CC BY
11
А. О. Яценко
доктор с.-г. наук, професор кафедри рослинництва, Уманський нацюнальний университет сад1вництва e-mail: [email protected]
В. Я. БШОНОЖКО УДК 631.5:633.111(049.3)
доктор с.-г. наук,
професор кафедри екологм та агробюлоги, Черкаський нацюнальний уыверситет ¡меы Богдана Хмельницького e-mail: [email protected]
М. I. Блащук
кандидат с.-г. наук, директор ЧеркаськоТ ДСГДС ННЦ "1нститут землеробства" НААН УкраТни e-mail: [email protected]
С. П. Полторецький
доктор с.-г. наук,
професор кафедри рослинництва,
Уманський нацюнальний уыверситет сад1вництва
e-mail: [email protected]
ВПЛИВ АГРОЗАХОД1В НА П1ДВИЩЕННЯ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТ1 ПШЕНИЦ1 ЯР01
Анотац'м. Метою досп/джень було оц'тити реакц/ю сорт/в пшениц/ яро/' на норми м/неральних добрив / строки авби в умовах нест'шкого зволоження центрально)' частини Правобережного Jlicocreny. Польовий, лабораторний / статистичний методи досл/джень. Вперше в умовах нест'шкого зволоження правобережного Jlicocreny Украши встановлено залежн'ють формування агроф/тоценозу та продуктивностi пшениц/ яро'/вщ норми внесених добрив та строку авби, а також визначено вплив досл/джуваних чинниюв на формування якосл зерна. Перевагу сл'щ надавати середньостиглим сортам пшениц/ яроУ, вирощуючи i'x на високих фонах м/нерального живлення з авбою в трет'ш декад/ березня. 3 перенесениям строку авби в'щ оптимально раннього (27 березня) до п/знього (27 кв/тня) pier / розвиток рослин ycix досл/джуваних сорт/в, а також оптимальне використання запас/в г'рунтово! вологи попршуються. Зменшення та ко)' негативно)' дп можпиве за рахунок оптим/зацП' умов м 'шерального живлення.
Ключовг слова: пшениця яра, строк авби, норма добрива, врожайн/сть, яюсть зерна.
B. Я. Белоножко
доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор кафедры экологии и агробиологии,
Черкасский национальный университет имени Богдана Хмельницкого e-mail: [email protected]
М. И. Блащук
кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, директор Черкасской ГСХОС ННЦ "Институт земледелия" НААН Украины e-mail: [email protected]
C. П. Полторецький
доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор кафедры растениеводства, Уманский национальный университет садоводства e-mail: [email protected]
А. А. Яценко
доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор кафедры растениеводства, Уманский национальный университет садоводства e-mail: [email protected]
ВЛИЯНИЕ АГРОПРИЁМОВ НА ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ ПШЕНИЦЫ ЯРОВОЙ
Аннотация. Целью исследований была оценка реакции сортов пшеницы яровой на нормы минеральных удобрений и сроки сева в условиях неустойчивого увлажнения центральной части Правобережной Лесостепи. Полевой, лабораторный и статистический методы исследований. Впервые в условиях неустойчивого увлажнения правобережной Лесостепи Украины установлена зависимость формирования агрофитоценозов и производительности пшеницы яровой нормы вносимых удобрений и срока сева, а также определено влияние исследуемых факторов на формирование качества зерна. Предпочтение следует отдавать среднеспелых сортов пшеницы яровой, выращивая их на высоких
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фонах минерального питания с посевом в третьей декаде марта. С переносом срока сева от оптимально раннего (27 марта) до позднего (27 апреля) рост и развитие растений всех изучаемых сортов, а также оптимальное использование запасов почвенной влаги ухудшаются. Уменьшение такой негативного воздействия возможно за счёт оптимизации условий минерального питания.
Ключевые слова: пшеница яровая, срок сева, норма удобрения, урожайность, качество зерна.
