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The article shows how aspectual meaning of the sentence in the Finnish language is expressed by the case of object and what two objective cases in the Finnish language are. The article explains how other aspectual meanings in Finnish can be expressed by suffixes. So, grammatically aspectual meaning of the sentence in the Finnish language is expressed by the objective cases. There are two objective cases in the Finnish language - partitive and accusative. Accusative object in sentence means that the sentence is telic and partitive object means that the sentence is atelic. Other aspectual meanings in Finnish can be expressed by suffixes. For example, suffix -ele- usually means repeatable action (nauraa means 'to laugh', naureskella (naureskele-) means 'to laugh repeatedly', oppia - opiskella, katsoa - katsella).
The article compares the aspectual types of verbs in the Ukrainian and Finnish languages.
As a result, the article singles out the differences and similarities in the grammar ways of expression of the category of aspect in the Finnish and Ukrainian languages as well as it dwells on the differences and similarities in the meanings that belong to this category. Consequently, the ways of expression of grammar aspect in Finnish and Ukrainian languages are different but there are some similar features. First of all, both the Ukrainian and the Finnish languages have two aspects. In Ukrainian these are perfective and imperfective, in Finnish these are telic and atelic. Secondly, either in Finnish language or in Ukrainian language there are 'hidden'-grammar categories such as frequency, progressivety and habituality. Despite this, the ways of expression of aspect are different. In Ukrainian language aspectual meaning is usually expressed by prefixes, in Finnish it is usually expressed outside the verb by the objective cases. Notwithstanding this significant differences, some aspectual meanings in Finnish are expressed by the means of derivation, by addition of suffixes with aspectual meanings to verbs.
Key words: aspectuality, grammar categorization, aspect, tense, aspectual types of verbs.
УДК 811.ПГ255.2
D. Shchypachova
LEXICAL-STYLISTIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE ENGLISH-UKRAINIAN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TRANSLATION
This article deals with the problems of translation of connotative vocabulary in the English scientific and technical texts into the Ukrainian language. The material contains some examples of connotative words that present difficulties in translation and a new extended classification of lexical-stylistic transformations.
Key words: connotative vocabulary, lexical layer, lexical units, semantics, translation transformations, comparative analysis, source text, translated text, figurative meaning, metaphor, metonymy.
Introduction. The article is devoted to the linguistic-translational study of the peculiarities of connotative vocabulary in the English scientific and technical texts and the problems of its translation into the Ukrainian language.
The importance of studying this lexical layer is dictated by the need to tackle both practical and theoretical problems of scientific and technical translation. The main task facing
the translator of scientific and technical literature is a communicatively equivalent transfer of information from one language to another, based on an equivalent reproduction of the contextual (real, actual) meanings of the lexical units of the original. Since translators of scientific and technical literature translate texts virtually immediately after they are written by scientists, researchers and specialists, it becomes essential to study and describe these sources of scientific and technical information as soon as possible. Connotative lexical means are one of the important components of these texts; they fully reflect the entire dynamics of the lively language functioning in the scientific and technical sphere of communication. Scientific and technical materials rendered by translators, contain the latest phenomena in the field of vocabulary, and existing dictionaries do not fully reflect the real content and semantics of connotative vocabulary, limited to the disclosure of connotative words in public use. There is a real need to study this important lexical layer and to issue specific recommendations on the translation of connotative lexical units. Such studies will help improve the quality of scientific and technical translation, the role of which is growing due to the fact that a wide range of specialists and scientists from different countries need to get acquainted with the latest achievements in science and technology.
The significance of this article is determined by the importance of theoretical comprehension of the problems of connotative vocabulary in connection with the increasing role of scientific and technical translation and the need for its adequate provision with research that facilitates the discovery of new equivalents for the transmission of general scientific meanings of connotative words in scientific and technical texts. A comparative linguistic-translational study of the features of connotative lexical means and a description of the methods of their translation from English into Ukrainian acquire special significance at the present time in connection with the need for comprehensive study of the language of science and technology at the present stage of scientific and technical progress.
