CC BY
19
Scientific Research of the Union of Scientists in Bulgaria - Plovdiv, series B. Natural Sciences and Humanities, Vol. XVII, ISSN 1311-9192, International Conference of Young Scientists, 11 - 13 June 2015, Plovdiv
EVALUATION OF PHYSICO - CHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN FRESH MILK FROM SICK COWS WITH BRUCELLA SSP. AND KETOSIS IN GJILAN Dilaver Salihu1, Bakir Kelmendi2, Lorika Salihu3, Valon Shala4
l.Faculty of Food Teknology,University of Mitrovica, «Isa Boletini» Kosovo 2.Faculty of Agribusiness, University « Haxhi Zeka « Peja - Kosovo, 3.Student Faculty of Food Teknology ,University of Mitrovica, «Isa
Boletini» Kosovo, 4.Food and Veterinary Agency, Sanitary Inspektor of Kosova [email protected]
Abstract
Methods of work focused on the analysis of fresh milk from sick cows from Brucella ssp disease, ketosis and the presence of antibiotics taken by farmers of three villages (Velekince, Livog, Pasjak). The study was conducted over a period of three months (January, February, March 2015). Samples were taken in 3-7 days, in total 44 samples. The study analyzes the organoleptic or physico - chemical continues until the last testing have negative results. Antibiotics that are used Metampenicilin, Cloxacillin Sodium, Bromnexine, Crystallired trypsin, Penstrep (penicillin + Streptomicin) 100 mg etc. Based on the analysis made in February, from cows treated with these antibiotics which are mentioned above, is resulted that have discounts the physical parameters -chemical: 3:05% protein, 3.4% fat, lactose (sugar) 3:53% and pH 5.6, increasing the pH 7- 7.6. Low values of calcium, phosphorus and potassium, while are have increased sodium, iron and zinc, reduction of acidity in 13 - 15°T, and difficult process of coagulation, especially for the production of cheeses.
Key words: Sick cows, antibiotics, farmers etc. Introduction
Milk should have such a biological composition, to satisfy the requirements chemical, physical and microbiological. Milk should be free from microbial compounds that can be hazardous to the health of consumers. By microbiological milk should be clean, not only by the presence of pathogenic strains, but also against strains saprobes, that being increased beyond a certain limit, can become toxic due to food contamination. Milk should go to customer conservation conditions, which must retain all the characteristics of its organoleptic.
Milk intended for human consumption must be from animals that are completely healthy. Cows suffering from various diseases have negative quality milk in terms of organoleptic and physico -chemical. According to [EC] Regulation number: 853/2004, and Directive 92/46, 94/71, milk for human consumption must be obtained from cows, which are not sick from brucella and ketosis. Brucella ssp and ketosis are important infectious diseases. The first representative is (micrococcus melentesis), which was isolated for the first time in 1887 by David Bruce, for example (Br. melitensis), disease of the lungs of a dead soldier on the island of Malta, who suffered from a disease as "Malates fever". The origin of the disease remained a mystery for nearly 20 years. In 1904 was
Zammit who isolated the same bacteria on the island of Malta from a goat which had aborted and demonstrated that fever are originated from infected consumption of goat milk. He certify that the milk constitute a real reservoir of infection. [Holl W.H .., 1989]. Second Representative was isolated in Denmark with 1897 [Br.abortus] from Bang, from cattle affected by infectious abortion. The third important representative [Br.suis] was discovered in America by the trauma of a fetus to a dose in 1914. In 1918, Alice Evans show toxic close relationship between the three species, the scientists in the US identify first the origin brucella by man. Brucella infection is a constant concern, not only for the veterinary service structures but also for public health, as major causes economic losses and poses a real threat to human health. Brucella are aerobic bacteria as kokobaktere microaerophilic with size: 0.5 - 0.7 x 1 - 1,5^m, (gram -), stationary non spore, and ureaze catalase positive, and they do not produce acid from carbohydrates in terrains with Pepto. If you give definitions for ketosis i would say that it is a complete metabolic syndrome disorder. Schuken, Ynte H. (1998); Xoxa, A. bp. (1977). The disease of syndrome (Ketosis) has impact in reductions of glucose in the body and liver (glycogen reduction) and increasing the mobilization of fat in the body.
Ketosis occurs in well fed cows with high milk production in cows that feed specifically in the stables. Sometimes ketosis is also present in cows that feed on pasture. The highest frequency of this syndrome is observed in the early period of lactation, 2 - 4 weeks after calving. Kelly, J.M. BP (2000); Samanc, H. of bp. (1998); Brydl, the bp E. (1998); Geishauser, the bp T. (2000); Schultz, L.H. (1971); Wiktorsson, H. (1979), more rarely in the second month, and even more rarely in barsimit period. Material and methods
Samples for analysis are transported with adequate equipment at temperatures 4 - 8°C, the amount of milk has been 250 cm3 for each sample, vessels for analysis have been sterile. Field work was conducted in three villages: Velekince, Livoc and Pasjak. Laboratory tests were conducted in the laboratory of the Faculty of Food Technology in Mitrovica.
During research for determining the physical ingredients - chemicals in contaminated milk of cows in the temperature 20 ° C is used methods: Ekomilk. For the determination of active acidity pH - meter. Evaluation of acidity, in degrees Tjorner [°T]. Testing to identify ketozes:
Figure 1. The test to identify ketosis The best diagnostic test is to control the acetone in the urine, milk or blood. If the urine test is negative, it excludes ketosis. Test of milk or blood, represents a good action in ketosis. Elisa test - is a method of quickly free, specific sensitive, able to detect specific antibodies and infection of an animal.
