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DOI 10/14526/01_2018_281
CONDITIONS OF AN ORGANISM SUCCESSFUL ADAPTATION TO TRAINING
AND COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY
Ludmila D. Nazarenko - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor Olga N. Valkina - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor Natalia M. Kasatkina - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor
Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
E-mail:ld nazarenko@mail.ru
Annotation. Training lessons are the main form of sportsmanship improvement, which provides physiological systems indices improvement. In case of external and internal stimuli repeated influence there appear adaptation facilities, owing to which there happens gradual accumulation of morphological, biochemical changes in working muscles and also in organs and physiological systems. Materials. Theoretical substantiation of searching the ways of effective acceleration of adaptive mechanisms in the process of boxers' sports training. Research methods: scientific and special methodical literature analysis and summarizing, progressive experience of specialists, trainers in boxing summarizing; modeling. Results. The concept of motor and intellectual activity unity provision, taking into account the regularities of adaptive changes, is directed at kinesiological potential optimization. Its realization helps to reveal the place and role of tactical thinking among structural components of boxers sports training system. The conditions and factors are revealed, which influence the character of adaptive processes. For tactical thinking development it is offered to create the model, which orients towards a rational succession of thinking actions formation. Conclusion. Rational organization of sports training system of sportsmen gives additional opportunities for more effective use of training means and methods in accordance with the principles of adaptation theory. Under the influence of a purposeful muscular load the conditions for qualitative sides of motional activity, many-sided, harmonious development are created - the base for individual technique of physical exercises fulfillment development. Keywords: adaptive mechanisms, training activities, boxers, competitive activities.
Urgency. Methodological concept of adaptation processes control is based on the theory of consciousness and activity unity [10]; the system of sports training perception as an integral object of research with further revelation of its structural components; taking into account cause-effect relations, which condition effectiveness of techniques fulfillment. Specially organized systematic muscular load with a gradual increase of its main parameters: volume and intensity -influences not only the increase of motional-coordinating qualities: muscular power, quickness, endurance, dexterity, flexibility and others, but also provides intellectual activity improvement by means of perception, attention, analytical skills and other qualities
development. Interconnection and
interconditionality of thinking processes and sports actions effectiveness are stated during scientific research works of Nazarenko L.D. 2003, 2014; Y.V. Verkhoshanskiy, 2007; V.K. Balsevich, 2012; Kostyunina L.I., 2013; Kolesnik I.S., 2015 and etc.
The aim of this research work is theoretical substantiation of the search for adaptive mechanisms effective acceleration ways during sports training of boxers.
Materials. Scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis, materials of our own research works showed, that adaptive processes acceleration is provided by an integrative approach in training influence of means and methods of a chosen kind of sport
realization in close connection of intellectual training while solving the problems of tactical thinking formation.
Sports single combats impose great demands on neuromuscular activity of an athlete. The effectiveness of the combat with the opponent is mainly conditioned by the speed and accuracy of spatio-power and spatio-temporal parameters of the opponent's actions perception, by the effectiveness of counter-technique choice, which demands the definite level of tactical thinking development. The peculiarity of boxing is the necessity to percept, analyze and handle information in terms of acute deficiency of time and extreme psychoemotional tension, caused by real threat of knockdown and knockout. With the increase of sports mastery increases the speed of movements, demands imposed on strength and accuracy of the attaching techniques, suddenness of the blow fulfillment.
Modern approaches to the system of training highly-qualified sportsmen helped to reveal the problem of a difficult objective complex solution of physical and technical readiness provision optimal level on the basis of the integrative character of motional and providing systems development, and also sportsman's intellectual features formation, taking into account the peculiarities of an organism adaptive processes to the increasing indices of the training and competitive load.
Theoretical-methodical conception of motional and intellectual activity unity provision, taking into account the regularities of sportsmen's functional state adaptive changes, is directed at kinesiological potential optimization for stability and reliability of competitive activity provision. This conception realization helps to reveal the place and role of tactical thinking among structured components of sports training system, which conditions rational use of the functional state and the indices of technical readiness achieved level on the basis of adaptation processes, which prove a sportsman's readiness for the future competitions.
During this conception creation we constructed the model of tactical thinking
(picture 1), which helps an athlete visualize own actions in real conditions of boxing combat in different variants:
I - the opponent has approximately equal level of physical and technical readiness and competitive activity experience. Own activity modeling on the ring provides the moments of unexpected for the opponent situation change: quick increase of movements speed; motional rhythm change, false attacking techniques fulfillment and etc. Further analysis of the combat helps to estimate the accuracy of own actions modeling.
Great importance in this case has an objective estimation of a boxer's kinesiological potential, his reserve capacities, which help to achieve advantage over the opponent within a set time period: for the next competitions, qualifying competition before more important competition in elapsing year and etc.
