So the reason is the changed interaction.
But why is the change in quantity so important? Because the consequence of this is always the complication of the system of objects. Two balls - and a clear transfer of momentum. One ball acting on a bunch of 6 balls - and the interaction changes radically. Human consciousness is a chain of many interactions, in which neither the beginning, nor many details are visible. An outside observer can characterize the effect of one ball on the other without much difficulty. And the impact of one ball on a bunch? Very ambiguous! What has changed? Simply, the observer is not able to give a clear answer about the ongoing interaction. The basis for virtual models appears. The following concepts are introduced: soul, consciousness. The process is characterized in which the "beginning" is unknown and there is no end yet [2].
Using the simplest laws of mechanics and mathematics, one can say that "a lot of things that are out of straight and uniform motion are irrational". Complicated motion is not always mathematically possible to express. If the movement-interaction of objects in a group is studied, the task for the mathematician is unbearable. It seems to you that consciousness is when you can act one way or another? Do you choose the desired action in a long chain of possible structural elements? But how does the unpredictable movement of a light globe, experiencing the effects of randomly moving air, differ from this? An organism with consciousness is at the top of a certain pyramid, in an unstable state (like a frame in the hands of a biolocation specialist). The body can not interact clearly and straightforwardly like a billiard ball or a falling stone, it fluctuates, and we are talking about the "right to choose", about conscious reality, about the mind, about the soul! One ball moves after hitting a simple path. The ligament may not completely move at all, or may move slightly. The chain of events-impulses changes, and the external distribution of matter changes. If we do not see an explicit interaction of
objects or material substances, if the cause of our actions can be explained only as a result of tracing all the transformations in the chain of interactions (including in the distant past), it is more logical to explain everything with otherworldly forces. In fact, in such a chain, due to the transition of "quantity" into "quality," a peculiar organism (higher being) was formed. And in order to study it, we need our own frame of reference. Comparing it with more simple organisms is incorrect. Organisms at different stages of evolution are formations (systems) that are dynamically dissimilar. Scientists who tried to prove or disprove the existence of gravitational waves (see further in the text) acted approximately "in this vein". P. Robertson advised Einstein to eliminate the problem with the coordinate singularity by choosing the appropriate reference system (use cylindrical coordinates).
You can approach the solution of the problem from the other side. How do you imagine the world? Fundamental and logical (when viewed from any position) force interaction is the basis of determinism. Your material action is always due to a material cause. The stochastic approach hidden behind the forest of incorrect actions on the study of matter allows one to "see the intangible". In reality, the transition from quantity to quality is the evolution of material substance. Physically, this is a superposition of motion-interactions of objects of different ranks. This is "integrated gravity", the summation of the energy of motion, both in terms of the volume of matter, and in terms of the duration and number of interactions. The eternity of the world is characterized by the "law of conservation of momentum".
An illustration of this is Figure 2. Objects with the same pulses (P), moving in the same direction, do not interact (option I). The more energetic body A (with the same mass, its velocity u is more) transfers some of the energy to object B (variant II). Even more is the interaction effect in option III. In our example, the parameters (for example, the area) of the interaction region of the pulses depend on the velocity difference of the moving bodies. (Instead of speed, we can consider thermal energy). Parameters also depend on time, although it is more important for us to show the essence of the process as a series of relatively independent acts of interaction. After all, all subsequent interactions will be carried out already in a changed situation, further complicating the "field of integrated momentum" (impulse P5 in option III).
Elementary exchange of impulses is the simplest process, if we consider two abstract material points. The study of real interactions is immeasurably more difficult. You will not be able to sum up a dozen simultaneous movements of an individual particle, which is part of a complex clot of matter. This is especially difficult when the objects of the microworld are studied, the interaction of "thin" matter. Human consciousness is a subjective perception of the real interaction of the constituent parts of a long-evolving organism.
What properties characterize subjective perception? What is the reference system to choose? What fragments of the evolutionary sequence of interactions are suitable for this? Perhaps consciousness is the lack of unambiguity, the lack of straightness in motion-interaction, the loss of communication between the impulse, which imparts the energy of motion, and the impulse-response to such an effect. When such a connection is sometimes "cut through", we say that this is "talking genes", this is "the call of the ancestors". At some stage, we lose the foundation, stop feeling the connection with the outside world.
Cybernetics experts seriously engaged in the creation of artificial intelligence, intending to transfer to the machine not only the program of actions, but also the whole range of human feelings, all his imagination, inspiration of poetic aspirations and ideals. But sometimes created by the rubbish machine (in the presence of an unfinished program) can be perceived as a masterpiece in art. After all, people do not have a common opinion, for example, about a particular music. As one of the mathematicians believed, "there is no good and bad music, there is a small and big noise".
Our supposedly independent consciousness allows us to characterize natural phenomena in different ways.
