CC BY
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7. Vaarst, M. Animal Health and Welfare in Organic Agriculture / M.Vaarst, S. Roderick, V. Lund, W. Lockeretz // CAB International, 2004. 426 p.
8. Van Niekerk, W. A. The boer goat II. Growth, nutrition requirements, carcass and meat quality / W.A.Van Niekerk, N.H. Casey // Small Ruminant Research. 1988. No. 1. P. 355-368.
9. http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/U/UNP-0061/.
10.http://www.jackmauldin.com/cooking_with_goat.htm.http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/MA
PS/Articles/Goats/Production/Goatmeat.pdf.
УДК 637.125.
THE USE OF FEED MIXTURES IN DIETS OF FINISHING PIGS
L. DEGOLA
Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Latvia University of Agriculture Liela str. 2, Jelgava, Lilija, LV 3001
(Поступила в редакцию 10.01.2011)
Introduction. Feed is the biggest cost factor in pig production and can amount to 60 to 80 % of the total cost of production. Fattening section is the area of the highest feed input in the unit. The actual management of feed presentation is important in both optimising the intake and minimising the feed costs. In the original process feed is composed of different components. The most important ones are: barley, wheat, peas, wheat middlings, sunflower meal, maize, maize gluten feed, premix (vitamins and minerals) [1]. In order to run a beneficial business many farmers want to use their own grain. For example, peas can be included in diets for growing -finishing pigs at levels 15% during the growing phase and 30% during the finishing phase, but, nevertheless, diets containing peas need to be fortified with synthetic amino acids to balance the composition of the diet [2,4].Most of the feeds which are make on-farm are only based on cereals. Starter and finishing diets for pigs are not formulated to provide lysine and phosphorus requirements. Deficit or oversupply increase costs and decrease performance. Excretion of nitrogen is 30% higher and of P is 50% higher than with balanced feeds with increasing N and P content of the soil by 53 and 19 kg ha-1 annually [5,6].
Therefore, the farmers need a high quality feed which enables them to have the best results and cost efficiency.
The aim - of this study were to evaluate the effect of different feed mixtures for fattening pigs.
Material and method. The study was carried out on a pie farm "Korkalns". There are 5,000 Digs under 30 kg live weight and 4000 pigs weighing over 30 kg and 1,300 sows. The production on the pig farm is divided into two major directions: breeding sows and piglet production and pig meat production.
Each fattening pig house accommodates up to 990 pigs. The hull is divided into three rooms, which contain 32 pens of 2,5 x 4,5 meters in size. One pen holds from 10 to 11 pigs.
Full value granulated feed, prepared by the Company "Tukums Straume" is used for pig feeding. The feed is supplied by a special tanker and pumped from the feed storage towers. Each farm has two feed storage towers. The capacity of one tower is 17 m3, and at the same time it can store about 13 tons of forage. The farm is equipped with an automatic power line. From the feed storage towers the feed through galvanized metal pipe is supplied to the closed automatic feeders.
Four groups of pigs were used in the study. Every group had 24 animals which were similar in the live weight, age, gender and origin. Every animal was marked with ear tags. The housing conditions for pigs were the same. In the farrn there was automatic microclimate control. The air temperature was maintained at 17 °C, humidity 65 %. The pigs received the feed from automatic feeders that were disconnected from the overall food supply system. The pigs received the feed ad libitum. Feed intake was recorded for the whole group from the beginning to the end of the experiment. Feed intake was recorded every day.
The effect of four feed mixtures for fattening pigs has been evaluated.
The experimental pigs were fed of full value feed mixtures pellets. The recipes of feed mixtures were such:
Growers (2-4 month old piglets) - wheat 34,6 %, barley 30 %, wheat bran 9 %, soybean meal 10 %, yeast 6,5 %, corn-processing product 5 %, fish meal 1.5 %, Premix premivit 0,5 % monocalcium phosphate 0.5 %, lime flour 2 %, salt 0,2 %, zinc oxide 0,15 %, acid Gustor XXI B-29 0,05 %.