II - the opponent is a highly-qualified combatant with great experience of competitive activity and vivid individual style of combat organization. In this case a sportsman mentally models opponent's actions, checks the degree of own program correspondence of combat with the character of his actions, fulfills corresponding correction of own activity content on the ring. At the same time, there is the aim not only to avoid knockdown and knockout, but fulfill a strong blow on a sensitive zone. After the end of the combat a boxer together with a trainer analyzes the combat, the degree of the used attacking and defensive techniques character correspondence with the opponent's actions; reveals his advantages and disadvantages, sets the ways of the opponent' s sportsmanship achievement level. This difficult problem solution demands knowledge of the adaptation changes peculiarities in an organism under the influence of additional training load; physiological systems and organs reaction to exercises, connected with the power and abruptness of movements increase; muscular power, speed of reaction to external and internal stimuli.
A trainer and a sportsman should set real terms of functional indices increase; use
objective estimation of the technical readiness development degree, new individual ways of difficult techniques mastering, which is conditioned by the character of adaptation processes. The peculiarity of tactical thinking in boxing is the ability of a combatant to use timely the only correct solution to suddenly appearing difficult motional objectives. During the process of tactical thinking formation a boxer should gain the following skills:
- predict the opponent's actions;
- estimate objectively the difficulty of unexpectedly appearing situation;
- reveal the logic of combat and the peculiarities of combat conduct tactics with each opponent.
The effectiveness of combatant's tactical thinking is mainly conditioned by his emotional state. High level of nervous-muscular tension provides attention focusing on the opponent's actions, quick reaction to changing situation of the ring; more effective counterattack choice, changing attack to defense.
In the opinion of O.N. Moskovichenko, 2008; V.I. Aralov, 2015; IS. Kolesnik, 2015 and others, the degree of tactical thinking formation is conditioned by the indices of a sportsman physical and technical readiness. In this case speed and accuracy of the opponent's motional actions perception is very important. The quickness of motor act perception, information mastering and analysis are conditioned by the experience of competitive activity, by the speed of counterattack - the level of combatant's qualification, indices of his functional state and sportsmanship. The degree of tactical thinking formation can be estimated according to the quality of motional tasks fulfillment, which provide objective estimation of technique realization according to its main parameters: spatio-temporal and spatio-power.
Adaptive processes, conditioned by training and competitive loads influence, which run in accordance with the regularities of physiological systems and organs functioning and taking into consideration which helps an organism to achieve a new
level of functioning, create conditions for a sportsman's creative activity development.
During a boxing combat difficult tactical objectives solution happens in terms of acute deficiency of time, very often intuitively. It proves that a combatant made a correct choice of a kind of sport, which corresponds with his genetic preconditions. The main criterion of a sportsman's mastery, the effectiveness of the methodology of his physical and technical readiness development estimation is the speed of an optimal kind of the attacking or counterattack technique choice as the reaction to the opponent's actions in terms of a tense combat with highly-qualified combatant.
Among boxing trainers the opinion that physical fitness is important as the base for techniques mastering is very common [4, 8, 11]. That is why great attention at trainings is paid to muscular power, quickness, endurance, speed of motional reaction development. The leading specialists consider, that the effectiveness of a boxing combat is conditioned not only by the level of qualitative sides of motional activity development, but also by the degree of the skills formation of an effective techniques fulfillment in quickly changing conditions and in the situations of competitive opposition. Adaptive changes in an organism under the influence of the training load are more successful in case of functional systems harmonious development, an optimal ratio of motional and providing functions [4, 6-8, 13,15, 16]. Attacking techniques fulfillment in boxing is accompanied by motional-coordinating qualities: muscular power, speed, dexterity, flexibility, accuracy, acutance and others, which is conditioned by a range of morphological factors, the peculiarities of nervous system functioning, superfine differentiations creation and etc.. It is important to take into consideration the leading role of nervous-psychic processes.
In sports combats effectiveness of the attacking and defensive actions is mainly conditioned by the accuracy of the opponent's actions perception, by quickness of an effective reactive action or counterattack choice. The quality of motor acts is
conditioned by body steadiness, an optimal amplitude of the used techniques, their rational rhythm, unexpected character of the counterattack.
Physiological mechanism of motional activity qualitative sides formation is seen in conditioned-reflex character of the muscles work and the providing systems and corresponds with the main typical peculiarities of adaptive changes:
- under the influence of a single physical load there appear urgent adaptive processes, which disappear with the end of the external influence, which causes them;
- the character of the urgent adaptive reaction is also conditioned by the intensity of muscular load;
- adaptive changes as the response of an organism to physical load, corresponding with physiological abilities of an individual;
- steady adaptive processes appear under the influence of systematic training load, that is why expected training effect can be achieved only as a result of constant, everyday trainings; the increase of motional-coordinating qualities is also provided by regular fulfillment of the system of special motional tasks, taking into account the peculiarities of each qualitative side of motional activity and regularities of adaptive processes.
