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DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2020-15-3-4-12 Coordination abilities optimization of young athletes in jiu-jitsu
PetrushkinaN. P. Kolomiets O. I.*, Peterkin F. U.
Ural State University of physical culture, Chelyabinsk, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-0830-0206,[email protected] ORCID: 0000-0003-4623-856X, [email protected]* ORCID: 0000-0002-4744-2135, fil5 [email protected]
Abstract: The specifics of the training process in Jiu-jitsu place high demands on the athlete's coordination abilities [13]. High level coordination abilities is one of the main ways of sports injuries preventing in martial arts. 60 people (average age 13.5±2.41) engaged in jiu-jitsu for 3-5 years were examined. It was done in order to select technologies for coordination abilities optimization. At the 1st stage stabilometric study helped to reveal an injury risk group of young athletes. The low coordination abilities, as: increase value of the normalized area vectorgram, a decrease in the average displacement rate of pressure center, increasing the area of the ellipse, a decrease in the linear speed of movement of the common pressure center were determined. At the 2nd stage, athletes at risk of injury were divided into two groups. The athletes of the main group used myofascial release and balance exercises (daily for 45 minutes - independently). In the control group, a masseur and an instructor performed general massage and physical therapy twice a week. Results. At the end of the experiment, signs of improvement in coordination abilities were registered in both groups. In the group that used myofascial release and a set of balance exercises, the changes were statistically significant. Conclusion. The results of this study allow us to recommend the use of myofascial release and a set of balance exercises at home to optimize coordination abilities and prevent injuries in young athletes engaged in jiu-jitsu. Keywords: athletes, jiu-jitsu, training process, coordination, stabilometry, myofascial release, balance exercises.
For citation: Petrushkina N. P. Kolomiets O. I., Peterkin F. Y. Coordination abilities optimization of young athletes in jiu-jitsu. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2020; 15(3):4-9. DOI 10.14526/20704798-2020-15-3-4-12
INTRODUCTION
Sports training and competition activity place high demands on the balance maintaining system of children in jiu-jitsu. It is associated with their athletic performance and with injury prevention [9]. The balance maintaining ability in a standing position is based on vestibular sensitivity and proprioceptive afferentation coming from many sources (muscles, fascia, ligaments, joints, etc.). The proprioceptive afferentation is very sensitive to body changes in space and therefore plays an important role in ensuring the stability necessary for the athlete. Various approaches are used to evaluate it. Modern methods for studying spatial stability include hardware methods. Stabilometry uses a wide range of methodological techniques that contain coordinates measuring of the pressure center created by a person on the support plane under certain conditions in a certain period of time. This method is used for quantitative assessment of motor capabilities. It is also used in rehabilitation activities or when performing training exercises. [5].
Stabilometry (stabilography) is used for professional selection and qualification assessment [11]. It is used for coordination abilities and quality of balance determining [10]. It's aim to assess the functional state of the athlete's body by indicators of statodynamic stability (SDS) [1].
The athlete's stability determines the effectiveness of his sports activities and the predisposition to injury [9]. The problem of finding, testing and implementing methods to improve the athletes' coordination abilities is relevant. The purpose of this study is evaluating the effectiveness of two technologies: myofascial release and balance exercises based on the determination of statokinetic stability indicators in young athletes engaged in jiu-jitsu.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study is a part of the state task for conducting applied scientific research in the field of physical culture and sports (order of the Ministry of sports of the Russian Federation No. 1080 of December 20, 2019). There 160 teenagers (age
13.5±2.41) engaged in jiu-jitsu for 3-5 years with similar sports qualifications were examined at the first stage. After evaluating the results of the stabilometry, athletes with a high risk of injury were identified. They demonstrated low coordination abilities. They took part in the second stage of the study. Two groups were formed from these athletes by random sampling. Athletes of the main group (30 people) used myofascial release and balance exercises (daily for 45 minutes - independently). In the control group of athletes (30 people) general massage and physical therapy were performed (twice a week for 45 minutes - by a masseur and a physical therapy instructor).