§ ' * 6 8 10
The greater the gap from the set of interrelated actions, the more free a person is in choosing the option to explain a particular situation. At the beginning of the 20th century, the idea of the existence of gravitational waves propagating, of course, at the speed of light, was born in "field physics". Albert Einstein himself for a long time could not make an unequivocal choice in this matter. Therefore, in one of the lectures he said: "If you ask me if there are gravitational waves, I will answer that I do not know. But this is quite an interesting problem".
Our ideas about the structure of the world are changing. Measuring instruments and research methods are being improved. And it is not by chance that at the research center (CERN) we obtained the results according to which "subatomic particles can move with a speed exceeding the speed of light". In the period 2006-2011, studies were conducted on a neutrino beam, which was sent from the European Center to the underground laboratory in Italy, the Gran- Sasso, at a distance of 732 kilometers. The speed of the neutrino was higher than the speed of light. Physicists carried out measurements about 15 thousand times. Error excluded. And now scientists are concerned about the issue; was Einstein right when he said that nothing could move at a speed greater than the speed of light?
But why look into the world of elementary particles? How was our planet formed, and what is happening with it at present? "Global warming -melting glaciers - flooding low-lying areas of land" -this chain of events worries many people on Earth. But compared with an increase in ocean level of 0.4 mm per year due to warming, satellite data give a value of up to 1.5 mm/year [3]. The problem of the "lost mechanism of increasing the level of the ocean" ("attribution problem") arose. Similarly to the unknown "mechanism of formation of consciousness", scientists do not even know the mechanism of the evolution of the planet. At one time, a geodynamic scenario was proposed, involving the transformation of the earthly toroid into a sphere with the leveling of the existing geoid depression in the Antarctic region [1]. Indeed, space satellite studies have confirmed that "the southern hemisphere is expanding with a maximum speed of 1.8 mm/year (at the south pole), and the northern hemisphere has a reverse tendency -compression" [3].
Describing the "early planet" as a toroid, and modern as "almost a sphere", we used the object shape [1; 2]. Why does the form change? There is a "transition of quantity of motion to quality". The change in the intensive movement of matter (the transfer of impulse to a less energetic body) is the expenditure of energy on the work of changing the size of this body, its shape (see fig. 2). For the Earth, such a transformation cannot be represented in the "accretion of cold protoplanetary matter" model. Creating virtual models and "nonphysical theories", we complicate the sequence of interrelated actions, more and more remove our "I" from the natural basis of the world structure. We are sure that our consciousness is not identical with the consciousness of lower organisms. What is more here -selfishness or lack of understanding of the essence of the process? Try to assess the cost of nature of energy to create unique opportunities to adapt to the environment of many marine organisms on the one hand, and man - on the other. The ease with which the cuttlefish changes color, merging with the background of the surrounding sea floor, makes one doubt the terrestrial origin of a man who is constantly fighting with nature.
Many physical processes, changes in the behavior of a person (or another organism) cannot be linear. Linearity in mathematics is a uniform motion (without acceleration) in physics. Such a movement is an abstraction. The final stage of the real (non-catastrophic) process is an asymptotic approach to the limit. Is the development of human civilization a real (physical) process? Undoubtedly, because an increasing number of interactions goes into quality. True, many factors that will be brought in to prove this postulate will characterize the particular activities of specific people. But the development of one person from birth to death is also a physical process. Is it necessary to correlate the changing behavior of a person with some part of the exponential curve? Will we remain people after the maximum involvement in the interaction of the matter surrounding us? If "nature has become more often mistaken" in endowing man
with purely masculine or feminine properties - is this the result of conscious activity?
There are many more questions. And perhaps you are still not obvious all the material causes that determine the changes taking place? But is the material entity, not eidos, the basis of the world? The result of the interaction is a change in the properties of objects, their physical condition (physiological - for objects of the biosphere). The property of an object is its characteristic (in the chosen frame of reference) as the result of one of the possible interactions. The characteristic of this subject of change in the properties of a complex object is consciousness. But the characteristic does not change the properties of the object. You do not act this way because of your thoughts. Your thoughts are the result of complex interactions in the body. But conclusions that do not change the properties of objects - the right of the subject. If you are convinced that a moving electron does not have a trajectory of motion, you can safely accuse your neighbor of witchcraft and demand to send it to the fire!
