CC BY
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thousands of years, the caravan routes on the Kyrgyz highway have not changed, so Kyrgyzstan has become the guardian of this ancient route. For example, Osh Market in Bishkek has been in existence for centuries since inception of the Road and still serves as a market.
The beginning of the trade routes between China and the Caucasus, Anatolia and Europe starts in the east of Kyrgyzstan. By establishing a trusted environment on the Historical Silk Road, revival in trade and tourism may start in Kyrgyzstan by which equal distribution of economic development may be ensured throughout the country. In addition, income disparity, inequality and competition between the south and the north of the country can be minimized. The fact that Kyrgyzstan is situated in the main route reaching Iran and Anatolia via Fergana Valley and Far East countries over China will give Kyrgyzstan a strategic importance and may render the country to have a competitive edge against Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. With the revival of trade and tourism coupled with confidence in the market, the foreign trade deficit may decrease, the national income per capita may increase and international investments may start to come to Kyrgyzstan
As a result, Kyrgyzstan will start to be recognized by the world and play an important role in promoting and presenting economic values and culture in the country and Central Asia to the world. It must fulfil its responsibilities promptly so that Kyrgyzstan can receive the share it deserves from the Historic Silk Road. In this context; the country will also be able to integrate with the world in economic, social and cultural terms and will also lead to democratization and will be enriched in every sense. References
1. Atasoy, F. (2010). "Kureselle§me £aginda Yeniden ipek Yolu", Bir Kultur Koridoru Olarak ipek Yolu Sempozyumu, UNESCO TMK-Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi, 16 Ekim 2010 Antalya.
2. £akmak, M. A. ve Hamarat, E. (2016). ipek Yolu Tarihinin Ogretiminde ABD Merkezli Bazi Yakla§imlar: Teknoloji, Proje Ve Muze. Kastamonu Egitim Dergisi, 24 (1), 421-430
3. Demirler, M. (2015). Tarihi ipek Yolu'nun Yeniden Canlandirilmasi Ve Turkiye Ekonomisine Etkisi. Yuksek Lisans Tezi. Gaziosmanpa§a Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu, Tokat.
4. http://www.gebzegazetesi.com/ipek-yolu-gezisinde-son-durak-kirgizistan-makale, 1864.html
© HbMMa3en Ca^nge, TamKyroBa r. K. 2018
УДК: 338.48
Йылмазел Сажиде
Аспирант Кафедры Экономических программ и управления БГУ (Бишкекский Гуманитарный Университет), г. Бишкек, Кыргызкая Республика e-mail: [email protected] Ташкулова Г. К. д.э.н., профессор, Кыргызский экономический университет gulzat.tashkulova@mail. ru
ВИДЫ ТУРИСТИЧЕСИХ ПРОДУКТОВ, КОТОРЫЕ МОГУТ ПРИМЕНЯТЬСЯ ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ТУРИЗМА В КЫРГЫЗСТАНЕ
Аннотация
Туризм стал популярным благодаря глобализации и стал очень важным для экономики стран. Для многих стран туризм - это индустрия без «дымохода». Туризм должен быть чрезвычайно важным сектором для Кыргызстана и должен активно участвовать в мировом туристическом рынке, потому что Кыргызстан
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имеет важный туристический потенциал с его нетронутой природой. Он также находится в важном регионе с точки зрения развития потенциала продукта.
В данной работе будет рассмотрен уже существующий туризм и потенциал диверсификации туризма в Кыргызстане.
Ключевые слова
Кыргызстан, туризм, виды туристических продуктов
TYPES OF TOURISTIC PRODUCTS TO BE DEVELOPED IN KYRGYZSTAN TOURISM
Abstract
Tourism has gained widespread popularity with globalization and has become a very important position in terms of countries' economy. Tourism is an 'industry without a chimney' for many countries. Tourism should be a very important sector in terms of Kyrgyzstan and should actively participate in the world tourism market. Since Kyrgyzstan has an important tourism potential with its unspoiled nature. It is also an important region in terms of product development.
This study will examine the potential for diversification of tourism and tourism in Kyrgyzstan.
