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"Izhevsk State Technical University Named After M.T. Kalashnikov", 426069, Russia, Izhevsk, 30 let Pobedy str., House 37, Sports Block 4, e-mail: ffkis@,istu.ru
Korbit M.I. — Candidate of Pedagogics, Belorussian State University of Physical Culture 220020, Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Pobediteleiprosp., House 105 Vorapai M.K. — Associate Professor, Belorussian State University of Physical Culture 220020, Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Pobeditelei prosp., House 105
Smirnova I. — Postgraduate, State Establishment of Higher Education of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area - Yugra "Surgut State Pedagogical University", 628417, Russia, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area - Yugra, Surgut, 50 let VLKSMstr., House 10/2
Smirnova K. - Postgraduate, State Establishment of Higher Education of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area - Yugra "Surgut State Pedagogical University", 628417, Russia, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area - Yugra, Surgut, 50 let VLKSM str., House 10/2
DOI 10.14526/02_2018_306
TACTICAL THINKING AS THE FACTOR OF TECHNICAL READINESS LEVEL
INCREASE IN SPORTS AEROBICS
Kasatkina N.A.1, Panova E.O.1, Guryanova S. A.1
1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov " Russia, Ulyanovsk, ld_nazarenko@mail.ru
Annotation. As one of artistic kinds of sport sports aerobics is an effective means of motional culture formation, health improvement, personality harmonization, which is attractive for children, teen-agers and youth. Trainers and qualified athletes reveal the ways of technical readiness increase as the main condition for sports achievements improvement. Sportsmanship improvement is conditioned by several factors, among which special role is given to thinking development, which is the leading intellectual quality. This kind of sports activity is characterized by motional and intellectual activity consistency, which reveals additional opportunities for the leading intellectual qualities development. Materials. The article is about a new approach to technical readiness level increase by means of fuller potential realization of those, who go in for sports aerobics. Research methods: scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis and systematization, progressive experience of the specialists, trainers summarizing, filming, pedagogical experiment, evaluation criteria of tactical thinking creation, statistical data handling. Results. The article is about the methodology of tactical thinking development among those, who go in for sports aerobics. The authors offer to include the system of special tasks into the content of sports training. These tasks are directed at tactical thinking formation and provide thinking and motional activity intensification of 12-14-year-old female gymnasts. Pedagogical conditions are revealed, which activate this kind of thinking activity. Different variants of competitive program fulfillment depending on its conditions were created. Conclusion. Tactical thinking level increase conditioned steady interest in a chosen kind of sports activity, increased the desire to realize close and prospective aims. Tactical thinking indices improvement provided the skills formation of more objective readiness estimation for the future competitions, critical realization of performances
results, personality-oriented motives of sports aerobics lessons transformation into socially important ones.
Keywords: sports aerobics, tactical thinking, physical and technical readiness, methodology. For citations: Kasatkina N.A., Panova E.O., Guryanova S. A. Tactical thinking as the factor of technical readiness level increase in sports aerobics. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Phycological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports). 2018; 13(2): 32-38. DOI 10.14526/02_2018_306
INTRODUCTION
Different external manifestations of beauty are typical for sports aerobics: an ideal dynamic and static body posture, elegance of poses and lines, aesthetic gestures and mimicry, high motional culture, melodiousness. Moreover, gymnasts fulfill dynamic and original compositions with risky technically difficult jumps and pirouettes and also dancing, aerobic-stylized tracks. L.D. Nazarenko, 2001, 2004; 2007 L.I. Kostyunina, 2006; N.A. Kasatkina, 2012 think that such kind of diverse content of program performance demands deep understanding of the inner and outer content of each motor act, the peculiarities of interactions between the acts, conditionality of a clear aesthetic component demonstration, accuracy of forms and movements content reproduction. The peculiarities of sports aerobics, the reasons for its attractiveness for children, teen-agers, students realization; the necessity to search for the ways of self-expression, by means of an individual style formation, condition creative participation of an athlete in the content of sports training determination, which is directed at an individual's kinesiological potential realization. Each motional action realization, its role and place understanding among other elements create preconditions for intellectual qualities formation: perception, attention, memory, analytical abilities and also thinking, which is the leading intellectual quality, the development of which creates conditions for personality's self-improvement.