Many translators have addressed the issue of translation transformations, in particular: L. S. Barkhudarov [1], V. G. Gak [2], V. N. Komissarov [3], R. K. Minyar-Beloruchev [5], Ya. I. Retsker [8]. However, despite the availability of extensive literature on the problem of translation transformations, there is no common opinion among scholars about the very concept of translation transformation. Most of the definitions do not fully reveal the essence of the phenomenon under consideration. After R. K. Minyar-Beloruchev [5, p. 155] and L. L. Nelyubin [6, p. 25] by translation transformations we will mean the technique of translation, the essence of which is to change the formal or semantic components of the source text while preserving the information intended for translation, as well as the adaptation of the created translation text to the lingual ethnic competence of the new addressee and taking into account the stylistic norms of the translating language.
The purpose of our study is to examine the specific qualitative features of connotative lexical units in terms of those semantic and stylistic changes to which they are exposed in the texts of scientific and technical literature, and also using the results of a comparative analysis of the source text (ST) and the translated text (TT) expanding and supplementing existing classifications of translation transformations, to offer new classification of lexical-stylistic transformations that take into account the features of scientific technical translation.
Researchers of the problems of scientific and technical translation Ye. V. Breus, Yu. A. Denisenko, V. N. Komissarov, L. A. Chernyakhovskaya say that «the transfer of the contents of the original in translation is not an easy task». When equivalence cannot be achieved in a direct way, then the translator has to use various kinds of substitutions and transformations, which are usually called translation transformations. In scientific and technical translation, linguistic scientists distinguish lexical transformations and grammatical transformations. There are both traditional types of transformations, which are inherent in all
types of translation, and specific, characteristic only for scientific and technical translation. The main types of lexical transformations are generalization, concretization and meaning extension. In addition to the dictionary generalization, that is, when in the dictionary the English word is given a Ukrainian sign, which calls a more general concept, in the translation of texts contextual generalization is singled out by scholars. In the context the words finally differentiate their meaning, beginning to reflect a much more general concept in the text than that which the linguistic meaning of these words suggests. In the translation language, this more general concept can be called not a dictionary correspondence, but a nonsemantic word having a broader concept. As the authors of the study indicate, in the scientific and technical literature, there is often a broad concept expressed by the Russian «advantage» (a synonym for «dignity»). Although there is a direct dictionary correspondence «advantage», scientific and technical texts in English use words with a completely different meaning. For example: Another attraction of the D.MOS structure ... - 1ншою перевагою Д.МОП структури; The beauty of this method is its speed ... -Перевага цього методу - швидшсть ... . These examples show that the words beauty, attraction, usefulness in certain contexts are nonsemantic, beginning to call one more general concept of «advantage.» This phenomenon is very typical for English technical literature. The next type of transformation, analyzed in the book «Manual for Scientific and Technical Translation» - a concretization. The method of the concretization of linguistic meaning is used when translating from English into Ukrainian and is much broader than the method of generalization. There is a dictionary and contextual concretization. If in English the word names a concept that is divided into conceptual components by Ukrainian, each with its own name (i.e. the concept in English and the conceptual components in Ukrainian are in relation of inclusion), and in the text this English word is differentiated in this way, that begins to name any of the conceptual components that is with it in the inclusion relationship, then when translating this is chosen from the Ukrainian dictionary correspondences to this English word, which in Ukrainian calls precisely this conceptual component. Another kind of dictionary concretization takes place when in English, for the common concept and its conceptual component, the same word is used, and in Ukrainian, respectively, are different. The differentiation of the meanings of such words as a result of their repeated use in the text is reflected primarily in the dictionary. For example, the English word industry in the dictionary is given the correspondence «промисловють» and «сфера промисловосп», the word equipment - «обладнання» and «вид обладнання.»