Keywords Kyrgyzstan, Tourism, Touristic products
Touristic Product Concept
The touristic product is a combination of accommodation, food, transportation, entertainment and many other goods and services that tourists enjoy throughout their travels. Tourist product; It is the sum of the goods and services or experiences that the tourists have purchased or are willing to purchase during the period they are temporarily separated from the region they live in. [1] This are composite products produced by the hospitality companies, food and beverage businesses, travel companies, transportation enterprises, recreation enterprises and gift shops.
Features Of Touristic Product
1 -Touristic product must be consumed where it is produced. Consumer tourists must go to the place where tourist goods and services are produced.
2- It is a composite product. The touristic product consists of a combination of multiple services (accommodation, catering, entertainment, transport)
3- Can not be stored. The service or product must be sold on time it is produced. (Hotel bed, aircraft seat can not be stored.)
4- There is more subjective evaluation in tourist products.
As in all areas of production and consumption, it can be said that a goods or service has a 'life cycle'. In this respect, the life cycle of the touristic product consists of four phases: [2]
- Start (first entry) phase,
- Development phase,
- Maturity phase,
- Decline phase,
In the first phase the product may penetrate into the market without a real and strong demand. Therefore, in this initial period, sales may be both insufficient and slow. In the second phase which is the 'development phase' it can be observed that an increase in demand renders an increase production. The third period is called the 'maturity period'. The demand for the product in the market has reached the level of maturity and the consumption also reaches an equilibrium point because usually new products begin to enter the market in this period. The fourth phase is called the" decline''. Demand for the product reduces because the product loses its appeal for consumers. [3]
TOURISTIC PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATION
To create demand by diversifying the touristic product, the touristic product should first be analyzed, then the market analysis, promotion and marketing activities should be given a priority. When a touristic product is
1 I' )
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diversified, promotion, demand creation and tourist attraction should be dealt with and should be based on a plan. Touristic product providers features that make up the product, brand image, product adaptation and price are important issues in creating demand. Therefore, to develop a price policy in accordance with quality and cost, a price consistency must be established without applying too low or too high prices. [4]
Kyrgyzstan Tourism
Kyrgyzstan is a Central Asian country located on the historical Silk Road that connects China with the Middle East and Europe with its 198,500 km2 landscape.
Kyrgyzstan has one of the highest tourism potentials among Central Asian countries due to its geographical structure. Issik Lake, which is a large crater lake, and its surroundings are among the destinations preferred by tourists in the region. This region, which is one of the most important tourism centers during the Soviet Union period, still maintains its importance as a leading tourism center for the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. In order to revitalize tourism and bring the resources into the economy, the year 2001 was declared as the tourism year by the Kyrgyzstan State. Moreover, the fact that 2002 was designated as an international mountain year by the United Nations increased the demand for tourism for Kyrgyzstan, one of the most mountainous and high-altitude countries in the world, where the 'Mountains of God' are also listed. In the mountains of Kyrgyzstan there are 8 regions registered by the International Mountaineering Platform and are popular with climbers. Five of them are in the mountains of God and three in the Pamir Mountains. In 2015, the ski resort was established in the Root-Cangak region of Calalabad. This ski resort, which is active in the winter season, has also led to the development of potential winter tourism in the Calalabad region. Similar projects are planned to be built in the coming years such as near the village of Ko§kentay in the Calalabad region.
In 2005, Kyrgyzstan participated in the Silk Road Regional Cooperation Project, which included Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and the People's Republic of China, as part of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The aim of the project is to ensure the development of the Silk Road and regional sustainable tourism with the economic development of the region and to reveal its potential. [5]
The untouched nature of Kyrgyzstan is called the ''Central Asia's Swiss'' with its mountains and rivers. For this reason, Kyrgyzstan's most important tourism asset is the unspoiled nature of alternative tourism activities. Kyrgyzstan with its comparative advantage over tourism in the region, mountaineering, hunting, culture and health tourism are among the main touriso activities. Although it has not been able to promote the current tourism potential to the world, its intact nature and unique cultural characteristics are still preserved, and it is suitable for rural tourism, which has become very popular in recent years, and promotes the country in terms of tourism in the international arena.