V. Y. Bilonozhko
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor of Department of Ecology and Agrobiology, Cherkasy National University named after Bogdan Khmelnytsky e-mail: [email protected]
M. I. Blaschuk
PhD of Agricultural Sciences,
Cherkasy SARSNSC "Institute of Agriculture" NAAS
e-mail: [email protected]
S. P. Poltoretskyi
PhD Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor of Department of Plant Production, Uman National University of Horticulture e-mail: [email protected]
A. O. Yatsenko
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor of Department of Plant Production, Uman National University of Horticulture
THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SPRING WHEAT
Abstract. Purpose is to evaluate the response of spring wheat varieties to norms of mineral fertilizers and the timing of sowing under the conditions of unstable moisture of the central part of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe. Methods are field, laboratory and statistical. For the first time under the conditions of unstable moisture of Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine the dependence of agrophytocenoses and spring wheat yield on the norm of applied fertilizers and the time of sowing is determined and the influence of studied factors on the formation of grain quality is shown. The advantage should be given to mid ripening varieties of spring wheat, growing them on high background mineral nutrition with sowing in the third decade of March. With postponing the sowing date from the optimally early date (March 27) to late one (April 27), the growth and development of plants of all studied varieties, as well as the optimal use of soil moisture reserves deteriorate. Reduction of such negative action is possible due to the optimization of mineral nutrition conditions. Keywords: spring wheat, sowing date, fertilizer norm, yield, grain quality.
The importance of grain production is determined by its special role in the formation of food resources of the country. The volumes of grain production determine the degree of food security of the country [1].
Under the ecological conditions, the territory of Ukraine is favorable for the cultivation of wheat grain. More than 98% of the area of wheat agrocenoses is occupied by winter wheat which is quite understandable because this crop is 5-10 c/ha more productive in the territory of Ukraine, compared with spring wheat. However, it is obvious that the comparison of winter wheat yield and spring wheat one is incorrect, since the winter form has, firstly, a twice longer active vegetation period (about 200 days, whereas spring wheat has only 100 days) and, therefore, is biologically more productive. Secondly, as a rule, winter wheat is more optimally provided in agrotechnological terms, in particular by better precursors and fertilizer standards [2]. However, in recent years, winter wheat crops, due to unfavorable hydrothermal conditions of the autumn-winter period, often thin out or completely die. Therefore, in order not to reduce gross harvesting of food grain, it is necessary to pay attention to the expansion of the sown areas of spring wheat [3-6].
Thanks to works of the domestic scientists V. M. Remeslo, V. F. Saiko, V. A. Vlasenko, V. V. Lykhochvor, A. M. Izotov, I. M. Svydyniuk, D. M. Alimov, V. M. Yula, V.S. Golik, A. P. Bilitiuk, L. V. Andriychenko, A. 0. Rozhkov and many others, a significant progress has been made on solving a number of technological problems. At the same time, the average yield of spring wheat in Ukraine for many years suggests that the potential of varieties is still realized by only 37% [4]. The stability of new varieties to stress factors is determined by the degree of their adaptability and stability to certain conditions. It should be noted that modern varieties of spring wheat with different morphological characteristics
and genetic potential of productivity, reactions of which on the requirements of conditions of the growing environment, impact of mineral fertilizers and the timing of sowing under the conditions of unstable moisture of Right Bank Forest-Steppe are still insufficiently investigated and therefore relevant.
The research purpose is to evaluate the influence of mineral fertilizers and the timing of sowing on the productivity of spring wheat varieties under the conditions of unstable moisture of Right Bank Forest-Steppe.
The research materials and methods. The experimental work was carried out at Cherkasy State Agricultural Research Station NSC "Institute of Agriculture of NAAN of Ukraine" in the fields of State Experimental Agricultural Enterprise "Cherkaske" in 2014 and 2015.
The experiment is based on the split plot method. Experiment replication is three-time and the placement of plots is consistent. The total area of the plot is 75 m2 and the registration plot is 50 m2.
The system of spring wheat fertilization included the following variants: 1. without fertilizers (check variant)-, N65P65K65, 3.NsoPsoKso; 4.N120P120K120.
In the experiment such spring wheat varieties as Nedra (Institute of Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine), Elegia Myronivska and Struna Myronivska (Myroniv Institute of Wheat named after VM Remeslo NAAS of Ukraine) were studied. The timing of sowing is I - March 27; II - April 10; III - April 27. As a rule, the first time of sowing annually coincide with the soil physical maturity. The determining factor for defining the following periods of sowing was a gradual increase in soil temperature at the depth of seeding by 1-2 °C. Phenological monitoring of plants was carried out in accordance with "Methods of state variety testing of agricultural crops" [7]. The analysis of the yield structure included the determination of a number
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of plants per unit area, density of productive stalk, plant height, ear length, amount of grain in the ear and thousand-kernel weight.