Thus, it became clear that Norbert Wiener was wrong! After all, we did not use something "non-physical" in our reasoning. Our behavior is the result of ongoing movement-interaction within the framework of a program formed throughout the entire period of formation of the organism as a species. What other evidence can be cited in favor of this conclusion? For example, you do not see anything material in that your body temperature rises when your brain concentrates and represents a hot desert. Indeed, physically imagining the transmission of some impulses to an extraneous object from the active brain is extremely difficult. But, first, it is necessary to take into account that the signal is perceived by the corresponding receiver. For example, the electromotive force of a miniature battery is not enough to rotate the propeller of a multi-ton vessel. But a weak signal can trigger a powerful diesel. Secondly, do you know how protons and neutrons interact in the nucleus, or how do electrons move in an atom? But this is real matter. Thirdly, try to imagine something that the information in the DNA in your brain is not recorded. There simply were no such interactions at the stage of the formation of the organism. You can not "go there, it is not known where, and bring something, it is not known what"! This is probably the best evidence of the material nature and consciousness, and thinking, and characteristics of human behavior. Derivative of real matter can not be intangible. The border that acted as the object of the search for us does not exist.
It must always be remembered that the object itself and its characteristics exist independently of each other. Let you call eternity and constancy of moving matter "world will", and in the exchange of impulses you will see the transfer of information. Perhaps some human activities are more logical to interpret as conscious? This is the right of the subject. The fundamental motion-interaction (gravity) is described by many sciences. The number of terms used in them is huge. From the fact that scientists in their theories will fundamentally change the model of the structure of the
atom, the snow in the spring will not stop melting. A man with his "free will", strictly regulated by real nature, at each moment in time is only a small, temporarily existing part of the evolving solar system.
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2. Apanovich I.A. 66 postulates and hypothesis
about the device of the world. Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science. № 27/2019. Part 2. Oslo, Norway, p. 8-14.
3. Barkin Yu.V Mechanisms of increase of mean sea level and solution of "attribution problem''. Geology of the seas and oceans. Proceedings of the XVII International Scientific Conference (Schools) on marine geology. M .: GEOS, 2007. P. 21-23.
4. Yorish Y., Turobov B. Lozoustratestvo without mysticism//Nature, № 11, 1984. P. 86-96.
5. Leninger A. Fundamentals of biochemistry. In 3 volumes. Per. from English M .: Mir, 1985. 1053 p.
INTEGRITY AND INITIAL "HYBRIDITY" OF THE "BRAIN-PSYCHE-MIND / CONSIOUSNESS"
HYPERSYSTEM. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Yershova-Babenko I.
doctor of science in philosophy, professor, professor of the department of Arts and Humanities Odessa International University Odessa, Ukraine Article 2st
ЦЕЛОСТНОСТЬ И ИСХОДНАЯ «ГИБРИДНОСТЬ» ГИПЕРСИСТЕМЫ «BRAIN-PSYCHE-MIND/CONSIOUSNESS». МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
Ершова-Бабенко И.В.
доктор философских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры искусствознания и общегуманитарных дисциплин Международный гуманитарный университет,
Одесса, Украина Статья 2-я
Abstract
The article describes and specifies the integrity and initial "hybridity" of the "brain-psyche-mind / consious-ness" hypersystem, as well as the methodology of its research. It is explained that the proposed concept, in fact, demonstrates the original natural variety of the "hybrid" hypersystem, which functions in the life of a person as a whole / integrity. The methodological tool, with the help of which, the research question of the unity of the hyper-whole and the relationship within it between the whole / integrity is investigated, is represented by the concept of "brain-psyche-mind / consiousness"; it is proved that in this aspect the brain acts as a whole and integrity, a neu-robiological living natural phenomenon ("device"), a system / environment of a synergetic order of a certain scale, a synergistic object of study. It is also clarified that the considered hyper-medium / system, expressed by the named concept, is heterogeneous in general. The relationship between integrity in the macro-and hyper-goal, expressed by the concept and hyper-theory of brain-psyche-mind / consiousness, the configuration of these relations and the nature of its dynamics in the process of human life are specified.
Аннотация
В статье описана и конкретизирована целостность и исходная «гибридность» гиперсистемы «brain-psyche-mind/consiousness», а также методология её исследования. Пояснено, что предложенный концепт, фактически, демонстрирует исходную природную разновидность «гибридной» гиперсистемы, функционирующую в жизни человека как целое/целостность. Методологическим инструментом, с помощью которого, исследован вопрос исследования единства гиперцелого и отношений внутри него между целыми/це-лостностями, представлен концептом «brain-psyche-mind/consiousness»; доказано, что в этом аспекте мозг выступает как целое и целостность, нейробиологическое живое природное явление («устройство»), система/среда синергетического порядка определенного масштаба, синергетический объект исследования. Также пояснено, что рассматриваемая гиперсреда/система, выражаемая названным концептом, неоднородна в целом. Конкретизированы вопросы отношений между целостностями в макро- и гиперцелом, выраженном концептом и гипертеорией «brain-psyche-mind/consiousness», конфигурации этих отношений и характер ее динамики в процессе жизни человека.
Keywords: hybrid, hypersystem "brain-psyche-mind / consciousness".
Ключевые слова: гибридность, гиперсистема «brain-psyche-mind/consiousness».