Thus, the English word, which calls this or that concept, can be used in the language metonymically, i.e. the name of the whole can be transferred to the name of the part, the abstract name used for the name of the particular substance, transferred to the product from it, etc.
Such metonymy can be contextual, but very often it is reflected in the dictionary. For example, the word iron, which refers to both the substance and the various objects made of it. In Ukrainian, all these items have independent names, which are reflected in the vocabulary correspondences fixed by the dictionary: iron 1) залiзо (елемент);
2) чорний метал - сталь, залiзо, чугун; 3) B^i6 i3 залiза; 4) праска; 5) кайдани; 6) (множина) стремено; 7) (мед.) препарат i3 залiза (НБАРС).
This use of the word for naming both the general and concrete concepts may not be fixed in the dictionary correspondences and is purely contextual. The study provides the following example: ... and best solution in actual applications. Noun «applications» explicitly calls not that general concept, which is called by Ukrainian dictionary correspondences to the word applications: 1) заява, прохання; 2) застосування;
3) прикладання (прчичника, пластиря), 4) використання лтв; 5) стараншсть, завзяття.
In this context, a narrower, more specific concept is called. The translator, proceeding from the context, determined that in this case the Ukrainian phrase «прикладш завдання»: «... кращершення щодореальних прикладних завдань».
Analysis of the English-Ukrainian scientific and technical translations shows that the main percentage of translation errors is in vocabulary - the most dynamical semantic level of the language of science and technology. Very often translation errors are caused by incorrect translation of connotative vocabulary, and these errors lead to incorrect transmission of the meaning of the original and to violations of stylistic norms of the functional style of the language of scientific and technical literature. The results of the study prove that connotative vocabulary in the language of science and technology has a certain specificity that has not been adequately researched and not fully reflected in translation dictionaries.
Analysis of the literature on the problems of connotative vocabulary, dictionaries of general scientific lexical words and the results of the conducted research allow us to conclude about the content and features of connotative lexical means. These means are very diverse. They can be divided into two types. The first type is the vocabulary, which are constantly connotative. Two subtypes are distinguished here: 1) functionally connotative vocabulary, used predominantly in any functional style of the language (spoken, classic literature) and emotionally expressive words used in various functional styles of the language, which are characterized by constant connotations that do not depend on the context (word amplifiers, words with emotional meaning). These connotative lexical means are characterized by having in their lexical-semantic structure along with denotative meanings certain connotative meanings, which create a stylistic connotation of vocabulary. The second type of lexical means is those that acquire connotations in the context: the use of words in contextual meaning, the unexpected combination of words.
Connotative lexical means are regularly found in modern American periodicals on applied sciences, namely: Electronics, Proceedings of the IEEE, Journal of Engineering for Power, AIAA Journal, and also in modern editions devoted to computer problems: MSDN magazine, published by Microsoft companies, in the materials of the Microsoft website [9], in the materials of the site ZDNet.com (news of computer technologies). Analysis of the lexical-stylistic features of the American engineering journals and web sites show that the materials contained in them are characterized by significant lexical-stylistic differences. They reveal significant quantitative and qualitative variations in the use of connotative means. In the texts there is a combination of lexical elements of different styles, which indicates the penetration into the technical text of linguistic elements characteristic of other styles of speech. The results of the study allow us to conclude that scientific and technical texts are characterized by a certain lexical-stylistic heterogeneity, even within the limits of an edition of one type. The use of connotative elements in texts in English is determined mainly not by the individual manner of the author, but is subordinated to the goals and objectives of the information direction of the corresponding publication.
Analyzing the existing classifications of translation transformations, we came to the conclusion that the most logical and clearly structured is the classification of Ya. I. Retsker [8, p. 121], which we took as the basis.