Harvest recording was carried out using the continuous threshing of each plot, followed by revaluation for 100% purity and 14% humidity [8]. It was monitored by test sheaves which were taken before collecting from two non-adjoining repetitions in two places of a plot of 1 m2. The quality indicators of soft wheat grain were determined according to the national standard of Ukraine DSTU 37682010 "Wheat. Specifications" [9] by the method of infrared spectrometry, on the infrared analyzer NIP Scanner 4250 with computer software ADIDM 3114.
Research results. The crop formation is a complex prophylactic process which is determined by the genetic
program of a plant and the environmental conditions [5, 10-15].
The yield level varied during research years and it was caused by weather factors, namely precipitation. The most important thing in the preparation and sowing of spring wheat is to retain soil moisture, the significant losses of which delay the emergence of simultaneous seedlings and, therefore, the initial growth and development which in the future leads to a sharp decline in the productivity, since in the initial period of growth, before the stem elongation spring wheat consumes moisture from upper layers of the soil no deeper than 50 cm. Wheat can use water from the depth of 50-100 cm only after the stem elongation and after the ear formation it uses moisture from the depth of more than 100 cm [15]. Over the years of research, reserves of
Ta6nMLi9i
Yield and quality of grain of spring wheat varieties depending on the time of sowing and conditions of mineral nutrition in 2014 and 2015
№ Variant Yield, t/ha s, t/ha Increase Protein, % S, %
2014 2015 t/ha % 2014 2015
1 Nedra (I*) - check variant 2.51 2.77 2.64 - - 11.7 11.0 11.3
2 Nedra (II) 2.43 2.54 2.48 -0.16 -6 11.3 10.4 10.8
3 Nedra (III) 2.40 2.48 2.44 -0.20 -8 11.1 10.0 10.5
4 Nedra (I) + N65P65K65 3.53 3.57 3.55 0.91 34 13.1 12.7 12.9
5 Nedra (II) + N65P65K65 3.40 3.42 3.41 0.77 29 12.8 11.8 12.3
6 Nedra (III) + N„P„Kri 3.33 3.37 3.35 0.71 27 12.5 11.5 12.0
7 Nedra (I) + NRnPRnKR„ 3.97 3.88 3.92 1.28 48 14.5 13.3 13.9
8 Nedra (II) + NRnPRnKR„ 3.82 3.71 3.76 1.12 42 14.2 12.8 13.5
9 Nedra (III) + NRnPRnKR„ 3.75 3.58 3.67 1.03 39 14.1 12.3 13.2
10 Nedra (I) + N„nP,,nK,,n 4.23 4.24 4.24 1.60 60 15.5 14.4 14.9
11 Nedra (II) + N,mP,mK,m 4.10 4.01 4.05 1.41 53 15.2 13.8 14.5
12 Nedra (III) + N120P120K120 4.00 3.95 3.97 1.33 50 15.0 13.1 14.0
13 Struna (I) - контроль 2.73 2.81 2.77 - - 10.8 10.4 10.6
14 Struna (II) 2.63 2.59 2.61 -0.16 -6 10.5 9.8 10.1
15 Struna (III) 2.50 2.50 2.50 -0.27 -10 10.1 9.5 9.8
16 Struna (I) + N«P«K« 3.80 3.77 3.78 1.01 36 12.4 12.1 12.2
17 Struna (II) + N«P«K« 3.71 3.58 3.64 0.87 31 12.2 11.2 11.7
18 Struna (III) + N«P«K« 3.63 3.50 3.57 0.80 29 11.9 10.5 11.2
19 Struna (I) + NRnPRnKRn 4.12 4.01 4.07 1.30 47 13.3 13.0 13.1
20 Struna (II) + NRnPRnKR„ 4.00 3.85 3.92 1.15 41 13.4 12.1 12.7
21 Struna (III) + NRnPRnKR„ 3.93 3.72 3.82 1.05 38 12.8 11.3 12.0
22 Struna (I) + N,,nP,,nK„n 4.53 4.43 4.48 1.71 62 14.5 13.4 13.9
23 Struna (II) + N^P^K,™ 4.32 4.21 4.27 1.50 54 14.3 12.7 13.5
24 Struna (III) + N120P120K120 4.20 4.07 4.13 1.36 49 14.1 12.0 13.0
25 Elegia (I) - контроль 2.58 2.57 2.58 - - 11.0 11.2 11.1
26 Elegia (II) 2.48 2.33 2.40 -0.18 -7 11.2 10.5 10.8
27 Elegia (III) 2.41 2.25 2.33 -0.25 -10 11.3 10.1 10.7
28 Elegia (I) + Nfi,Pfi,Kfi, 3.77 3.50 3.63 1.05 41 12.7 12.5 12.6
29 Elegia (II) + Nfi,Pfi,Kfi, 3.70 3.22 3.46 0.88 34 12.5 11.7 12.1