Finisher (pigs) - wheat 33,5 %, barley 32 %, triticale 10 %, wheat bran 7 %, soybean meal 5 %, sunflower meal 9 %, fish meal 1 %, Premix pre-mivit 0,5 %, monocalcium phosphate 0,2 %, lime flour 1,3 %, salt 0,35 %, lysine 0,15 %.
Pigs with the liveweight of 25-55 kg - wheat 35 %, barley 29,97 %, triticale 10 %, soybean meal 14,9 %, sunflower meal 2,3 %, yeast 3 %, vegetable oil 1,5 %, Premix premivit 0,55 %, monocalcium phosphate 0,9 %, lime flour 1,3 %, salt 0,3 %,lysine 0,13 %, methionine 0,06 %, threonine 0,09 %.
Pigs with the liveweight of 55-100 kg - wheat 35 %, barley 26,21 %, triticale 15 %, wheat bran 8 %, soybean meal 2,8 %, sunflower meal 6 %, yeast 3 %, Premix premivit 0,5 % monocalcium phosphate 0,7 %, lime flour 1,2 %, salt 0,3 %, lysine 0,14 %, threonine 0,05 %.
Every feed mixture was tested for moisture, crude protein, fiber and fat at the laboratory. The test results showed that the feed mixtures were produced according to the given recipe.
Before, during and at the end of the experiments, all the animals were individually weighed.
At the start of the experiment the pigs were 88 days old with liveweight 38,2-38,6 kg. The pigs were weighed after 21 feeding day, when they reached approximately 55 kg live weight (in day 109). This stage from 88109 day was called first fattening period. The period from 109 days till the sale was the second fattening period (tabl. 1). Pigs received feeds according experimental design.
During the test, the results were subjected to biometric processing and analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with MS EXCEL mathematical program, calculating the arithmetic mean, standard error, standard device, variance. The results were compared using t-test.
Table 1. Experimental design
Feed mixture type
Group Experiment
Control Grower in first fattening period Finisher in second fattening period
Experimental Feed for fattening pigs with liveweight 25-55 kg in first fattening period Feed for fattening pigs with liveweight 55-100 kg in second fattening period
The chemical analyses of grain are determining according to a generally accepted method. Crude protein with the Kjeldala method - LVS 277and amino acid - ISO 13903 (2005.)
Results and discussion. The pigs were given different types of feed mixtures which differed in composition but the main quality indicators were similar (tabl. 2).
Table 2. Nutritive value of feeds for pigs in first fattening period
Nutrients Requirements Control group Experimental group
Metabolisable energy, MJkg-1 13,6 13,7 13,5
Crude protein, g kg-1 163 165 164
Lysine, g kg-1 7,2 8,0 8,1
Methionine +cysteine, g kg-1 4,3 5,1 5,2
Crude fibre, g kg-1 60 61 59
Ca, g kg-1 8,4 8,3 8,1
P, g kg-1 7,0 7,0 6,9
The protein for pigs during this period was from 163 till 165 g kg-1. After comparison of the protein content in feeds, it can be concluded that it was similar in all groups and met the requirements for pigs.
For pig feed high - grade protein sources are used, which have well balanced amino acids with high biological value [4, 7, 8]. If amino acids are not balanced, the surplus is excreted in faeces. Lysine is the main limiting amino acid [3, 4]. Lysine and methionine + cystine for all groups of pigs was sufficient and even exceeded the needs. Lysine, methionine + cystine and tryptophan ratio in the pig feed can be expressed 5:3:1 [5, 6, 8].
Lysine and methionine + cystine ratio in the control group was 5:3,1, in the experimental groups it was 5:3,0.
Mineral supply can not implement themselves a basic feedstuffs. The minerals found in plant feed products are insignificant. Mineralpremixes which are tested in practice are used for pigs.
In second fattening period the pig feed was also composed of different types of feed mixtures which differed in composition. The main indicators were also similar and satisfied the demands of pigs needs (tabl. 3).