Types of transformations and % of the total number of transformations: Concretization - 14.1 %, Meaning extension - 13.1 %, Generalization - 12.4 %, Specialization - 11,2 %, Differentiation - 11.3 %, Elimination - 9.5 %, Terminologisation - 8.4 %, Translation marker - 7.2 %, Integral modification - 5.1 %, Loss compensation - 4.2 %, Loan translation -3.4 %.
Conclusions. Linguistic translation study of the peculiarities of connotative vocabulary and methods of its translation, carried out in the article, is an integral part of the research of lexical problems of scientific and technical translation, which are the most important and relevant in the theory, methodology and practice of professional scientific and technical translation.
Studying the features of the transfer of figurative means, we came to the conclusion that the greatest difficulty for translators is represented by metaphors and metonymy. When translating comparisons, figurative meaning, as a rule, is preserved, although exceptions are observed. Metaphors are divided into two types: linguistic metaphors and individual-author (speech metaphors). In the transmission of linguistic metaphors, we identified the following types of lexical-stylistic transformations: the terminologisation of metaphors, the specialization of metaphors, the interpretation of metaphors. When translating verbal metaphors, such lexical-stylistic transformations as interpretation, demethaphorization and remetaphorization are observed. In addition, when transferring metaphors to the TT, we distinguish such a translation technique as a translation marker. Analyzing the cases of translation by metonymy, we came to the conclusion that the most frequently used transformation is the specification, which we subdivide into two types: specification based on the metonymic transformation based on the connection of categories: place (space) and the person associated with this place and the specification based on transferring an abstract name to the designation of a particular object. In addition, when translating metonymy, compensation is observed.
Visual comparisons, in contrast to metaphors and metonymy, are usually translated with preservation of figurative sense. And this is not accidental, because the comparison is more explicit in its nature than the metaphor that is often necessary to be decoded in translation. While translating the comparisons, we marked the cases of interpretation of the image, the elimination of the image and the «quoting» of the image (using a translation mark to neutralize and smooth the image) for the best adaptation to the stylistic norms of the Ukrainian scientific and technical text.
Список використано1 лггератури
1. Бархударов Л. С. Язык и перевод : Вопросы общей и частной теории переводов / Л. С. Бархударов. - Москва : Международные отношения, 1975. - 237 с. ; Barkhudarov L. S. Yazyk i perevod : Voprosy obshchey i chastnoy teorii perevodov / L. S. Barkhudarov. - Moskva : Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1975. - 237 s.
2. Гак В. Г. Межъязыковая асимметрия и прогнозирование переводческих трансформаций / В. Г. Гак // Теория перевода и научные основы подготовки переводчиков : матер. всесоюз. науч. конф. - Москва, - 1975. - Ч. I. - С. 12-13 ; Gak V. G. Mezhyazykovaya asimmetriya i prognozirovanie perevodcheskikh transformatsiy / V. G. Gak // Teoriya perevoda i nauchnye osnovy podgotovki perevodchikov : mater. vsesoyuz. nauch. konf. - Moskva, - 1975. - Ch. I. - S. 12-13.
3. Комиссаров В. Н. Теория перевода (лингвистические аспекты) : учеб. / В. Н. Комиссаров. - Москва : Высшая школа, 1990. - 253 с. ; Komissarov V. N. Teoriya perevoda (lingvisticheskie aspekty) : ucheb. / V. N. Komissarov. - Moskva : Vysshaya shkola, 1990. - 253 s.
4. Латышев Л. К Курс перевода (эквивалентность перевода и способы ее достижения) / Л. К. Латышев. - Москва : Международные отношения, 1981. - 246 с. ; Latyshev L. K Kurs perevoda (ekvivalentnost perevoda i sposoby ee dostizheniya) / L. K. Latyshev. - Moskva : Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1981. - 246 s.