The materials of the research works held by N.A. Kasatkina, 2012; L.A. Razumova, 2011, 2012, 2013, L.I. Koatyunina, 2006 and others prove that different kinds of thinking are demonstrated
in sports aerobics: logical, creative, operatory and tactical, owing to which athletes have an opportunity to realize one of the own program performance aspects, depending on time and place of competitions, their participants, toss; objectives, set for the athlete.
The aim of this research work is theoretical and methodological substantiation of tactical thinking influence on effectiveness of the competitive activity.
Objectives: 1. To reveal the peculiarities of tactical thinking, demonstrated in sports aerobics.
2. To create the methodology of tactical thinking formation and check its effectiveness during the pedagogical experiment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Different forms of motional activity are widely presented in sports aerobics, the combination of which helps to coordinate motional-musical images, providing virtuosity, expressiveness and gracefulness of a performance. Beauty of sports aerobics is in easiness and freedom of technically difficult acrobatic, jumping and rotatory motional actions fulfillment with an optimal capability. Mastering rational technique of exercises, which form the main difficulty of a composition, is conditioned by the ability to orient oneself in space and time, the regularities of sportsmanship increase understanding, the necessity to realize the principles of teaching and training, which is connected with thinking activity, providing own abilities and skills, specificity of this kind of sport and also demands understanding, provided by the rules of competitions [8. 9. 12].
An optimal level of thinking formation (for a definite age group) provides conditions
of physical and technical readiness understanding, the search for effective ways of the set motional objective solution, mistakes revelation and correction. Insufficient indices of tactical thinking development condition reproduction of the motional actions outer forms without understanding the peculiarities of their structural content; motor acts copying, offered by a trainer, which leads to interest in systematic sports aerobics lessons decrease.
Formed thinking helps an athlete realize, that the level of young gymnasts technical readiness was determined by the indices of muscle power, quickness, endurance, spring ability, rhythmicity, plasticity and other motional-coordinating qualities development, in terms of the definite sequence of their formation and taking into account mutual influence of different qualitative sides of motional activity [1, 4, 5]. Therefore, the more intellectual objectives (demanding their realization) are set before an athlete, more tense and effective is his creative thinking, directed at the search for the ways of own abilities and potentialities effective use.
The research results received by V.K. Balsevich, 2000; L.D. Nazarenko, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2015; L.I. Kostyunina, 2006; E.A. Anisimova, 2010; N.A. Kasatkina, 2012, 2015; L.V. Razumova, 2013 and others helped to set close connection between intellectual and motional activity, their mutual influence and interconditionality, which proves the necessity to include special tasks into the content of training lessons, directed at cognitive abilities development and improvement. Such kind of an approach to training activity organization is based on the leading conceptual theses realization: consciousness and activity unity; integral approach to training process organization and conducting; revelation and taking into consideration cause-and-effect relations, which condition effectiveness of motional activity.
Tactical thinking helps to set interconditionality of consciousness and
activity and realize that the character and peculiarities of any kind of a person's activity realization helps to find more rational ways of its fulfillment with less time and energy expenses. At the same time, during activity an individual's consciousness gets new details and it broadens the opportunity to control activity; as a result of such kind of mutual influence the process of personality's self-development was realized.
An integral approach in educational-training process organization provides the necessity to influence all systems of sports training: theoretical, intellectual, physical, technical, tactical, moral-volitional, functional. Lack of attention paid to one of the training process sides leads to inefficiency of the whole sports training system. Revelation and taking into account cause-and-effect relations, which determine effectiveness of motional activity, conditions the necessity to analyze constantly the results of motional tasks fulfillment, the received results comparison with the planned results, the reasons for motional tasks inefficiency revelation; searching for the ways of mistakes prevention and conditions creation for the activity of motional and vegetative systems consistency increase [7, 8].
The aim of tactical thinking is to set dependence of competitive activity results on conditions of its conduct; define the ways of effectiveness increase of athletes' performances, provide complete realization of their abilities and skills in the definite surrounding, which is comfortable for athletes. The main objectives of tactical thinking are the following: searching for the ways of the most complete potential realization and the factors revelation, which prevent successful performance of athletes.
