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materials. It also focuses on developing environmentally friendly products through innovative chemical and digital technologies, aligning with modern ecological and industrial needs while advancing the chemical sciences and new chemical technologies.
Figure 1 - Sequence of synthetic zeolite preparation.
The innovation of this study lies in creating numerous opportunities for synthesizing synthetic zeolite using locally available raw materials in Turkmenistan. This includes developing innovative and digital technologies to produce environmentally friendly products through advancements in chemical science and modern chemical technologies.
Список использованной литературы:
1. Geldinyyazov M. Natural resources of Turkmenistan and their processing. - A.: TDNG, 2010.
2. Xinmei Liu and Zifeng Yang: "In-situ Synthesis of Na-Y Zeolite with Coal based Kaolin". Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry. 12,63-70 (2003).
© Hasanova O., Amanova A., 2024
УДК: 628.16
Hummedow G.
Lecturer of the department of physical chemistry at Makhtumkuli Turkmen state university
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan Akmyradowa R.
2nd year student of the faculty of chemistry Makhtumkuli Turkmen state university
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan Annaorazov Y.
2nd year student of the faculty of chemistry Makhtumkuli Turkmen state university
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM USING PHYSICAL METHODS
Abstract
This article examines physical methods of water purification, emphasizing their principles, key techniques, and applications. Sedimentation, filtration, adsorption, centrifugation, and UV disinfection are highlighted as effective approaches to removing impurities and microorganisms. Physical methods are valued for their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental benefits. However, limitations such as the inability to remove dissolved contaminants necessitate complementary treatment technologies. These methods remain fundamental in providing clean water for drinking, industrial, and agricultural purposes.
Keywords:
water purification, physical methods, sedimentation, filtration, adsorption, UV disinfection, clean water, environmental protection.
Water purification is a vital process for ensuring access to clean and safe water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. Physical methods of water treatment are among the most widely used techniques due to their effectiveness, simplicity, and cost-efficiency. These methods primarily rely on mechanical or physical forces to remove impurities and contaminants without altering the chemical composition of the water.
Physical water purification methods are based on the principle of separation and filtration. These techniques target the removal of suspended solids, particulate matter, and certain microorganisms. Key processes include sedimentation, filtration, and adsorption, which can be implemented individually or in combination.
Key Physical Methods of Water Purification
1. Sedimentation
Sedimentation involves the natural settling of suspended particles due to gravity. This process is often used as a preliminary step to reduce the turbidity of water. Larger and denser particles sink to the bottom, forming a sediment layer, which can be easily removed. Clarifiers and sedimentation tanks are commonly employed in this method.
2. Filtration
Filtration is one of the most effective physical methods for removing impurities. This process involves passing water through a medium (e.g., sand, gravel, or membranes) that traps particles and microorganisms. Common filtration systems include:
Sand Filtration: Ideal for removing larger particles and sediments.
Membrane Filtration: Utilizes microfilters, ultrafilters, or nanofilters to eliminate bacteria, viruses, and fine particles.
Activated Carbon Filtration: Removes organic impurities and improves taste and odor by adsorption.
3. Adsorption
Adsorption is a process where contaminants adhere to the surface of an adsorbent material, such as activated carbon or zeolites. This method is highly effective in removing organic pollutants, chlorine, and certain metals from water.
4. Centrifugation
Centrifugation separates impurities by spinning water at high speeds. The centrifugal force drives denser particles to the periphery, making them easier to remove. This method is particularly useful for separating fine particles and certain microorganisms.
5. UV Disinfection
While primarily a biological treatment, UV light is often categorized as a physical method because it uses electromagnetic radiation to inactivate microorganisms. This process ensures that water is free from harmful pathogens without introducing chemicals.
Applications of Physical Water Purification
Drinking Water: Physical methods are widely used in municipal water treatment plants to produce potable water.
Industrial Use: Industries rely on these methods to remove impurities that could interfere with production processes or equipment.
Agriculture: Purified water is essential for irrigation to ensure healthy crop growth.
Advantages of Physical Methods
Cost-Effectiveness: These methods often require minimal energy and infrastructure.
Simplicity: Easy to implement and maintain, particularly in remote or underdeveloped areas. Eco-Friendly: Avoids the use of chemicals, reducing environmental impact.
Despite their advantages, physical methods are not always sufficient for removing dissolved impurities, such as salts or heavy metals. In such cases, chemical or biological treatments may be required as complementary processes.
Physical water purification methods play a critical role in ensuring access to clean water. Their effectiveness, affordability, and simplicity make them indispensable in both developed and developing regions. Combining these methods with other treatment technologies can create comprehensive systems capable of addressing diverse water quality challenges.
By investing in innovative physical purification systems, society can move closer to achieving global water security.
References
1. Metcalf & Eddy. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. McGraw-Hill, 2003.
2. Montgomery, J. M. Water Treatment Principles and Design. Wiley, 1985.
3. Spellman, F. R. Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations. CRC Press, 2013.
4. Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L., & Stensel, H. D. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. McGraw-Hill, 2003.
5. WHO (World Health Organization). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 4th Edition, 2017.
©Hummedow G., Akmyradowa R., Annaorazov Y., 2024
УДК 54
Аганязова С.
Преподаватель Хыдыргулыев А.
студент Мырадов Я.,
студент
Туркменский государственный университет имени Махтумкули
Ашхабад, Туркменистан.
СТРУКТУРНАЯ ТЕОРИЯ АТОМА
Атом - уникальная элементарная частица, составляющая основу любого химического вещества. Сначала атом считался конечной неделимой элементарной частицей, но открытие естественной радиоактивности, катодных лучей и электронов доказало, что это очень сложная система. Первую модель строения атома представил английский учёный Томсон (1904). По его словам, атом представляет собой сферическую систему диаметром около 0,1 мм, несущую положительный заряд в любой точке своего объема. Его электронейтральность объясняется тем, что электроны, «плавающие» в системе, нейтрализуют эти положительные заряды.
А колебательные движения электронов создают в пространстве электромагнитную волну. Гипотеза Томсона была экспериментально проверена его великим коллегой Резерфордом (1907).
Если модель атома Томсона действительно верна, то а-частицы не могут пройти через золотую фольгу, поскольку, согласно этой теории, весь объём атома заряжен положительно. Таким образом, а-