5. Миньяр-Белоручев Р. К. Общая теория перевода и устный перевод / Р. К. Миньяр-Белоручев. - Москва : Воениздат, 1980. - 237 с. ; Minyar-Beloruchev R. K. Obshchaya teoriya perevoda i ustnyy perevod / R. K. Minyar-Beloruchev. -Moskva : Voenizdat, 1980. - 237 s.
6. Нелюбин А. А. Перевод и прикладная лингвистика / А. А. Нелюбин. - Москва : Высш. шк., 1983. - 207 с. ; Nelyubin A. A. Perevod i prikladnaya lingvistika / A. A. Nelyubin. - Moskva : Vyssh. shk., 1983. - 207 s.
7. Рецкер Я. И. Теория перевода и переводческая практика : Очерк лингвистической теории перевода / Я. И. Рецкер. - Москва : Междунар. отношения, 1974. - 216 с. ; Retsker Ya. I. Teoriya perevoda i perevodcheskaya praktika : Ocherk lingvisticheskoy teorii perevoda / Ya. I. Retsker. - Moskva : Mezhdunar. otnosheniya, 1974. - 216 s.
8. Microsoft Office Project 2003 (web-site) [Electronic resource]. - Mode of access : https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=1693
Стаття надшшла до редакцп 15.04.2018.
Д. С. Щипачова
ЛЕКСИКО-СТИЛ1СТИЧН1 ТРАНСФОРМАЦП
В АНГЛО-УКРА1НСЬКОМУ НАУКОВО-ТЕХН1ЧНОМУ ПЕРЕКЛАД1
Стаття присвячена проблемам перекладу украгнською мовою стил1стично забарвленог лексики в англтських науково-техтчних текстах. Матергал м1стить деяк1 приклади стил1стично забарвлених сл1в, що викликають труднощ1 тд час перекладу, та нову розширену класифтащю лексико-стил1стичних трансформацт.
Лтгвоперекладне досл1дження особливостей стил1стично забарвленог лексики та способ1в гг перекладу, здтснене в статт1, е складовою частиною досл1джень лексичних проблем науково-техтчного перекладу, якг е найбыьш важливими й актуальними в теори, методищ та практиц профестного науково-техтчного перекладу.
Найбшьш1 труднощ1 для перекладач1в становлять метафори i метотмй. П1д час перекладу порiвнянь образтсть, як правило, збер^аеться, хоча спостер^аються i виключення. При передачi мовних метафор нами були виявлеш наступш види лексико-стил^тичних трансформацт: термiнологiзацiя метафор, спецiалiзацiя метафор, ттерпретащя метафор. Шд час перекладу мовних метафор спостер^аються таю лексико-стил^тичн перетворення, як ттерпретащя, деметафорiзацiя i реметафорiзацiя. Аналiзуючи випадки перекладу метотмй, ми прийшли до висновку, що найчастше застосовуеться трансформащя конкретизаци, яку ми роздшяемо на два види: конкретизащя на базi метонiмiчно'г трансформаци, заснованог на зв'язку категорт: м^це (простiр) i особа, пов'язана з цим мюцем, а також конкретизащя, заснована на перенесенн абстрактног назви на позначення конкретного об'екта. Крiм того, тд час передачi метотмт спостер^аеться прийом компенсации
Образн порiвняння на вiдмiну вiд метафор i метотмт, як правило, перекладаються зi збереженням образностi. Це зумовлене тим, що порiвняння за свогм характером е бшьш експлщитним, тж метафора, яку тд час перекладу дуже часто необхiдно декодувати. Тим не менш, ^iд вiдзначити, що тд час перекладу порiвнянь нами вiдзначено випадки ттерпретаци образу та елiмiнацil образу для кращог адаптаци до стил^тичних норм украгнського науково-техтчного тексту.
Клю^о^^ слова: стилютично забарвлена лексика, лексичний шар, лексичн одинищ, семантика, перекладацьк трансформаци, порiвняльний аналiз, вихiдний текст, текст, що перекладаеться, образтсть, метафора, метонiмiя.