Under the influence of specially organized training process the indices of motional-coordinating qualities are improved, the increase of which is irregular as a result of physiological, morphological and biomechanical changes, which condition the character of adaptive processes. With muscular power improvement there is the increase of body steadiness, flexibility, accuracy of movements improvement; quickness of motional actions, the speed of reaction to external and internal stimuli formation provide activity, acutance of movements increase. In case of a purposeful dexterity development, there appear the zones of working muscles activity programming in central nervous system and it provides more active mobilization of motional units. Owing to this develops the level of dexterity and motional actions accuracy, body balance and
other motional-coordinating qualities improve.
In terms of adaptive processes development in an organism, under the influence of the training and competitive load, the conditions are created for an optimal ratio of qualitative sides of motional activity indices development, a harmonious many-sided improvement, which is the base for individual technique of competitive actions development. With the training level and adaptive changes dynamism increase, the indices disharmony of motional-coordinating qualities turns into an optimal ratio of functional indices and the results of competitive activity. Adaptive processes, which happen in an organism under the influence of special physical load, create necessary preconditions for conditioned-reflex connections as a corresponding reaction to the volume and intensity indices of the training influences.
Taking into account physiological mechanisms of training influences positive transfer to symmetrically not working muscles helps to organize the training process, taking into account the phenomenon of conditioned-reflex connections generalization, which appear during interaction between symmetric centers of cerebral cortex and other parts of the brain. Under the influence of special motor acts, directed at symmetrically not working muscles, the increase of power, quickness and endurance indices is till 70-80 % of the achieved level of actively trained group of muscles [14, 15]. Successful adaptive changes, under the influence of the special physical exercises system, create conditions for motional actions extrapolation as the features of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes demonstration, formed in nervous centers. It helps a sportsman, who had mastered the technique of the attacking and defensive actions during the interaction with one or more partners simultaneously, successfully use them in terms of competitive activity, in unexpectedly changing situations, in case of lack of time, the speed of movements increases and etc.
Appearing timely connections during other variants of the attacking and defensive actions use provide the skills of extrapolation broadening, the opportunities creation for qualitative sides of motional actions development, adaptive processes
improvement. The regularities of adaptation to different muscular loads revelation and use gives an opportunity to apply different training influences of variable intensity, duration and dosage in order to form new forms of motional function demonstration. At the same time, it is important to take into account that usual training tasks fulfillment causes the effect of functional state indices stabilization, training influence decreases and an organism stops its development. That is why an important condition for physiological systems adaptation and organs to physical influences and the training level increase is higher demands claiming by means of muscular load volume increase, its intensity increase or the conditions of motional tasks fulfillment change.
Scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis, the outstanding trainers' experience of pedagogical activity study and well-known sportsmen's competitive activity study showed, that monotony of external influences and mastered, usual means and methods of sports training don't have the expected training effect. In this connection, one of the conditions of successful adaptive changes in a functional state of an organism and sportsmanship improvement is the search and the use of new elements of novelty, suddenness, emotional state increase. Different aims and objectives formulation for the series of training lessons, their realization in different conditions, including natural environment, different training simulators, devices for functional state control, provide physiological preconditions for a gradual increase of the organism's training level.
Specialists in the sphere of theory and practice of sports training among highly-qualified sportsmen, who show outstanding results, consider that the base for a rational use of kinesiological potential, its adaptation to new training influences should be an optimal natural mechanism of functional
indices regulation, which reflect currently achieved level of sportsmanship [2, 6, 7]. In this connection, it is important to create the methodology of the training process organization, which provides the problems of sportsmen's physical and technical-tactical readiness solution by means of the search for new effective means and methods of sports training; their volume and intensity, sequence of use, rational dosage revelation, which provide adaptive changes. The systems of motional tasks, which form the main content of the methodology, should be directed at the following problems solution:
- special knowledge formation, which is necessary for the regularities understanding of training level indices increase, a rational use of kinesiological potential and organism rehabilitation; the principles of adaptive processes understanding;
- motional-coordinating qualities development;
- technical-tactical readiness indices increase, including tactical thinking, as an integral part of sports training system among combatants.
Tactical thinking formation is the most difficult objective, which demands a creative approach to its realization. The results of research works, held by I.S. Kolesnik, 2015, showed that the effective techniques of tactical thinking development during the process of confrontation on the ring are the following:
- problem objective setting (according to the first opponent's preparatory actions set the character of the used techniques and the ways of their fulfillment; the effectiveness of the used defensive actions and etc.) and the definite time period for its solution setting;
- maximum effective way of the attack choice in a definite situation of the boxing combat from several offered variants;
- the technique revelation of a successful final attack from the number of possible variants, taking into account the peculiarities of the individual style of combat conduct with the opponent;
- the effectiveness estimation of the series of defensive techniques, one or more
techniques substitution for more effective
ones;
- an optimal number of defensive actions revelation from the offered series and etc.