30 Elegia (III) + N«P«K« 3.63 3.12 3.37 0.79 31 12.4 11.4 11.9
31 Elegia (I) + NRnPRnKRn 4.00 3.77 3.88 1.30 50 13.5 13.2 13.3
32 Elegia (II) + NR0PR0KR0 3.91 3.45 3.68 1.10 43 13.4 12.9 13.1
33 Elegia (III) + NRnPRnKR„ 3.85 3.38 3.61 1.03 40 13.2 12.5 12.8
34 Elegia (I) + N12nP12nK12n 4.35 4.12 4.23 1.65 64 14.7 14.7 14.7
35 Elegia (II) + N„nP„nK,,„ 4.20 3.97 4.08 1.50 58 14.5 13.7 14.1
36 Elegia (III) + N12nP12nK12n 4.15 3.88 4.01 1.43 55 14.3 13.3 13.8
37 HIPn„ t/ha 0.09 0.11 -
*Note: Timing of sowing: I - March 27; II - April 10; III - April 27
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productive moisture were at the level of 23.0-29.0 mm in the soil layer of 0-20 cm; in the layer of soil of 0-10 cm they were 7-12 mm and in the meter layer of soil they were 152176 mm (depending on the time of sowing). In the process of growth and development of spring wheat plants there was an intensive use of productive moisture reserves from the soil layer. During the harvest period of spring wheat, reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil were 34 mm and in the soil layer of 0-20 cm they were 13 mm. In the soil depth of 40-60 cm there were no reserves of productive moisture.
During two years of research, Struna Myronivska and Nedra varieties had the highest yields (4.24-4.48 tons/ha) in the first timing of sowing with mineral fertilizers (N120P120K120) (Table). At the same time, wheat grain is characterized by high protein content which varies considerably depending on the weather conditions of the growing season and norms of mineral fertilizers. The highest protein content (13.914.9%) was noted in variants with the application of the highest fertilizer norms.
During the observation of the level of structural indicators of spring wheat, the positive influence of mineral fertilizers on the number of grains in the ear was noted. Using a high norm of mineral nutrition (N120P120K120) the number of grains in the ear was 31.3-34 depending on the time of sowing and spring wheat variety, while without fertilizers (check variant) Nadra variety had 29.4-30.4 grains. Also, the influence of sowing dates on the number of grains in the ear was analyzed. In variants with the first sowing time in all wheat varieties, the number of grains exceeded other two times by 0.1-1.3 grains depending on the variety and mineral nutrition. However, the largest number of grains was of Struna Myronivska with the application of N120P120K120. So, for the first time of sowing there were 34.0 grains in one ear. The ear length reached 11.3 cm and the average height of plants in this variant was 99.4 cm. Elegia Myronivska and Nedra had the highest plant height (100 cm) in the variant with the application of N120P120K120 for the first sowing time. The ear length of spring wheat varieties varied from 8.7 to 11.3 cm. However, it was the smallest in plants sown during the third sowing time (April 27) - from 8.7 to 10.2 cm in all varieties within the studied levels of mineral nutrition.
Based on the research, there are the following conclusions:
1. Before sowing mid-ripening varieties of spring wheat, it is best to start it in the third decade of March with the
complete mineral nutrition. Under such conditions, Struna Myronivska has a significantly higher yield (4.48 t/ha).
2. For all sowing times and optimal conditions of mineral nutrition (N120P120K120) the highest content of protein in the grain is formed by plants of Nedra variety (14.0-14.9%).