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Table 3. Feed nutrients for pigs in second fattening period
Nutrients Requirements Control group Experimental group
Metabolisable energy, MJkg -1 14,2 14,3 14,5
Crude protein, g kg -1 151 153 154
Lysine, g kg -1 6,3 8,9 8,7
Methionine + cysteine, g kg -1 3,8 6,2 6,3
Crude fibre, g kg -1 70 60 59
Ca, g kg -1 8,1 7,3 7,2
P, g kg -1 6,7 6,4 6,0
The pigs were completely supplied with amino acid, lysine and methionine + cystine contents and their amount even exceeded the needs. Lysine and methionine + cystine ratio in the control group was 5: 3,5, in the experimental group 1,5 : 3,0, and in both experimental group 2,5 : 2,8.
The analysis of the feed showed that in the fattening periods, pigs were satisfied with nutrients.
During the experiments, it was important to determine which feed gives the greatest weight gain. We compared weight gains in the first and second periods separately. Afterwards we compared weight gains throughout the whole experimental period (tabl. 4).
Table 4. Live weight changes during experiment
Item Groups
Control Experimental
The average live weight at the beginning of the trial, kg 38,2 ± 0,15 38,6±0,16
The average live weight at the end of first fattening period, kg 52,1±0,15 55,0±0,29*
Weight gain in the first fattening period, kg 13,9±0,08 16,4±0,30*
Daily weight gain in the first fattening period, g 664±3,9 783±14,3*
% 100 118
The average live weight at the end of the experiment, kg 99,6±0,14* 96,1±0,28
Weight gain in the second fattening period, kg 47,5±0,04* 41,1±0,06
Daily weight gain in the second fattening period, g 847±0,8* 734±1,1
% 100 86.7
Weight gain during the whole experimental period, kg 61,4±0,09* 57,6±0,29
Daily weight gain during the whole experimental period, g 797±1,2* 748±3,7
% 100 93,8
*P<0,01.
At the start of the experiment, the average live weight of pigs was not significantly different. After 21 days (end of the first period) live weight growth rates showed a significant difference. The daily weight gain was about 18 % higher than in the control group. At the end of the second fattening period (after 77 days), live weight indicators differed significantly. In the control group, the daily weight gain was 13,3 % higher than that in the experimental group. There was a significant difference in comparison with the live weight increase during the whole fattening period. The largest weight gain was in the control group. The daily weight gain of the control group was 6,2 % higher than that in the experimental group.
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From the results of the study it can be concluded that in the first fattening period the feed for fattening pigs with the liveweight 25-55 kg was more effective. In the second period finisher feed in the control group was more effective.
According to Latvian swine breeding program the daily weight gain of pigs in the fattening period will be higher than 800 g and 100 kg live weight will be reached in 160 day. The experimental pigs met those requirements. The daily weight gain was from 734-847 g and 105 kg live weight of pigs was reached in 165 days.
Feed costs in pig production account for most of the costs. Therefore, the cheapest and most efficient feed should be carefully chosen (tabl. 5.) [7,8].
Table 5. Feed costs
Groups Feed cost per 1 kg, Euro Feed consumption per 1 kg liveweight gain, kg Feed expenses per 1 kg liveweight gain, Euro
Control group in first fattening period 0,18 2,4 0,44
Control group in second fattening period 0,16 2,8 0,45
Experimental group in first fattening period 0,18 2,2 0,41
Experimental group in second fattening period 0,18 2,9 0,52
The comparison of the feed costs and expenses in experiment showed, that in the first fattening period the feed for fattening pigs with the liveweight 25-55 kg was economically advantageous. In the second fattening period finisher feed was economically profitable.
Conclusions. The comparison of the feed costs and expenses on the live weight gains of pigs in experiment showed that in the first fattening period feed mixture for fattening pigs with the liveweight 25-55 kg was economically advantageous. Daily live weight gains of pigs were 783 g or 18 % higher than in the control group. In the second fattening period finisher feed was economically profitable. In the second fattening period, more efficient and cost-effective was the finisher feed. Daily live weight gains of pigs were 797 g or 13 % higher.