Touristic Products To Be Developed In Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan may aim to develop certain tourism types some of which already exists in the country; Recreational Tourism, Thermal Tourism, Mountain Tourism, Hunting Tourism, Silk Road Tourism, Nature Tourism, Religious Tourism and Cultural Tourism.
It is possible to see interesting natural lanscape in the mountainous parts of Kyrgyzstan. Due to its mountainous nature, it is also suitable for adventure tourism. The counrtyis also suitable for improving the recreational tourism. Therapeutic muds, the richness of the mineral waters, the cleannes of water and the healing aspects are attractive features along with its historical cities and the centers which have been credle of many civilazations. http://kabar.kg/
Within the scope of the international world tourist organization and UNESCO's Silk Road ot projects, adventure tourism (alpineism, mountain tourism, rafting, speleology, mountain skiing, hunting, ecotourism, etc.) has drawn interest into the country. Untouched, unspoiled natural areas, pristine air is an advantage for nature tourism and makes in possible for tourists to experience various toursim types such as mountain sports, water sports, rafting, climbing, skiing, horse riding, gliding, cycling, tracking. The country's high and low areas are located within the same location which increases further attractiveness for tourism. Given that the country is in the center of the Silk Road, historical cities are important for culture tourism. The Silk Road's transition center locates at the crossroads of China (East Turkestan) and Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan. For this reason, Kyrgyzstan has many opportunities to further its tourism at the international level. Several toursim types may be listed as priority
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for the country; Silk road tourism, health and recreation tourism, ecological tourism, mountain-adventure tourism and alpinization. (Https://batubatu1903.tr.gg/)
Issik-Kol is a kind of lake that doesn't freeze in winter. The water temperature varies between + 20 ° C and - 4 ° C. There are around 30 rivers flow which are close to the lake however there is no water flow apart from the lake. An important part of the water of the lake is composed of rains and the other parts are composed underground water. It is restiricted for cargo ships to operate in the lake. From the economic point of view, the investments that can be made especially in fishing which will undoubtedly make contributions to the country's economy and to the people of the region. http://www.deik.org.tr/
Suleyman Mountain, which is accepet as sacred place by many different religions and used as a temple for various beliefs, were included in UNESCO's World Cultural Heritage List in 2009 and on June 01, 2011 it was included in the 'Holy Mountain List' (Malikov, 2010; www.kyrnatcom.unesco.kz). Undoubtedly, this was is very important incident for Suleyman Mountain because UNESCO's World Heritage list is only 3 mountains from the world as the Holy Mountain. These are; Dolomite Mountain of Italy, Mount Utay in China and Suleiman Mountain in Kyrgyzstan. Among them, Dolomit Mountain with its 18 hills attracts visitors to its steep slopes, deep and long valleys and beautiful landscapes, as one of the four sacred mountains of Buddihsim, Mount Utay in China's Shansi province is equally attractive. (www.geospot.ru). Known for thousands of years and whose sanctity is also approved by UNESCO, Suleyman Mountain is an important touristic value that brings awareness to the country against competing countries for Kyrgyzstan which has great expectations from tourism in the future. The Dungan mosque (19th century) in the shape of a Buddhist pagoda in Karakol and the Christian church built in 1871 are also important values for faith tourism.
Kyrgyzstan is a country with very favorable thermal resources. Kyrgyzstan has mineral, chemical and gas content natural and artificial mineral water deposits with more than 250 degrees of temperature. [6]
Hunting in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan attracts foreign tourists. Most of the foreigners come from Spain, Russia, Czech Republic, Mexico, Italy, France, America and Canada for hunting. The main animals that can be hunted in Kyrgyzstan are mountain goat, Marko Polo goat, wild boar, bear, wolf, fox, marmot, badger, hares, roe deer, partridge, quail and squirrel. Foreign tourists usually come for Marko Polo goar, goat and deer hunting.
In Kyrgyzstan, Interest for tracking has incrased in recent years. Tracking routes are used in the mountains of God, in Bishkek, in Ala - Ar?a, in Pamir Mountains and in Ak-Su areas near Uzbekistan. For the moderate tours, the Kukcuk region in the south of Issik - Kol and the Atkaq, £atir - Kol, Sari?elek, Son - Kol regions are also used. [7] Kyrgyzstan is a very convenient and open country for nature tourism.