Antibiotics used in three villages:
In January, when the cows are sick, are given these antibiotics: Metampenicilin 200 mg, Cioxacilin, Sodium 200mg, Bromnexine 10mg Crystallired trypsin 10 mg, in monitoring point in Veleknice, are given two doses, the time between the award of doses is 72 hours. While in the village Pasjak and Velekince are given these antibiotics: Penstrep (penicillin + Streptomicin) 20 ml, Trimetosul (sulfadiazon + trimethoprim) Trimetosul (20ml.sulfadiazon + trimethoprim) 15ml, even in this case are given two doses with time adding doses is after 72 hours. Measurements in February
In tests conducted in the second month, we have health improvements, and the results have changed in dairy ingredients in three points monitoring: Velekince, Pasjak, Livog. During measurements in March, in the three villages, the health of cows is significantly improved. Table 1. It made the difference between contaminated milk samples and fresh milk in the past three months.
Ingredients Unit Velekinca Livoja Pasjaka Milk without antibiotics
January February March January February March January February March
Fat % 3.40 4.03 4.06 3.50 3.9 3.69 3.64 3.72 4.21 3.92
Dried non fatty substances % 8.50 8.60 8.75 8.40 8.78 8.9 8.43 8.50 8.7 8.68
Density g/cm3 30.7 29.2 29.4 31.7 29.2 29.6 30.9 3.0.7 27.3 29.7
Proteins % 3.28 3.41 3.50 3.05 3.65 3.75 3.15 3.25 3.6 3.44
Freezing Point °C -54.9 -55.2 -520 -55.5 -56.2 -56.4 -53.8 -54.3 -55.3 -52.9
Temperature °C 9.8 10.3 16.2 9.5 10.05 15.3 9.9 10.05 14.3 9.2
Lactose % 3.50 4.34 4.77 3.75 4.60 4.80 3.60 4.75 4.80 4.8
Conductivity mS 3.8 4.63 4.7 3.65 3.70 4.5 3.72 3.75 3.80 4.04
pH 7.6 7,2 6.8 7.3 7,1 6.9 7.4 7.3 6.7 6.71
Added water % 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Acidity °T 15,2 16,80 19.3 13.7 16,3 18.7 13.9 16.8 19.7 18.2
Results and discussion
The analysis is made in January from sick cows that are treated with antibiotics which are mentioned above have resulted in the following results: 3:05 to 3:28% protein, 3.7% fat, lactose (sugar) 3:50 - 3.75%, pH 7.3 - 7.6, increasing the pH was outside the permissible norms, low acidity 13.7 - 15.2°T. In a sick cows with ketosis viscosity is greater than normal. After the growing up of minerals in milk, sodium, iron, zinc and reduction of kalcumit, phosphorus and potassium, difficult by the process coagulation in the production of cheeses. Cows which are treated with antibiotics, in three monitoring points milk has changed in negative terms, and should not be used for human consumption, the presence of the milk today is one of the major problems, which faced dairy industries in worldwide. Conclusion
• Identification of the spread of ketosis, in cows of the milk production.
• The use of antibiotics for the treatment of ketosis adequate to the production of milk cows
• Cows should be checked in the first weeks after calving in order to reflect their situation.
• During the treatment of animals with antibiotics of different types, always have to respect the time of suspension (time which should not be consumed with milk, depending of the use of antibiotics).
Recomandations
• It is necessary to know the farmers to side effects that entails antibiotic in the milk industry in the clotting process, especially during the production of cheeses.
• Food rational (concentrate) of used in the correct way, to limit the use of silage, in the food ration etc.
• They must respect the standards on tolerance rates of antibiotic in milk.
References
1. Schukken H. Ynte e bp. (1998) - Production diseases in farm animals - epidemio - logy and an holistic approach.10th international Conference on production Diseases in farm animals. faqe 104.
2. Schultz L. H. (1971) - Management and nutritional aspects of ketosis. Journal of Dairy Science.Vol 54, faqe 962-973.
3. Kelly J. M. e bp (2000) - Subclinical ketosis in dairy cows.Cattle, faqe 85-93.
4. Agim Nelaj (1999) Q'sjell prishja e ekuilibrave ne biosferetek lopa, Tirane.
5. Doho I.R. e bp (1983) - Disease, production and culling in Holstein - friesian coes. Preventive - Veterinary - Medicine.Vol.1, faqe 321-334.
6. Luckij D. (1978) - Patologia obmenaveshestv u visoko produktivnih korov.
7. Krebs A.A (1998) - Ketoza e gjethit. Vet. Record. Vol. 78, Nr. 6, faqe 187-192.
8. Green B.L. e bp (1999) - The impact of a monensin controlled - cows. Journal - of -dairy - Science.Vol. 82 faqe 333 - 342.
9. V Ceroni, P. Berberi, M. Haxhimusa, P. Gjino - Ketoza ne lopet e qumeshtit. Tirane 2005.
10. Zharov A. V. e bp. (1983) - Ketoz Vjeskoproduktivnijh korov.
11. Petrit A hmati - Antibiotiket ne praktiken veterinare. Tirane 1982.
12. Hulumtime ne laboratorin e " Fakultetit te Gjeoshkencave dhe Teknologjise"
13. http://veterineret.com/per-veterineret/ruminantet-te-medhenj-dhe-te-vegjel/ketoza-e-lopeve
14. http://fermaime.com/index.php?id=19&l=3911