Methodology. Created by us methodology of tactical thinking formation provides special motional tasks, the fulfillment of which conditioned the level of this kind of cognitive activity increase:
- to create different variants of competitive program fulfillment depending on toss results (if an athlete is first he uses the
most difficult variant, which includes all risky, difficult elements with maximum expressiveness, artistry, emotionality; using all opportunities for setting contact with the audience and their emotional support getting). This way an athlete sets a standard for performances at its maximum output. If a toss shows that an athlete's performance is the last, he uses another variant, based on difficulty and artistry of own composition comparison with the previous performances of the strongest athletes.
- give an objective self-evaluation of own sports readiness for competitions; predict the results of own performance; set the degree of discrepancy of the predicted and achieved results. After the competitions make the analysis in order to reveal the degree of the predicted and achieved results discrepancy; set the degree of objectives realization for these competitions, reveal possible ways of self-improvement;
- taking into consideration the results of other athletes, define which parts of own performance (beginning, the moment of the most difficult element fulfillment during original unusual creative finding or the final element realization) should be stressed;
- during the competitions define independently the expediency of technically difficult risky elements fulfillment in order to preserve the taken position;
- according to the results of competitions fulfill comparative analysis of own program difficulty and originality with the compositions of the leaders.
One of the most important components of the tactical thinking formation methodology is pedagogical conditions revelation, stimulating this kind of thinking activity. Conditions creation for the observation organization over the performances of the leading athletes in order to reveal the strongest and weakest sides of their training, on the one hand, proves the ability of an athlete to fulfill an objective analysis of the opponent's performances, on the other hand, gives an opportunity to realize
the necessity of self-development and constant training level improvement.
Another pedagogical condition is the rules of competitions study, which determine the demands concerning the difficulty of competitive program and artistry of its fulfillment. A gymnast should understand that the set groups of difficulty, their number form an objective necessity of sports aerobics further development as a kind of sport. It helps an athlete understand psychologically the necessity to achieve a high level of working capacity in order to achieve prospective aim realization.
One of the important pedagogical conditions, directed at high level of artistry achievement, is expressiveness means analysis, used by different athletes and also the peculiarities of means combination revelation, the sequence of fulfillment setting, distribution during the components of the composition fulfillment, the main and additional means revelation, which in general creates the notion of the mastery improvement ways performing.
Different motional tasks were offered to athletes, which form abilities and skills of structural content determination of each dancing step and the character of its fulfillment in accordance with music. During training lessons different musical compositions; female gymnasts learned to select melody in accordance with the level of physical and technical readiness, the specificity of dancing movements fulfillment and motional culture.
RESEARCH RESULTS AND THEIR DISCUSSION
In order to check the effectiveness of this model a pedagogical experiment was held. 27 female teen-agers at the age of 12-14 (I and II category) took part in the experiment. Two groups were organized: the control group (CG) - 13 athletes and the experimental group (EG) - 14 athletes. Before the pedagogical experiment the test was held in order to reveal the initial level of general physical, technical readiness and also the indices of tactical thinking development. In
order to estimate physical readiness the following control exercises were used: shuttle running 3x11 m (seconds); 100 meters running (seconds); 1000 meters running (seconds); standing long-jump, starting out from two legs (cm); body lifting from prone position, hands on the nape (quantity in a minute); body lifting from dorsal position, hands on the nape (quantity in a minute); dip up (quantity); straight legs lifting from dorsal position till touching the floor behind the head (quantity). The received results didn't reveal considerable differences according to general physical readiness level of female athletes from the CG and the EG, (p>0,05).
The level of technical readiness was determined according to the following indices:
- the elements of baffling complexity
use;
- the program changes because of the opponent's team content improvement;
- different directions of movements
use;
- diversity of running and dancing
tracks;
- composition correspondence with the character of music;
- individual style.
The results of the test analysis didn't reveal significant differences according to the level of technical readiness among female athletes from the CG and the EG, (p>0,05).
The degree of tactical thinking formation was estimated with the help of the criteria, which show formed skills of psycho-emotional state control, irrespective of the difficulty of the future competitive activity.
The indices of tactical thinking were estimated by the group of experts (5 highly-qualified specialists in sports aerobics) in pints.