The research was approved by the ethics Committee of the Ural State University of physical culture and the written informed consent of the experiment participants' parents [3].
Testing of coordination abilities of young athletes was carried out using stabilometry. It took place in laboratories of the Department of sports medicine and physical rehabilitation of USUPC. We used the Stabilan-01-2 platform, a monitor and the StabMed2 software.
The sample Romberg was used to assess the coordination of vertical body position (standing) and the level of skills motor sensory system. The test was performed with the eyes open and closed for 30 seconds. The following characteristics were evaluated: speed of movement of the pressure center - V (mm/s); normalized area of the vectorogram (mm2 /s); total area of the displacement zone (mm); area of the ellipse (mm2); equilibrium function quality (EFQ).
The reference values that we use as the norm are presented [4].
This stage of the study includes a postural control assessment in the main stand with open (visual control of body position) and closed eyes (in the absence of visual control).
A predisposition to injury is evidenced by an increase of the normalized area vectorgram, a decrease in the pressure center displacement, increasing the ellipse, a decrease in the movement linear speed of the common pressure center. The teenagers who had deviations of these characteristics from the reference values participated in the second stage of the study. It includes evaluation of the technologies effectiveness that improve coordination abilities and stability in space required.
Athletes' balance maintaining during exercise is complicated by the neuromuscular fatigue development.
In addition to the traditional developing methods, two technologies were implemented in the main group: myofascial release and balance exercises. Their effectiveness was evaluated by statokinetic stability indicators. The similar
characteristics in the control group were compared.
Myofascial release (MFR) is an action on the muscles and fascia aimed at their relaxation. It includes compression and passive stretching of the muscles. The mechanism of action of MFR consists of two components: a mechanical component (muscle-fascial stretching or pressure) and a neurophysiological component (stimulation of proprioceptors, followed by muscle-fascial relaxation) [6]. The following techniques are used in performing MFR [8]: simple pressure on the trigger area and the abdominal muscle to a painful sensation, and then its reduction; active action on the muscles and trigger points with the help of a nearby joint; pressing on a section of spasmodic muscle while actively stretching the surrounding tissues.
For the required muscle relaxation, each muscle should be "rolled" for 30 seconds. In the case of severe muscle tension, the exposure time should be increased to 1-2 minutes. Pressure on a certain point is allowed for about 30-45 seconds.
Trigger points are affected in the process of MFR. These are reduced muscle areas. The advantage of MFR is the ability to affect the muscles as well as the less accessible fascial tissue, blood vessels, joints, and other structures. A complex effect of this procedure is achieved.
Balance exercises includes the stance practicing, defensive and attacking actions, various complexities of balance and static exercises. They were complicated by rotation of the hands. Athletes imitated punches (straight "jab" and "cross"), side hooks and bottom punches (uppercuts) from a fighting stance on an unstable platform. There strength exercises with the support of hands or feet were performed (squats, push-ups, etc.), with an individual increase in the number of repetitions.
The course of preventive measures consisted of 15 sessions (1 per day, 15 days). Each session lasted 45 minutes.
The results were processed by traditional biostatistics methods: belonging to the normal traits distribution, group mean values, error and mean-square deviation. The significance of differences between groups was determined by the student's criterion (99% significance level - p <0.01) [2].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results are shown in tables 1-3. The young athletes of the main and control groups who have (according to the initial testing) a high risk of injury, had similar estimates in all statokinetic stability indicators (p > 0.01) at the beginning of the study. All studied athletes' characteristics were better than in people's groups who were not engaged in sports [4]. It is explained by the sport's specifics (martial arts) and systematic activities aimed at developing
coordination.
The positive dynamics was registered in both groups. Comparison of the initial data with the results of measurements at the end of rehabilitation activities in each group revealed significant differences.
