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151B.A. Abdusalomova
DIFFICULTIES OF THE TRANSLATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TEXTS
The article is devoted to the actual topic of translation of scientific and technical texts and documentation and the difficulties that arise in this. The paper describes the main difficulties andfeatures of the translation of scientific and technical texts at the grammatical, syntactic and lexical levels, lists the main requirements that a competent translation of such specific texts must meet - consistency, reasoning, equivalence and adequacy. Possession of special vocabulary and terminology, knowledge of abbreviations and abbreviations contributes to the accuracy and clarity of translating the text into the target language. For the correct and complete translation of scientific and technical texts and documentation, first of all, it is necessary to correctly understand and translate the interconnected semantic groups of words that make up the thought of a separate piece of information. Competent translation of this layer of vocabulary and the selection of the necessary equivalents is also ensured by the use of specialized dictionaries.
Key words: scientific and technical translation; text; scientific style; adequacy; equivalence; term.
INTRODUCTION.
The expansion of interstate relations, trade and economic relations with foreign countries, the strengthening of the economic integration of the countries of Europe and the whole world, the development of science and technology, the constant exchange of scientific and technical information enhances the importance of a foreign language as an effective factor in socio-economic, scientific, technical and general cultural progress, as a means of oral and written communication between representatives of different peoples and cultures. The modern era of scientific and technological transformations covers all aspects of the existence of modern society, and in the changed economic conditions, with the highest level of development of modern technologies, there is a special need for specialists - translators with practical skills in translating scientific and technical texts related to various fields of knowledge; Therefore, the need for specialist translators is of particular relevance. All kinds of technology has become an indispensable attribute of a person's daily life; Technical innovations appearing in the world make our life more comfortable and convenient, and production more efficient and economical. There is a growing need for high-quality technical translation of all documentation accompanying this technique. A translator of scientific and technical literature should constantly improve his vocabulary, understand the terms and know their meaning.
MAIN PART.
The purpose of this article is to consider and analyze the difficulties that a translator encounters when working with scientific and technical documentation, to determine the basic requirements for professional translation, such as equivalence, adequacy, informativeness, consistency and clarity of presentation.
"Language communication is realized in four types of language activities: listening and speaking in oral communication, reading and writing in written communication. Translation is the fifth type of language activity, which is necessary to ensure the possibility of communication between people who speak different languages" [1, p. 15]. Therefore, a modern translator, with insufficient formation of linguistic and professional competencies and inability to work with specialized dictionaries, will not be able to accurately convey all the information of the original text, but only the minimum necessary information. In modern science, there are a number of definitions of translation, with varying degrees of completeness reflecting different aspects of this multifaceted phenomenon, for example: "translation is the transmission of information contained in a given work of speech by means of another language" [2, p. 326] ; "translation is the process of converting a speech work in one language into a speech work in another language while maintaining an unchanged content plan, i.e. values" [3, p. 24]; "caused by social necessity, the process and result of the transmission of information (content), expressed in a written or oral text in one language, through an equivalent text in another language" [4, p. 17].
Taking into account the above definitions, we understand "translation" as: a) the process of translating a speech work into another language; b) the activities of the person carrying out this process; and c) the result of this activity (in the form of a whole text or its fragments); often referred to as translation: d) lexical (dictionary) correspondence of a word in another language, e) a relatively new academic discipline, the academic teaching of which
© B.A. Abdusalomova, 2022.
began at the end of the last century. In this article, under the concept of translation, we will consider a full-fledged lexical and semantic transfer of the text from the source language to the target language. Technical translation is the translation of texts on technical topics, in particular, documents of various specializations, various reference literature, various dictionaries, product conformity certificates, operating instructions, engineering plans, scientific and technical articles, business contracts and other commercial technical proposals. The complexity of technical translation lies in the fact that it must be as accurate as possible. the slightest translation errors can change the meaning of the text. The design of the translated text is carried out strictly in accordance with accepted standards and GOSTs, which determine the style and features of technical translation. Since the texts are different in nature, their translation should be carried out taking into account the characteristics of a particular genre. If we are talking about a scientific or scientific and technical text, then in addition to knowledge of translation techniques, knowledge of the terminology and the field of knowledge described in the text is required. In the scientific literature, there are various approaches to the classification of translation by forms, types and genres. According to A.L. Pumpyansky "Translation of scientific and technical literature is a special discipline that emerged at the intersection of linguistics, on the one hand, and science and technology, on the other. Therefore, the translation of scientific and technical literature should be considered from both linguistic and scientific and technical positions, with the primacy of the former in the study of general language issues and the latter when considering narrow terminology" [6, p. 19].