Picture 1 - The model of tactical thinking formation, taking into account the character of
adaptive changes
In order to develop tactical thinking it is reasonable to create the model, which directs toward a rational sequence of cognitive actions. On the basis of a conceptual thesis "consciousness and activity unity" [10] we created the model (picture 1), which proves the necessity to understand and analyze the content of sports activity, directed at the definite objectives of the training process solution, from the position of its correspondence with the regularities of adaptive changes in an organism as the main condition for competitive activity reliability and stability.
One of the main theses of a purposeful sports training of highly-qualified combatants is an optimal way choice of the training influences increase. This problem is difficult to solve as many factors, which influence the character of reaction of an organism to the offered muscular load, should be taken into consideration: generic preconditions, psychosomatic peculiarities, the methodology of sports training effectiveness and others. The characteristics of the realized adaptive changes control, caused by physical load, are the following:
- efficiency increase of functional systems activity;
References
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Rational organization of sports training system of sportsmen gives additional opportunities for more effective use of training means and methods.
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Submitted: 27.02.2018 Received: 02.03.2018
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Author's information:
Ludmila D. Nazarenko - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, E-mail:ld_nazarenko@mail.ru
Olga N. Valkina - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
Natalia M. Kasatkina - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
For citations: Nazarenko L.D., Valkina O.N., Kasatkina N.M. Conditions of a successful adaptation of an organism to training and competitive activity, The Russian Journal of Physical
THE RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT (Pedagogical-Psychological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), Volume 13 No.1 2018 _ISSN 2588-008X ISSN 2588-0225
Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Phycological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical
Culture and Sports), 2018, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 28-36. DOI 10/14526/01_2018_281
DOI 10/14526/01_2018_282
INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO THE METHODOLOGY OF PLAYERS' PHYSICAL FITNESS IMPROVEMENT IN INDOOR SOCCER
Anatoly A. Suchilin — Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor Igor N. Novokshchenov — Candidate of Pedagogical sciences, Associate Professor Volgograd State Academy of Physical Culture (VSAPC), House 78, V. I. Lenin avenue, Volgograd, 400005, Russia
E-mail: suchilin.anatolij@yandex.ru
Annotation. Modern scientific-methodical literature analysis, native and foreign football-players' experience study showed that the methodology of training football players during preparatory period is developed well enough (A.A. Suchilin, A.P. Zolotorev and others, V.V. Golovkov, Chris Hunt and others). At the same time, there are only some works, which concern the problem of training players in indoor soccer during this period (S.N. Andreev, I.N. Novokshchenov and others). It can be explained by the fact, that the process of physical training in mii-football is not studied enough in Russia and abroad. That is why trainers and indoor soccer players use the experience of training and taking part in competitions in football, taking into account scientific-methodical literature of native and foreign authors. Indoor soccer (futsal) in contrast to football has its own specificity of training players and trainers. Indoor soccer competitions are held with restricted staff 5x5 on small grounds (20x40 meters). A quicker tempo, frequent change of players, no rough power single combats demand speed-power qualities, which are based on general physical abilities. Held by us pedagogical experiment helped to substantiate innovative approach to training indoor soccer players for competitions at general-preparatory stage of preparatory period, where the emphasis is placed on general endurance and speed-power qualities development. The blocks of educational-training process planning use and the means of control application over the functional state of players helped to form necessary base for special training and taking part in competitions, which helped "VSAPC" team become the champion ofAll-Russian competitions for students in the project "Indoor soccer into higher educational establishments" in 2017. Materials. Volga region Olympic Academy as the base of the Olympic movement and the Olympic education development, Volgograd State Academy of Physical Culture as the educational complex in training highly-qualified football-players (indoor soccer). Research methods. scientific-methodical literature analysis and summarizing, pedagogical observation, interview, progressive practical experience summarizing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The methodology was created of general physical training among highly-qualified indoor soccer players at general-preparatory stage of preparatory period. Methodical approaches to the level of general physical readiness increase among highly-qualified indoor soccer players were substantiated. Created by us methodology was experimentally checked in a pedagogical experiment and during training for All-Russian competitions for students and taking part in them. Conclusion. The results, received during the research, helped to offer an innovative planning of training indoor soccer players for important competitions using week micro cycles during the preparatory period, which provided their general physical readiness development.
Keywords: indoor soccer players, innovative approach, general-preparatory stage of preparatory period, methodology, pedagogical experiment.