The tests' results performed by athletes of both groups under visual control (table.i), was better than when the eyes were closed (table.2). The improvement was more distinct in the main athletes group. Statistically significant differences were noted (p<0.0i) (table 3) in comparison with the control group at the end of observation.
The fascia takes an active part in the work of muscle tissue. The relaxation or contraction of the fascia affects the functions of the muscles that it covers. Long-term muscle spasm leads to a slowdown in metabolic processes. The fascia loses its elasticity. The adhesive process develops. The subsequent development of the adhesive process causes disorders of muscle-fascial functioning. It limits joint mobility and spatial stability.
A set of exercises aimed at myofascial release and balance was used to optimize coordination abilities in the main athletes' group.
A simultaneous manual action is performed while making a myofascial release. It relaxes myofascial structures (both muscles and connective tissue). A positive effect is achieved by squeezing and passively stretching the muscle. The direct effect of stretching or pressure on the muscle leads to a rupture of the adhesive process in the myofascial structures (mechanical effect). It also leads to a
Table 1. Dynamics of statokinetic stability maintaining indicators (average spread of GCT, rate of change in area and quality of balance restoration) in the examined athletes, when performing the Romberg test with visual control (open eyes)
decrease of the bonds between the connective tissue collagen fibers. This makes for the sliding of the fascial layers relative to each other. The pressure and stretching stimulate proprioreceptors that send signals to the brain. There are response signals that lead to relaxation of the muscles and fascia covering them [7].
The physiological mechanism of the balance exercises therapeutic effect is as follows. Changes in the plantar surface properties lead to a destabilization of the balance system. It improves vestibular stability, increases proprioceptive sensitivity, especially in the joints. The methods used in our experiment contribute to the recovery of muscles after intensive physical training, reduce pain in the muscles, increase flexibility and mobility of the musculoskeletal system, improve coordination abilities, balance functions and minimize injuries of young athletes. The advantage of these exercises is the independence of their implementation by the athlete (after appropriate training) in the absence of a coach or rehabilitation specialist.
CONCLUSIONS
This stage of the study includes an assessment of postural control in the main stand with open (visual control of the body position) and closed eyes (in the absence of visual control). It is planned to evaluate the statokinetic stability characteristics by tests including head turns to the right and left, by optokinetic tests, etc. A comparison of injury rates and sports results in the examined athletes' groups will be carried out.
indicators Groups, examination period, maximum and minimum values of measurements, mean, error of the mean, standard deviation, value of Student's criterion
Main group Control group t
Before the experiment After the experiment Before the experiment After the experiment
1 2 3 4 5 6
Average spread of CBP, mm
min - max 3,5-4,0 4,6-5,2 3,6-4,1 3,8-4,2 t2-3 = 32,59 4-5 = 9,76 t2-4 =0 t3-5 = 26,03
M 3,8 4,9 3,8 4,1
±m 0,02 0,03 0,02 0,02
±0 0,11 0,15 0,13 0,11
Area change rate mm2 / s