Kyrgyzstan has large and small rivers with the number of 40,000 and streams offer very good conditions for rafting. £uy, Narin, Tagoray, £on - Kemin, Kekemeren, £atkal and Kara^ay are the biggest rivers in the country. [6] Rafting is possible from May to October.
One of the tourism types that are developing in the world in recent years and providing high returns to countries is the Congress Tourism. Capital city Bishkek and Osh city in the south are very convenient for congress tourism. Both regions have the ability to improve this branch of tourism thanks to the accommodation facilities and the international airports they have.
The rich and untouched nature of Kyrgyzstan is extremely convenient for ecotourism. However, the lack of information about eco-culture in the country, lack of private tours and guidance, expensive transportation, lack of information and advertising in the country the most important obstacles. If necessary improvements are made, eco tourism will be an important advantage for the country. In a globalizing world, modern human has the tendency to to return to nature and escape from technology. Cayloo - tourism - is a very attractive tourism product for foreign tourists. Because it gives them the opportunity to be with nature without spoiling the nature and to meet with Kyrgyz culture, traditions and life style. As a part of Cayloo Tourism, visitors are accommodated in the gray tents which are special Kyrgyz houses for guests as a part of tradition. Kyrgyz folk dances are introduced in the countryside, and the tourisits can experience hunting with gold eagles. Organizing trips to the botanical-zoological parks on the horse is one of the region's most enjoyable recreation activities. During the Cayloo tour in Kyrgyzstan, tourists can stay in these dormitories and observe the way of life of the local people. Also, as part of the tour, Kyrgyz traditional foods and beverages such as carma, kimiz can be served. Son - Kol gives a great view of the valleys and mountains
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around. It is one of the most beautiful places to attract tourists in terms of plateau tourism. In the Son - Köl region where vegetation is abundant and beautiful, nature sports such as horseback riding, and hiking are the attractive elements. There are different kinds of animals and plants suitable for plateau tourism. In South of the country, the famous Arstanbop walnut forests are located which can be a new touristic product to develop cayloo-tourism for the country.
The most important feature of Batken in the southwest of Kyrgyzstan is the Aygül (Edward Petilium) plant which grows on the slopes of the Batken Mountains and is a rare specicy in the world. To see the orange-colored flowers that blossoms in April for 2-3 weeks, people from the locals and neighboring countries usually come to see this event. Aygül is an endemic plant that grows only in Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan. In this respect, Batken province will be an important center for ecotourism and nature tourism. Moreover, the widespread use of cayloo-tourism will be very effective in terms of advertising and promotion of Kyrgyzstan.
Result
The diversity and beauty of Kyrgyzstan's geographical structure is an important advantage in terms of tourism. Considering the poverty of the people in the mountainous, forested and historical settlements in southern Kyrgyzstan, which is a potential for special interest tourism, the development of alternative tourism will contribute to the social classes. Kyrgyzstan's greatest richness in terms of tourism is its unspoiled nature. Considering the positive and negative aspects of other countries, the nature of the country should be delivered to the future with a very conservativve mindset. It is a kind of tourism which can reduce the imbalance and significantly eliminate the interregional development differences. Supporting the region is also important in terms of increasing the country's tourism revenues and recognition of Kyrgyzstan in the world.
Hunting tourism in Kyrgyzstan, horseback riding, ecological species, mountain tourism, fish-rich mountain lakes are the features that can attract tourists. Also, mineralized and thermal sources are very important for health tourism. Being located on the Silk Road, the southern region of Kyrgyzstan has an important advantage. Especially mountaineering and health tourism have the potential to be an important attraction center for tourists in Europe and Central Asia. Sacred areas in the country also require the support of religious tourism. Cayloo tourism and countryside tourism where the guests are accomodated in the traditional Grey Tents of Kyrgyz Turks can be successfully applied in the northern regions; Introducing drinks, hunting with Kyrgyz traditions, hunting (eagle) and horse trips can be wonderful experiences in terms of special interest tourists. The use of these experiences in the plateaus in South Kyrgyzstan will also accelerate the adoption of alternative tourism by the people of the region.
