CC BY
0
o Automated systems and human moderators work together to filter harmful content and detect spam. 7. Legal and Regulatory Compliance:
o Adhering to global data protection laws, such as GDPR and CCPA, ensures better handling of user data. Case Studies of Social Media Security Breaches
1. Facebook-Cambridge Analytica Scandal (2018):
o Highlights the risks of third-party data access and the need for stringent API controls.
2. Twitter Bitcoin Scam (2020):
o A coordinated social engineering attack compromised high-profile accounts, emphasizing the need for secure account management practices.
3. LinkedIn Data Leak (2021):
o Exposed millions of user records, demonstrating the importance of encrypting stored data. As social media programs continue to evolve, so do the threats they face. By integrating advanced technologies, fostering user awareness, and adhering to ethical practices, social media platforms can effectively mitigate cyber risks. A collaborative approach among stakeholders is crucial to building secure and trustworthy social ecosystems. References:
1. Schneier, B. (2015). Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World. W.W. Norton & Company.
2. Conti, M., & Lal, C. (2021). Social Media Security: Understanding the Threats and Mitigation Strategies. Springer.
3. Kshetri, N. (2018). The Economics of Cybersecurity: Understanding Emerging Threats in the Digital Era. MIT Press.
© Ovezov A., 2024
УДК 62
Polatova Sh.,
student.
Almazova O.,
teacher.
Oguz han Engineering and Technology university of Turkmenistan.
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY OF LIMONENE FROM ORANGE PEEL
Annotation
Limonene, a versatile natural compound found in citrus peel, particularly orange peel, is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and aromatic properties. This study explores various extraction methods for isolating limonene from orange peel, including steam distillation, cold pressing, and solvent extraction. Emphasis is placed on the efficiency, environmental sustainability, and purity of the extracted product. The analysis discusses challenges in scaling up production and optimizing yield while maintaining eco-friendly practices. Advances in green chemistry and novel techniques such as microwave-assisted and supercritical CO2 extraction are also evaluated for their potential to revolutionize limonene production.
Keywords:
limonene, orange peel, extraction technology, green chemistry, essential oils, sustainable practices.
Limonene, a monoterpene hydrocarbon, is the primary component of citrus essential oils and possesses significant industrial importance. Derived from the peel of citrus fruits, particularly oranges, limonene is valued for its aromatic and bioactive properties. As global demand for natural products grows, efficient and sustainable extraction technologies are critical for large-scale production.
This paper examines the extraction technologies used for isolating limonene from orange peel, focusing on their efficiency, environmental impact, and scalability. Chemical Properties of Limonene
Limonene (C|0Hi6) is a cyclic terpene with a molecular structure that contributes to its volatility and hydrophobicity. These properties make limonene an ideal candidate for various applications, including:
• Food Industry: Flavoring agent and preservative.
• Pharmaceuticals: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.
• Cosmetics: Ingredient in perfumes and skincare products. Extraction Methods
1. Steam Distillation
o Process: Orange peel is subjected to steam, releasing volatile compounds like limonene, which are then condensed and separated.
o Advantages: High yield and relatively simple setup.
o Limitations: High energy consumption and potential degradation of heat-sensitive compounds.
2. Cold Pressing
o Process: Mechanical pressing of orange peel to release essential oils. o Advantages: Retains natural properties and avoids chemical solvents.
o Limitations: Lower yield compared to other methods and difficulty in separating non-volatile residues.
3. Solvent Extraction
o Process: Organic solvents, such as ethanol or hexane, dissolve limonene, which is then recovered through distillation.
o Advantages: Efficient for industrial-scale production. o Limitations: Solvent residues and environmental concerns.
4. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
o Process: Microwaves disrupt the cellular structure of the peel, releasing limonene. o Advantages: Faster extraction time and reduced energy consumption. o Limitations: Initial investment costs and specific equipment requirements. Advances in Green Extraction Technologies
The shift towards green chemistry emphasizes the development of eco-friendly methods such as:
• Ionic Liquid Extraction: Utilizing biodegradable ionic liquids as solvents.
• Enzymatic Extraction: Employing enzymes to enhance the release of limonene.
• Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE): Using ultrasonic waves to facilitate the release of essential oils. Applications of Extracted Limonene
• Industrial Solvent: Eco-friendly replacement for petrochemical-based solvents.
• Insecticide: Effective against common agricultural pests.
• Therapeutic Agent: Investigated for its potential in cancer treatment and aromatherapy.
The extraction of limonene from orange peel presents a promising avenue for sustainable industrial applications. Among the methods discussed, supercritical CO2 extraction and microwave-assisted extraction stand out for their efficiency and eco-friendliness. Advances in green technologies and circular economy practices
will further enhance the feasibility and sustainability of limonene production. By integrating innovative approaches and addressing existing challenges, the extraction process can significantly contribute to the growing demand for natural and sustainable products. References:
1. Azmir, J., et al. (2013). Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review. Journal of Food Engineering, 117(4), 426-436.
2. Chemat, F., et al. (2017). Green extraction of natural products: Concept and principles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(3), 567.
3. Perino, S., et al. (2018). Advances in microwave-assisted extraction of essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 30(5), 331-345.
© Polatova Sh., Almazova O., 2024
УДК 62
Rahmetova A.,
student.
Myradov R.,
teacher.
Oguz han Engineering and Technology university of Turkmenistan.
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
A TRAVEL GUIDE APP SHOWCASING TURKMENISTAN'S TOURIST SPOTS
Annotation
With its rich history, unique culture, and stunning natural landscapes, Turkmenistan is a hidden gem for global travelers. However, its tourism potential remains underexplored due to limited access to comprehensive travel information. This paper proposes the development of a travel guide app designed to showcase Turkmenistan's tourist attractions. The app integrates features like geolocation services, interactive maps, cultural insights, and personalized itineraries to enhance the travel experience. The article explores the app's design, technical architecture, and its potential economic and cultural impacts.
Key words:
Turkmenistan tourism, travel guide app, cultural heritage, interactive maps, geolocation services, travel technology, tourist attractions.
Turkmenistan, located in Central Asia, is renowned for its historical Silk Road cities, ancient monuments, and natural wonders such as the Karakum Desert and the Darvaza Gas Crater. Despite its appeal, Turkmenistan's tourism industry faces challenges such as limited online resources and language barriers for international visitors.
This paper proposes a travel guide app as a solution to bridge this gap. The app will highlight the country's attractions while providing tourists with practical tools to plan their trips and navigate the region effectively.
Features of the Travel Guide App
1. Interactive Maps and Geolocation Services:
o Provide real-time navigation to tourist sites, accommodations, and dining options.
o Highlight key attractions, including historical sites, natural wonders, and cultural events.
2. Multilingual Support:
