CC BY
11
Мартин Б.М.
Магистратура специальности «Современная ландшафтная архитектура и градостроительство», факультет Аграрно-технологического, Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы.
Внедрение и восстановление устойчивых городских зеленых насаждений и парков: анализ стратегий и тематических исследований городских зеленых насаждений в развивающихся странах
Martin B.M.
Graduate student of Contemporary Landscape Architecture and Urban Design.
Faculty of Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Implementation and restoration of sustainable urban green spaces and parks: an analysis of strategies and case studies of urban green spaces in developing countries
The world's population is expanding rapidly, leading to an increase in sustainable projects in developing countries and their metropolitan areas. By 2050, 7 of 10 people will live in cities, with 56% of the world's population living in cities [1]. This will subsequently lead to congestions which studies shows are ultimately linked with other problems relating to the environment, social wellbeing and economics [2]. In this article some key components relating to urban green spaces in developing countries will be discussed. This article will also briefly examine some ongoing sustainable urban projects in developed and developing countries which we can use as examples to emphasis the importance of UGS.
Social and psychological
Urban Green Spaces (UGS) provide social spaces and areas for recreation and cultural purposes, and are beneficial for the health and wellbeing of urban residents. Access to UGS can lead to improved health, wealth and overall well-being [4]. Public participation in the planning and design
process is critical for enabling urban development to better reflect local requirements and values. One of the most significant benefits is their role in improving public health [5]. Parks and green spaces provide a variety of health benefits by promoting physical activity, connection to nature and opportunities for community engagement. Nature-based programs can even be prescribed by health care providers as part of alternative, cost-effective treatment plans [6]. Exposure to green spaces has been shown to reduce stress and improve mental health, which is especially important in densely populated urban areas where stress levels can be high [7].
Environmental Benefits
The ecological value of urban green spaces is another significant advantage. The ecological footprint of cities affects ecosystems indirectly from regional to global scales and the ecological functions within open green spaces involve the whole system of plants, animals, soil and human activity [8]. The green spaces preserve the natural areas within a city, preserves the habitats and serve as nature and biodiversity reserve [5]. Green areas can assist to minimize air pollution and urban heat islands, both of which may have a substantial influence on public health. Urban green spaces, such as parks, playgrounds, and residential greenery, can promote mental and physical health, and reduce morbidity and mortality in urban residents by providing psychological relaxation and stress alleviation, stimulating social cohesion, supporting physical activity, and reducing exposure to air pollutants, noise and excessive heat [9].
Green spaces are essential for population health, as they help to absorb carbon dioxide, reduce erosion, and provide habitat for wildlife [10]. In developing countries, green spaces are even more important due to environmental issues.
Economical and aesthetics
UGS serve economical and aesthetical objectives as well. Due to their aesthetic qualities and practicality, urban greening projects have been implemented to maintain and raise property values [3]. One of the significant advantages of UGS is their potential to boost local economies. According to recent studies, the introduction of green spaces can increase the value of neighboring residential and commercial properties, resulting in significant economic growth for municipalities [13]. Urban gardens and parks also provide an economic opportunity for local businesses from the influx of park goers. An example of this increase in economic value are discussed with Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project in Seoul and Bosque de Chapultepec in Mexico City [11]. In both project development, studies
showed that there were in influx of not only local city dwellers but tourists, which can be directly linked to the increased in the revenues of local businesses in and around the territory. UGS is recognized to reduce the cost of energy, by cooling building buildings and the environment. They are cost-effective tool epically in cities with high temperature. It provides insulation, reduces energy use and decreases carbon footprint.
Major cities are incorporating nature into their landscapes to improve the lives of citizens, attract visitors and investors, and increase land prices and property value. This has been achieved through innovative, integrated and technically-advanced solutions [5]. By investigating the cases of Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project in Seoul, South Korea and Bosque de Chapultepec in Mexico City, Mexico City. The projects show both are incorporating environmental strategies that contribute significantly to the UN's global sustainability goals.
Bosque de Chapultepec in Mexico City
Creating and persevering urban green spaces in developing Countries can be challenging, but there are several successful initiatives that have been implemented around the world. One example is the Bosque de Chapultepec in Mexico City, which is one of the largest urban parks in the world. The park covers over 1,600 acres and serves as an important recreational and ecological resource for the city. One of the main aim of the design using the parameters guiding the project was the goal to minimize its carbon footprint, through the careful selection of materials and construction technologies [12]. The project, which covers 90,000 square meters, has a dual role as a hub for culture and an open public space that encourages interaction. It also provides a location to conduct exhibits, festivals, and other activities that combine culture and ecology to increase their awareness in the city. This effort in cultural design gives the area around the structure additional significance by fusing the atmosphere of an outdoor area with a public forum or plaza. The site's abrupt transformation from a place for parking cars to a location encouraging environmental preservation and culture is an indication of the firm's ambitious plans for the project, with the pavilion's elegantly curving form serving as the development's focal point [20].
The park is home to a diverse range of plant and animal species, and is multi-functional for concerts, exhibits, seminars, demos, and other events. It serves as the man-made heart of the city's most important urban forest, highlighting the need to design sustainable cities to address climate change and degrading urban living conditions.
Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project in Seoul
The Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project in Seoul, South Korea, is another illustration of the advantages of including green spaces in urban areas. The City of Seoul is undergoing a significant paradigm change, moving away from an urban environment that values the quality of life of its residents and the significance of healthy ecosystems [13]. The project involved the removal of a major highway and the restoration of a river, which has become a popular destination for recreation and tourism. It has reduced small-particle air pollution by 35% and increased visitors, contributing to the country's economy. Residents were twice as likely to suffer from respiratory disease before the restoration [14]. The existing vegetation on the site acts as a barrier between the building and the lake, as well as a screen for a set of volcanic stone stairs. The amphitheater-style area transitions from open terrain to constructed form and serves as the spiral's genesis. The architects aimed to minimize its carbon footprint through careful selection of materials and construction technologies [13].
The restoration of Cheonggyecheon has created a 3.6-mile long green corridor for wildlife, bicycles, and pedestrians. 22 bridges, 5 metro lines, and 18 bus routes have been added, and the rivers' links have been restored. An ecological protection area has been declared for the wetlands at their meeting place [21]. 120,000 tons of water have been pumped from the Han River and multiple subway pump stations to create a steady flow with an average depth of 40 cm.The restoration of the Cheonggyecheon river has provided habitat for fish, amphibians, insects, and birds. Terraced vertical walls provide access for tourists, and natural stones span the gap between the two banks. Construction components were recovered and reused, with 95% of the leftover concrete, asphalt, and scrap iron being recycled [22].
Conclusion and perspectives
Urban green spaces are an important component of modern cities, providing a range of ecological, public health, and recreational benefits [17]. Sustainable spaces are often scarce in developing countries, which makes the need for more research in regards to this topic. That will help in the creation and preservation of these spaces [18]. Successful initiatives around the world demonstrate that it is possible to create and preserve urban green spaces even in challenging environments which were highlighted in this article. By prioritizing these spaces in urban planning and investing in their creation and preservation, developing countries can reap the benefits of a greener, healthier, and more sustainable urban future [19]. To conclude, If urban green space planning is part of a wider health promotion policy, active marketing and promotion of its use is likely to be needed, especially where levels of provision or preexisting use is insufficient.
Библиографический список / References
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4. The Role of Urban Green Space in Promoting Inclusion: Experiences From the Netherlands // URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2021.618198/full
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7. Exposure to Neighborhood Green Space and Mental Health: Evidence from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin // URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987044/
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12. Jerry Elengical Published on: Mar 08, 2023 Spiralling ecological statements in stone: Centro de Cultura Ambiental Chapultepec // URL: https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-spi-ralling-ecological-statements-in-stone-centro-de-cultura-ambiental-chapultepec
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20. J. Elengical, Spiralling ecological statements in stone: Centro de Cultura Ambiental Cha-pultepec, STIRworld. (2023). // URL: https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-spiralling-eco-logical-statements-in-stone-centro-de-cultura-ambiental-chapultepec (April 5, 2023).
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