In order to utilize the advantages that will be obtained by diversification of tourism, it is necessary to develop and improve the necessary infrastructure and superstructure in these regions. To develop and improve accommodation facilities by providing appropriate loans and supports to the local people through various tax advantages and exemptions, and to educate and encourage the local people in tourism with various trainings can bring significant revenue and recognition. Tourism facilities, which have already been established in the country, need to be restored. In addition, effective advertising channels, videos and social media should be used to promote the country abroad. In recent years, the state, local governments and the civil organizations of the country have an important role to increase the number of tourists which has been in decline due to conflicts and instabilities in the country. The Kyrgyzstan State may give priority to the protection and improvement of the tourism riches in the region and to provide training to the local people to promote tourism and local culture by making the necessary legislation and tax regulatin. In addition, to increase the number of tourists, adoption of easy visa system and the application of other international regulations are also a method.
As a result, Kyrgyzstan is a destination that is expected to be explored in the world tourism market with its different touristic values.
REFERENCES
1. Usta, O. (1988) Turizm: Turizm Olayina ve Türk Turizm Politikalarina Yapisal Yakla§im, Sümbül Basimevi, Istanbul, s. 166
2. Hacioglu, N. (2000). Turizm Pazarlamasi, 4. Baski, Vipa§ A.§. Uludag Üniversitesi Güflendirme Vakfi I§tirakidir, Bursa, s. 42
3. Oral, S. (1988). Türk Turizm Pazarlamasinda Dagitim - Fiyat Politikalari ve Turist Profili Analizi, istiklal
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Matbaasi, Izmir, s. 96-100
4. Minbaeva,A.(2010). Kirgizistan Turizm Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesi ve Uygulanabilecek Turistik Ürün £e§itleri,Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Turizm i§letmeciligi Anabilim Dali, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, izmir, s.27
5. UNWTO - United Nations World Tourism Organization (2015), Tourism Highlights - 2015 Edition, http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284416899
6. Shmelev. E. (2007), Vnutrennie vody Kyrgyzstana, Novyi nomad, Bishkek, s. 53-55
7. Maksimenko S. (2001), Turizm v Kyrgyzstane. Bishkek, s. 59
Internet Sources
8. http://kabar.kg/tur/news/turi-zmde-secenek-bollu-u-gorulmesi-gerekenler/ (03.04.2018)
9. "Kirgizistan Turizmi",
https://batubatu1903.tr.gg/KIRGIZ%26%23304%3BSTANDATUR%26%23304%3BZM.htm (04.04.2018)
10.http://www.deik.org.tr/ bültenler/Kirgizistan-§ubat 2006.pdf (04.04.2018)
11.HypMaTOB, 2012; www.geospot.ru (0404.2018).
12. ManuKOBa, 2010;www.kyrnatcom.unesco.kz (05.04.2018).
© HbMMa3en Ca^uge, TamKynoBa r. K. 2018
УДК 65.011
Казьмина И.В.
канд. экон. наук, доцент ВУНЦ ВВС «Военно-воздушная академия имени профессора
Н.Е. Жуковского и Ю.А. Гагарина» Воронеж, РФ Рогов Н.В. старший преподаватель ВУНЦ ВВС «Военно-воздушная академия имени профессора
Н.Е. Жуковского и Ю.А. Гагарина» Воронеж, РФ E-mail: [email protected]
КОРПОРАТИВНОЕ ФИНАНСОВОЕ ПЛАНИРОВАНИЕ НА ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯХ ОБОРОННО-ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА
Аннотация
Статья посвящена анализу корпоративного планирования на производственных предприятиях оборонно-промышленного комплекса (ОПК). Сделан вывод о том, что организация корпоративного финансового планирования на предприятии должна иметь целостный характер, т.е. взаимоувязана в единую систему, с помощью которой можно было бы регулировать и контролировать выполнение различных планов.
Ключевые слова
Финансы, финансовое планирование, корпорация, корпоративное планирование, планы,
бюджетирование, политика.
Практический опыт показал, что одной из ключевых причин того, что предприятия ОПК до сих пор не способны адекватно реагировать на требования рынка является отсутствие на предприятиях правильно
