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EDUCATION OF THE ADULTS IN UZBEKISTAN U. Sh. Begimkulov, A. A. Karimkxodjaev,
A. E, Imamov, E. Z. Imamov
I. Role of education in the modern world. We live in epoch of continuous growth of ICT. The level of socio economic and technical development in the world has achieved that stage, when the human factor (its sincere moral - psychological condition, professional skill, volume of its knowledge, sources and methods of their filling) became a determinative of progress of a society. And our times and style of daily life become such, that objective there is a sharp need for the highly professional person able constantly to support the educational level at a level, required by a society, and realizing need for constant updating and deepening of the knowledge. The our times is characterized more by one feature causing of reconsideration of educational policy are demographic changes in structure of the population. In the world the substantial growth in percentage terms of people of elderly age and growth of average life expectancy of the people is observed. Similar (in common positive) the tendencies also cause sharp necessity of the decision of a problem of organization and scope of the adult population by education.
It is possible, for this reason last decades (in 80 and 90 years of the last century) under patron UNESCO the world discussion on a problem of education of the adults (further - EA) was unwrapped. Discussion be subject such questions, as problems of organization and management EA, and also especially scientific - methodical and didactical of a problem EA, and also problems androgenic. All over the world, is especial in Europe, the organizations of training have passed national debate about a role and place EA, life long learning, the intensive discussions of methods of creation of the appropriate infrastructure of training and contents of the educational-professional programs EA were spent.
By positive result of all these discussions was that the problem from the debatable form has passed in a channel of practical actions. One nobody doubts of necessity EA. Moreover, as a substantiation of necessity EA and life long learning, even sayings from the sacred books of conducting world religions (the Tora, the Bible, the Koran) on similarity are resulted: "... it is necessary to study from a cradle up to a grave".
II. Features of structure of national system of continuous education. The
important task of any national system of education is correctly to define a place and role EA in the structure of system of continuous education. With reference to Uzbekistan [1], the separate components of this structure can be divided un-
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der the forms of education (not of training!) and special-purpose designation on two basic kinds - formal and informal education. For their characteristics there were following definitions.
The formal education gives the persons (besides skills to read, to write, to count) standard education and professional qualification. It is characterized by presence of the qualifying requirements, authorized by a state body, in the form of the state educational standards, educational plans and educational (and educational-professional) programs; the education is more formal has the established normative terms of training, gives out the state documents on education, gives guarantees on continuation of training. Its educational programs are realized in preschool, general average, average special, professional, high and post graduate education, that is in five of seven kinds of system of continuous education.
The nonformal education provides mastering concrete professional skills, gives functionally - guided training, realizes versatile professional training. It is realized in the educational programs out of school education, and also in system of retraining and improvement of professional skill. This form of education most approaches for organization EA better.
Speaking about the forms of education, it is necessary to specify more one a kind showing, as a rule, indirectly, but borrowing the extremely important place in general educational policy of the country - informal education of the person. Within the framework of this form of education is carried out of education and, connected with it indirectly, independent training of the person. Informal education is realized through reading and study of educational and other materials, viewing of the educational programs prepared and distributed by mass media, and also by means of family education and self-training and so on. The influence informal education on the man proceeds during all of his life.
In the documents V of the International Congress on EA (Hamburg of 1997) is marked: " the education is determined by the most effective means of increase of quality of life, most effective weapon in struggle with poverty and intolerance. The education creates culture based on peaceful disposition and tolerance, it gives youth and adult an opportunity to achieve of success in the sphere, chosen by them, of activity. The education in the essence is capable to open ways to development of the person and society" [2]. The similar appeal is especially urgent in conditions of prompt development of information global systems, when the break is even more strongly increased between the one who has an easy approach to knowledge, and the one who has no. It occurs at a level both state, and region and person. Providing of access to education and profes-
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sional training during all life there are by an effective method of familiarizing of the people to knowledge, inculcation that will allow by them of skills and skills necessary in fast changing the world, them adequately to resist to any calls of the modern world.
Stated above, allows us to make some preliminary conclusions: (1) formal educations, basically, are given to young generation with primary education (general average, average special, professional, high or post graduate); (2) any activity in area EA and training during all life can adequately realize in the educational programs nonformal and informal of education (realization of the humane purposes and opportunities of education directed on satisfaction of educational needs of the people of the senior generation). The similar separate consideration of separate making system of continuous education of Uzbekistan, allocation EA and training during all life in a separate category of educational activity corresponds to spirit of the recommendations of the Sofia declaration [3].
III. What is a education of the adults? Us always pleases and, first of all, successes of formal education and concrete in it of the investment (whether it be state, foreign or private), as our children study! You see it is the investments in ours future, in the future of our children, so - in the human capital of the countries directed on accumulation of an intellectual resource to a nation and our future. However there is also another not less meaningful the motto: our present in hands of the adults, builds those who today work's and creates. They (adults) at one time studied, but for a long time. Now all is quickly updated. To correspond to a rhythm of life nowadays working, the conditions for constant updating of the knowledge are necessary, it is necessary to develop at the worker natural need to study and to update the knowledge. In it essence EA and training during all life!