REFERENCES
1. D e g o l a , L. Effect of dietary ideal amino acid ratios in covered and hulless - barley based diets on pig performance / L.Degola //Veterinarija ir zootechnika. 2007. T. 37(59). P. 56-59.
2. Degola, L. Evalution of protein content in pig diets / L.Degola // Proceedings of the 13th Baltic Animal Breeding Conference. Parnu, Estonia, 2007. P. 71-74.
3. Degola, L. Zootehcnical and economical evaluation of protein content in pig diets and influence on the carcass traits / L. Degola, E. Selegovska // ISSN 1392-2130. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika. 2006. T.27(49). P. 52 - 55.
4. Chrastinova, L. The effect of including pea in diets for growing-finishing pigs on performance and meat quality / L. Chrastinova, M. Chrenkova, P. Flak, R. Lahucky, Z. Forme-lova, Z. Cresnakova, P. Makovicky // Archiva Zootechnica,2005, P. 87-92
5. Cnockaert, H. Effect of different feeding strategies on the ammonia emission from a fattening pig house / H. Cnockaert, B.Sonck // In: Ammonia conference abstract book (G.J. Monteny, E. Hartung, M. van den Top and D. Starmans, Eds.). 2007. P. 72-73.
6. Hayes, E.T. The Influence of Diet Crude Protein Level on Odour and Ammonia Emissions from Finishing Pig Houses / E.T. Hayes, T.P. Leek, V.A. Curran, O.T. Dodd, V.E. Carton, J.V. Beattie // Bioresource Technology, 2004. Р. 91:309-315.
7. Hickling, D.R. Does the feed industry have barley quality needs? / D.R. Hickling // Proceedings of Canadian Barley Symposium. 1999, P. 103-108.
8. Tuitoek, K. The effect of reducing excess dietary amino acids on growing - finishing pig performance: an evaluation of the ideal protein concept / K.Tuitoek, L.G.Young, C.F. Lange, B.J. Kerr // Journal of Animal Science. 1997. 75(6). P. 1575-1583.
УДК 636.2.053.084
ВЛИЯНИЕ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ УРОВНЕЙ КАЛЬЦИЯ И ФОСФОРА
В РАЦИОНАХ НА ЕСТЕСТВЕННУЮ РЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТЬ
И КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ КРОВИ ПЛЕМЕННЫХ БЫЧКОВ ДО 6-МЕСЯЧНОГО ВОЗРАСТА
Т.А. ШАУРА, И.И. ГОРЯЧЕВ УО «Витебская ордена «Знак Почета» государственная академия ветеринарной медицины» г. Витебск, Республика Беларусь, 210026
(Поступила в редакцию 10.01.2011)
Введение. Минеральные вещества принимают самое активное участие в обмене веществ, играют исключительно важную роль в формировании и поддержании крепкого здоровья животных, обеспечении пищеварительных процессов и высокой продуктивности, развитии и функционировании репродуктивных органов [1, 2, 7].
Одними из основных жизненно необходимых (биогенных) элементов для животного организма являются кальций и фосфор, значение которых весьма многообразно. Удельный вес этих элементов составляет до 75% от всех минеральных веществ организма. Они участвуют в построении костной ткани, работе сердца, функционировании нервной системы и свертывании крови. Кальций - важный компонент большинства клеток и тканевых жидкостей. Он является активатором ферментной системы, благоприятно влияет на обмен железа и устраняет вредное воздействие избытка солей калия, магния, натрия и др. Ионы кальция укрепляют защитные функции организма, понижая клеточную проницаемость и повышая фагоцитарную активность лейкоцитов [4, 8-10]. Фосфор является незаменимым компонентом клеточных белков, служит активатором ряда ферментов, участвует во всех видах обмена веществ, а также в энергетическом обмене. Велика его роль в создании буферности в крови и тканях. Большое количество фосфатов находится в клетках семенников и их придат-
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