Evaluation criteria:
5 points - the ability to concentrate neuropsychic and muscle efforts in order to have successful performance irrespective of the content of participants and time of competition organization; the results of
performances correspondence with the predicted indices;
4 points - the ability to realize set objectives, irrespective of toss and the content of participants, critical analysis of own performance;
3 points - an optimal level of psycho-emotional state decrease because of toss, incomplete realization of the planned result;
2 points - unwillingness to control psychological state in case of inconvenient time of competitive performance;
1 point - difficulties in predicting possible results of coming competitions.
Research materials handling didn't reveal significant differences according to the level of tactical thinking development among female athletes in CG and EG, (p>0,05). Training lessons in CG were held according to generally adopted methodology in accordance with the program, recommended by gymnastics federation. In the EG created by us methodology of tactical thinking formation was used. After the pedagogical experiment one more test was held in order to reveal the dynamics of physical, technical readiness and also tactical thinking indices.
The results of the pedagogical experiment analysis showed that results improvement was in both groups: CG and EG, however, in the EG indices were considerably higher. In shuttle running 3x11 m (seconds) in CG, with the initial results 9,35±0,54 seconds, to the end of the pedagogical experiment results increased to 1,51%, (p>0,05); in the EG, with the initial indices 9,37±0,49 seconds, the increase was 3,87%, (p>0,05). In the CG, with the initial results in standing long-jump 125,2±5,32 cm, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results improvement was to 4,64%, (p>0,05); in the EG, with the initial indices 128,36±4,75 cm, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the increase was 11,85%, (p<0,05). The same tendency of more considerable results improvement in the EG was revealed according to other control exercises, which register physical readiness level.
The level of technical readiness also improved in both groups, CG and EG, with different increase indices. In the CG with the initial estimation of running and dancing tracks diversity 2,70±0,24 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment indices increased to 8,89%, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 2,75±0,29 points, the indices increase was 27,9%, (p<0,05). Considerable indices increase in the EG is connected apparently with the training process orientation to tactical thinking formation, which helped to set a rational sequence of movements, their optimal combination, which conditioned female gymnasts' technical readiness increase in the EG.
An individual style formation is one of the most important indices of technical mastery. In the CG with the initial results of this parameter 2,44±0,25 points, to the end of the experiment results improved to 11,6%, (p<0,05); in the EG, with the initial results 2,48±0,28 points, the increase was 25,9%, (p<0,05). More considerable improvement of this technical readiness index among female athletes from the EG is connected with the methodology of tactical thinking development, owing to which young athletes from the EG percept better the peculiarities of dancing, acrobatic and jumping exercises techniques fulfillment.
The character analysis of tactical thinking indices changes also helped to reveal irregularity of its increase in the examined groups. In the CG with the difficulty of composition determination, taking into account time of competitive performances conduct, 3,04±0,26 points to the end of the experiment the indices increased to 5,3%; in the EG, with the initial indices 2,94±0,21 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment results improved to 26,3%.
Tactical thinking demonstration is also the ability to change program performance, taking into account the content of participants. In the CG with the initial results of the considered index 2,99±0,22 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment results improved to 8,0%, (p>0,05); in the EG with
the initial results 2,97±0,19 points the indices increase was 26,0%, (p<0,05). The level of physical and technical readiness increase in some way is also conditioned by independent fulfillment of special exercises during free time, which demands responsible attitude to the system of sports training.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the pedagogical experiment results showed, that tactical thinking formation is an important component of sports training among young 12-14-year-old gymnasts, which helps athletes from the experimental group orient themselves better in tactics of sports struggle organization (depending on conditions of competitive activity). Female gymnasts of this group gain the skills of psycho-emotional state control during stress competitive conditions, their self-confidence increases and it has a positive influence on their physical and technical readiness level.
The created methodology of tactical thinking formation showed its effectiveness and can be used in practice of sports training among gymnasts of different age and qualification categories. Also the methodology is very important for socially active personality formation, for the future professional activity selection and for own potentialities objective estimation.
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Author's information:
Kasatkina N.A. - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov", 432700, Russia, Ulyanovsk, The 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4
Panova E.O. - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov", 432700, Russia, Ulyanovsk, The 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4
Guryanova S. A. — Senior Teacher, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov", 432700, Russia, Ulyanovsk, The 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4