min - max 9,8-13,8 17,6-10,8 15,1-11,5 13,8-17,4 t2-3 =4,62 4-5 =14,98
M 13,6 14,9 13,3 16,3
±m 0,16 0,27 0,14 0,14 t2-4 =1,42 t3-5 = 4,62
±ô 0,86 1,47 0,78 0,78
The quality of the balance function, %
min - max 73,21-79,9 83,2-89,6 71,3-78,3 77,2-89,4 t2-3 = 29,67 4-5 = 24,33 t2-4 =1,82 t3-5 = 3,50
M 75,5 86,4 74,8 88,3
±m 1,51 0,25 0,28 0,48
±ô 1,47 1,38 1,51 2,64
Average velocity of the pressure center displacement, mm / s
min - max 14,5-17,3 7,6-10,8 15,0-17,8 12,5-16,1 t2-3 =32,59 t 4-5 =11,7 t2-4 =0,31 t3-5 =26,91
M 15,9 9,2 16,1 14,3
±m 0,11 0,13 0,11 0,14
±ô 0,60 0,69 0,60 0,78
Ellipse area, mm2
min - max 142,9-227,4 36,3-124,7 130,8-211,6 73,8-161,2 t2-3 =221,77 t 4-5 =11,47 t2-4 =1,42 t3-5 =7,56
M 185,2 80,5 171,2 117,5
±m 3,32 3,48 3,18 3,44
±0 18,9 19,1 17,4 18,8
_* significant differences (p<0,0i) Table 2. Dynamics of maintaining statokinetic stability indicators(average spread of GCT, rate of area change and quality of balance restoration) in the examined athletes, when performing the Romberg test without visual control (closed eyes)
indicators Groups, examination period, maxim error of the mean, standa um and minimum values of measurei rd deviation, value of Student's criteri nents, mean, on
Main group Control group t
Before experiment After the experiment Before experiment After the experiment
1 2 3 4 5 6
Average spread of CBP, mm
min - max 4,8-5,4 3,9-4,5 5,6-6,1 5,0-5,6 t2-3 =26,9 t 4-5 =4,56 t2-4 =0 t3-5 =34,14
M 5,1 4,2 5,2 5,3
±m 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02
±ô 0,13 0,13 0,11 0,13
Area change rate mm2 / s
min - max 12,0-18,0 10,0-13,6 16,0-18,8 15,5-18,3 t2-3 =19,61 t 4-5 =14,98 t2-4 =0,73 t3-5 =28,42
M 17,2 11,8 17,4 16,9
±m 0,24 0,14 0,14 0,11
±ô 1,29 0,78 0,78 0,96
The quality of the balance function, %
min - max 68,7-76,2 77,6-84,02 64,7-71,1 68,1-74,5 t2_3 =29,53
M 70,2 80,8 69,7 71,3 t 4-5 =4,46
±m 0,26 0,25 0,25 0,26 t2-4 =1,30
±0 1,4 1,3 1,3 1,4 t3-5 =26,47
Average velocity of displacement of the center of pressure, mm / s
min - max 13,5-16,9 5,8-9,4 14,4-17,2 9,6-11,7 t2-3 =3,23
M 15,3 7,6 15,8 10,7 t 4-5 =37,41
±m 0,13 0,14 0,11 0,08 t2-4 =0,9
±<3 0,73 0,78 0,60 0,45 t3-5 =l8,7
Ellipse area, mm2
min - max 194,7-279,1 71,4-169,0 193,5-278,8 143,8-224,1 t2-3 =23,01
M 236,9 120,2 236,8 183,9 t 4-5 =14,98
±m 3,32 3,84 3,36 5,35 t2-4 =0,02
±0 18,10 21,03 18,38 29,31 t3-5 =9,6°
_* significant differences (p<0,0i)
Table 3. Dynamics of the Romberg coefficient value in young athletes, the main and control groups
indicators Groups, examination period, maxi mean, error of the mean, standard d mum and minimum values of measurements, eviation. value of Student's criterion
Main group Control group t
Before experiment After the experiment Before experiment After the experiment
1 2 3 4 5 6
Romberg coefficient, %
min - max 85,7-170,1 107,1-191,5 95,8-180,2 114,5-198,6 - 3 =4,75*
M 137,9 149,3 137,9 156,6 t2-4 =0 Î35JE314
±m 3,31 3,32 3,30 3,32
±3 18,2 18,1 18,1 19,9
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Submitted: 27.07.2020 Author's information:
Nadezhda P. Petrushkina - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Ural State University of
Physical Culture, 454091, Chelyabinsk, st. Ordzhonikidze, 1, e-mail: [email protected].
Olga I. Kolomiets - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Ural State University of
Physical Culture, 454091, Chelyabinsk, st. Ordzhonikidze, 1, e-mail: [email protected].
Filipp Yu. Pitirkin - postgraduate student, Ural State University of Physical Culture, 454091,
Chelyabinsk, st. Ordzhonikidze, 1, e-mail: [email protected]