Translation of scientific and technical texts is a field of translation activity in which professional performance of work is possible only by highly qualified technical specialists who know the subject area and its specific terminology well, have sufficient command of a foreign language and are able to correctly express their thoughts in the target language, preserving the essence and original style. Good linguistic training, which necessarily includes translation skills and abilities, significantly affects the professional competence of a modern specialist. Translators who are able to receive, process and accurately convey the necessary professionally significant information from the source language into the target language, competently translate accompanying documentation or scientific and technical texts and act confidently in today's rapidly changing information environment are becoming increasingly in demand in the labor market. To do this, a specialist translator needs a well-formed professional competence. The style of modern English technical literature is based on the norms of the English written language with specific characteristics of the lexical structure, grammar and way of presenting the material. This is a formal-logical style, characterized by accuracy, impersonality and lack of emotional coloring. The vocabulary uses many special terms and words of non-Anglo-Saxon origin (terms of Latin or Greek etymology). Lexical units are selected with great care to convey the content as accurately as possible. Functional words and words that provide logical links between individual elements of the description have a large specific weight. Abbreviations are of particular importance as a special type of nominative signs. Grammar uses only grammatical structures and norms that are firmly established in written speech. Passive, impersonal and indefinitely personal constructions are widespread. Logical selection is carried out using inversion. As Ya.I. Retzker, the main form of sentences in scientific and technical literature are compound and complex sentences with a predominance of nouns, adjectives and non-personal forms of the verb. This leads to the widespread use of compound prepositions and conjunctions, non-personal forms of the verb in the function of object and circumstance, infinitive, participle and gerund phrases [8].
One of the features of scientific and technical texts is that the texts of technical handbooks, catalogs, descriptions of deliveries, technical reports, specifications and instructions may sometimes contain sentences that lack a predicate or subject. In technical reference books there are whole segments consisting of enumerations. Descriptions of deliveries, specifications, technical reports and catalogs are usually drawn up according to a fixed template. and loaded with specialized terminology. A term is a word or phrase that accurately names an object, phenomenon or concept of science, revealing its content. The term is based on a scientifically constructed definition. MM. Glushko states that "a term is a word or phrase for expressing concepts and denoting objects, which, due to its strict and precise definition, has clear semantic boundaries and therefore is unambiguous within the corresponding classification system" [5, p. 28]. The term must be part of a strict logical system of logical classification, clearly distinguish between objects and concepts, and not allow ambiguity or inconsistency. The complex relationship between common vocabulary and terms makes it difficult to identify the terminology of certain branches of scientific and technical literature. The main difficulty of scientific and technical translation is the need to combine knowledge of a foreign language with knowledge of technology: competent technical translation requires professional knowledge of the relevant field of technology. An important feature of the current stage of scientific and technological progress is the mutual penetration of special terminology from one area of knowledge to another. As a result, for the translation of technical literature and documentation, it is required to simultaneously use explanatory and specialized dictionaries in the relevant branches of science and technology, such as telecommunications, radio electronics, microelectronics, computer technology, economics and finance, advertising and marketing, and often - by means of mass media.
Translation of scientific and technical texts must meet the following requirements: equivalence, adequacy, information content, consistency and clarity of presentation. In order for the translation of a scientific and technical text to be adequate and equivalent, i.e. quality, the translator needs general and specific skills, abilities and the following knowledge: theoretical - about the phonetic, lexical and grammatical structure of a foreign language (lexical units, grammatical rules, word formation); practical - about the features of the translation of scientific and technical texts (types of translation transformations and correspondences); linguistic practical knowledge (methods of translation: transliteration, tracing, substitutions, permutations, additions, omissions, methods of descriptive and antonymic translation); extralinguistic knowledge (possession of sufficient information for the translation of a specialized text), which is necessary in the process of translating the text and constructing meaningful and adequate sentences in the target language.
CONCLUSION.
A modern qualified translator must be able to synthesize the techniques of scientific and literary translation, know the terminology and be competent in the field of scientific and technical translation, the features of which are determined by accuracy, impersonality and lack of emotional coloring, and the translation process is a kind of linguistic activity aimed at the most complete recreation of the other language of the content and form of a foreign language text.
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ABDUSALOMOVA BIBIMARIYAMAKBAROVNA - master student of the department translation theory and practice, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages.