3. After postponing the sowing date from the optimum early time (March 27) to late (April 27) the individual productivity of plants of all studied varieties, their biometric parameters, as well as the optimal use of soil moisture reserves deteriorate. Reduction of such negative action is possible due to the optimization of mineral nutrition conditions (N120P120K120).
References
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2. Alimov D.M., Shelestov Yu.V. Technology of production of plant products. Kiev, 1995. 271 p.
3. Khomenko L.O., Dubovyi V.I., Kovalishin B. M., Kavunets V.P. Reasons for reducing gross wheat collections in Ukraine in 2006 // Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the MIP named after them. VM UAAS Handicrafts. Kiev: Agrarian Science, 2007. №. 6-7. P. 365-374.
4. Tatarkovsky O. Yari wheat and barley: state and prospects of the market // Agrarian week. Ukraine. May 23, 2014.
5. Andriychenko L. V., Muzafarov I. M. Ways of Realization of Productive Potential of Wheat Wheat Varieties // Bulletin of Agrarian Science of the Black Sea Region. Mykolayiv, 2007. №. 4 (43). P. 216-221.
6. Shevchenko O. I., Turchenyuk L. O. The state of the agrarian sphere of production and the possibilities of increasing the productivity of spring wheat // Scientific and technical bulletin of the MIP them. VM UAAS Handicrafts. Kiev: Agrarian science. 2006. №. 5. P. 247-257.
7. Kuperman F. M. Morphophysiology of plants. - Moscow, 1984. 240 p.
8. The method of the State variety testing of agricultural crops. Kiev, 2004. №. 3. 78 p.
9. Wheat. Specifications: DSTU 3768: 2009. [Valid since 2009-07-01]. Kiev, 2009. 17 p.
10. Likhchvor V.V. Plant Growing. Technology of growing crops: a manual. 2nd form, Vipp. Kiev: Center for Educational Literature, 2004. 808 c.
11. Smagliy O. F., Derech O. A., Ryabchuk P. O. et al. Technologies and technological projects of cultivation of main crops: educational, manual. Zhytomyr: View of the State Higher Educational Institution State. Agroecol, 2007. 488 p.
12. Makeeva L. D., Rybakova R. D. Factors for the formation of optimal stalk volatility of spring wheat of varieties of intensive type // Proceedings of the Ural Research Institute of Agriculture. 1985. Vol. 44. P. 32.
13. Demishev L.F., Oleksiyenko Yu. O., Rybka V. S. et al. Main reserves of productivity increase and efficiency of production of grain of wheat wheat in the Steppe of Ukraine // Bulletin of IZG, 1999. №. 8. P. 60-66.
14. Shelepov V.V., Chebakov N. P., Vergunov V. A., Kochmarsky V. S. Wheat: History, Morphology, Biology, Selection; ed. prof. V. V. Shelepova, Cand. Mironovka: Miron. Print., 2009. 580 p.
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В. M. Кабанець УДК: 633.522:57:631.52
канд. с.-г. наук,
1нститут стьського господарства ГПвычного Сходу НААН E-mail: [email protected]
ФОРМУВАННЯ ПАРАМЕТР1В ПОС1В1В РОСЛИН КОНОПЕЛЬ СОРТУ ГЛЯНА ЗАЛЕЖНО В1Д ТЕХНОЛОГ1ЧНИХ
ЗАХОД1В
Анотац/я. В статт/ представлено результати вивчення реакцп рослин конопель поавних сорту Гпяна на умови вегетацп в постах, формування стеблостою / забезпечення його найб'тьшого збереження до юнця вегетац/йного пер'юду рослин. Встановлено р/вень густоти стеблостою в'щ норм висту настня та фону м'шерального живлення. Визначено реакшю рослин конопель на р/зн/ р/вн/ м 'шерального добрива; внесения високих доз у досл'щах сприяло подовженню вегетац/йного пер'юду конопель в середньому на 3-6 д/б за три роки досл/джень. Проанал/зован/ показники оптично/ щ1льност1 / густоти стояния у поавах рослин конопель поавних, за якими встановлено, що юльюсть рослин культури, яю випали в процеа вегетацп, зб 'тьшувалась з п 'щвищенням норм висту настня на д/лянках. Ключовг слова: м/неральне живлення, норма висту, польова схож'ють, м 'жфазн '! пер'юди, пустота стеблостою.
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