The process globalization changes character of labor activity, and also requirement to knowledge, skills and skills of the worker. The training to new skills, skills and competences gets the extremely special meaning. To teach, to study, to solve problems, critically to think and to study as an advancing - these pedagogical requirements, known from an antiquity, today in steel again rather urgent, as concern all. To survive, it is necessary to study in everything, professionally competent should be all! The degree of an active civil position of the modern person is defined by a level of educations.
IV. Education of the adults! Who in the answer for it? A task of a society and state at the present stage - to ensure conditions and to create system EA and training during all life. Feeling general growth the claimence of knowledge (in particular, professional) and high moral responsibility before a society,
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the educational establishments of high education (universities) voluntary have undertaken the responsibility for development EA and training during all life [4]. To this obliges, besides the civil debt, also development of system of ICTs, scientific and technical progress and active process of information of a modern society.
The expansion of sphere of educational services, their universal claim (is especial, among the nowadays working adult population) became the characteristic phenomena in life of high schools. The educational services have achieved such scales, that our epoch begin to name fairly as epoch "diversification of high education". The socio economic transformation caused by development of processes globalizations and technological changes, and also transition to economy based on knowledge, creates new opportunities and causes necessity of the certain reforms directed on legalization EA and training during all life. In result is significant weaken of technogens the factors of influence on the worker of growing uncertainty of the market of work.
V. Definition EA and life long learning. Not go into details of a history of formation of concept of EA, we shall result, on our sight, its exactest definition [5], given by the professor Ioahim X. Knol (Germany); it consists of five items: EA is the organized process; the participants and establishments EA are public groups and persons giving various educational services in educational establishments of formal and nonformal education; EA now has the official or nonformal legal status; EA is directed both on the socially unprotected groups of the persons, and on the high-grade adult population; from the substantial party, EA is a reception (or updating), first of all, political, professional and public (cultural, socio cultural) knowledge and skills, and also purchase of culture of behavior. Generalizing this definition it is possible to tell, that EA it: First, tool for realization of the missed opportunities of the adults in reception of education (as a rule, professional); and, secondly, simultaneously chance for reduction of the educational level according to the new requirements and prospects of development of a society, state and person. In our epoch the strategic purpose EA should be guided by a principle " Is global to think - particularly to work that is to develop EA, focused on satisfaction of needs of the man.
VI. The forms of realization EA and life long learning. As was marked by 5-th international conference of UNESCO on EA (Hamburg 1997) [6], form of realization EA, the contents of educational materials and the methods of organization of training in each country essentially can differ. For example, for many countries of the world till now by problem number one remains elementary literacy. Even in such country as China, 40 % of the population, in the basic adult, is not able to read, to write and to count. Therefore, it is natural,
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that China will approach to the decision of a similar global problem EA from other positions, rather than, for example, Uzbekistan.
As well as in many countries of CIS, in Uzbekistan the level almost absolute literacy achieves the population. There is also other remarkable feature: practically all citizens of Uzbekistan quite satisfactorily own Russian. The notability that Russian not simply one of eight world languages, is language, on which basically in the country there is a mass flow of the new world scientific information. Therefore in questions of organization EA before Uzbekistan other tasks and global problems stand. For example, such as: maintenance of all population by access to global information resources; the organization of increase of qualification of the workers of industrial branches of manufacture (is especial among the persons with average special, vocational training); retraining and reception of the second specialty; ecological education; training of the adults directed on propagation of a healthy image to life of the population; rehabilitation and training of the people with the limited opportunities, including and in places of deprivation of freedom; problems of constant employment and conversion training of the unemployed; development of education directed on revival of national culture, crafts, customs and traditions; the further development of methodology EA and androgogical; development of the most acceptable policy in the field of organization and management EA.
References:
1. Imamov E., Butayorov O., Musabekova K. UNESCO. Nonformal education of Uzbekistan. " Community learning centers". - Tashkent, 2006, P. 108.
2. ETF: About life long learning: the national report of Uzbekistan. - Tashkent, 2002, with. 19 P.
3. Sofia conference on EA, life long learning-on ways to realization of the purposes of the program of UNESCO. (November 6-9, 2002).
4. Imamov E. Q. A role of high education during continuous education / Collection of articles 1-st regional conference "Education for all. Life long learning in Central Asia ".-Tashkent, 2003, p. 71-75.
5. Ioaxim X. Knol The international aspect in EA. The contribution of UNESCO to development of new strategy in sphere EA. The international and regional documents on questions EA (Collection of articles with the comments). - Tashkent, 2004, p. 184.
6. V-The international conference on EA. CONFINTEA V. The Hamburg declaration about EA. - Hamburg, July, 1997.
Translated by authors
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