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_МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «СИМВОЛ НАУКИ» №10-1/2016 ISSN 2410-700Х_
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
УДК 330.1
M.N. Grigoriev
PhD of technical sciences, Professor Baltic State Technical University «VOENMECH» named after D. F. Ustinov St. Petersburg, Russian Federation S.A. Uvarov
Doctor of economic Sciences, Professor Saint-Petersburg state University of Economics St. Petersburg, Russian Federation N. A. Braila Student
Baltic State Technical University «VOENMECH» named after D. F. Ustinov St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
TYPOLOGY OF MODERN LOGISTICS Annotation
Article from the modern point of view examines the typology of logistics. Special attention is paid to criterions of proposed typology, it offers a graphical model of the proposed typology.
Keywords
Logistics, typology, criterions of typology, logistical strategy, marketing.
Considering and classifying logistical systems we met a significant set of various definitions that could be combined with the subject "logistics" [1, 2]. Such categories as commercial and marketing, industrial and information, purchasing and transport logistics are frequently listed as one-serial ones. If this or that logistics is identified with streams than this variety in general becomes no discernible [3].
Thus we shall notice at once, that such division has especially methodical character, as a whole there is only one logistics. Logistics as a stage of competitive struggle, as enterprise outlook, as an epoch of economic development, but pragmatically as science and practical activities directed on optimization of ways and methods of firm's interaction with its suppliers and addressees of production in the competitive market environment [4].
According to this further development of logistics as science requires the precise description of all variety of logistical displays, in other words, there is an issue of typology of logistics [5].
Typology (from Greeks tipos - a print, the form, the sample and logos - the word, the doctrine) represents a method of scientific knowledge, of which basis lay a partition of systems of objects and their grouping by means of generalized, ideal models or type. As it is known, problems of typology arise in all sciences which deal with diverse on structure plural objects and categories and solve a problem of the ordered description and an explanation of these sets. Certainly, the logistics also concerns to similar group of sciences [6]. The typology leans on revealing of similarities and distinctions of studied objects, on search of reliable ways of their identification, and in the theoretically developed form aspires to reflect the structure of investigated system, to reveal its laws, allowing to predict existence of meanwhile unknown objects [7].
As it was already specified above, the logistics as technology represents a set of logistical operations which object of the appendix is the logistical stream.
Originally the logistics was considered as extreme process of promotion of material objects and the information that accompanied them from purchase of materials, semi finished items and completing products before reception by the consumer of end production [8, 9].
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Let's name such typology of logistics functional as character of a stage of reproducing cycle will be put in the basis of structurization.
According to it at functional stages of supply, manufacture and selling we shall receive specific sets of logistical operations which form the certain sets of technologies; these functional logistics depending on a stage we shall name: procuring (purchasing), intraindustrial and distributive logistics (logistics of distribution and selling) [10].
The second criterion of our typology will be resources, however, their association on groups we shall not make from the General economic point of view theories, and proceeding from components of a logistical stream. Thus, the resource logistics will be presented by such components, as material (transport-warehouse), information, financial and personnel logistics [11].
And, at last, the third criterion of logistics' typology we shall choose sphere of its appendix in enterprise activity. Business represents initiative independent activity of citizens and their associations, carried out on the risk and under the property responsibility directed on reception of profit. As the most widespread kinds of business are industrial business, commerce and financial business then typology business-logistics will allocate industrial logistics, commercial logistics and logistics of the finance act [12].
Industrial business represents activity in which conditions the direct image carries out production, goods, works, services, the information [13], the cultural wealth which is a subject of the subsequent realization to consumers. Result of the industrial-enterprise action and the transaction corresponding it is sale of goods [14] with reception for it of monetary proceeds. Financial efficiency (profitability) of industrial-enterprise activity is estimated by the attitude of net profit to full production costs (the cost price of production) [15, 16].
Application of the logistical approach to sphere of industrial business generates industrial logistics which depending on specificity of the managing subject can be shown in the form of industrial, building logistics, logistics of transport [17].
Commercial business is characterized by the fact that the certain role in it is played by commodity-money, trading-exchange operations. Commerce represents the process of organizational-technical, social and economic interaction of subjects of the market in occasion of distribution and the organizations of an exchange commodity-material assets and services on an equivalent basis [8, 18].
Though the general scheme of commerce in many aspects is similar to the scheme of industrial-enterprise activity, serious differences are also peculiar to it: there is no necessity of maintenance with the industrial resources connected with output; material resources got by the businessman are bought by him in the form of the ready goods which then are realized to the consumer [19]. These features render a serious influence on specificity of logistics of the given kind of the business, received already steady name - commercial logistics [20].
Commercial logistics - a wide and capacious category. If necessary its separate elements can compose in trading logistics in which such specific functions of trade, as a direction of a commodity stream from the manufacturer to the consumer will most distinctly be reflected; storage of the stocks necessary for duly maintenance of deliveries to buyers at a changing demand; the overlapping time break between manufacture and consumption [8].
The important place in sphere of commerce is taken by commodity exchanges - specialized non-state for carrying out of trading operations on the conclusion of transactions about large-scale sale and purchase of the material goods of the mass demand which is on sale under standards and samples [19]. The basic subject of transactions on a commodity exchange - the goods presented on it and contracts on sale and purchase of the goods. Such functions of commodity exchanges as ordering of trade by the goods, rendering of intermediary services at the conclusion of transactions, regulation of process of the tender between sellers and buyers of the goods [19], informing on the prices for the exchange goods, in the long term can claim for allocation from commercial logistics in an independent science and a field of activity of exchange logistics [20].
Finance (financial-credit business) are characterized by that object of sale and purchase is the specific goods -money, currencies, securities which not only mediate goods exchange operations, but also serve as the basic object of commodity-money attitudes, transforming them in monetary-monetary and currency-monetary. As the basic subjects of financial business banks and stock exchanges act [19].
Banks - the specialized enterprise organizations, that are engaged in accumulation of the money resources, the
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giving credits which are carrying out monetary calculations, releasing the bank notes spending operations with securities, rendering various economic services.
Stock exchanges - the basic tool of a securities market adjusting and supervising their sale and purchase. They function on an auction basis that allows them to adjust operatively a supply and demand on securities and to form their market rate. Unlike sale of securities by their emitters in the primary market, stock exchanges form and serve a secondary securities market on which the let out papers address earlier.
Considering the above-stated specificity of banks and stock exchanges, it is possible to approve, that the logistics of the finance formed now in the long term will be divided into bank logistics and share logistics. It is necessary to tell, that the typology of logistics is quite various. We made our typology only by three attributes: functional, resource and branch. On this scheme all variety of logistics as modern market concept, complex approach, and factor of competitiveness, science, practical activities, and functional management is represented. The logistics, resulted on the scheme, represent a set of algorithms and the technologies [11, 13, 23], allowing realizing in economy the logistical approach.
At movement on the x-axis (functional aspect) we shall receive a set of logistical operations and the technologies necessary for work with all kinds of resources, in all branches of business at supplying, industrial and marketing stages of reproducing process [24].
Movement on an axis of ordinates (resource aspect) shows a set of logistical operations and the technologies applied at all stages of reproducing of process, all enterprise branches with reference to material, financial, information [13], personnel components of resource potential of firm.
Applicate (the branch aspect) gives to each kind of enterprise activity necessary algorithms and technologies for realization of the logistical approach at all
stages of the reproducing cycle with all resource components [18, 24].
Further we shall stop on a question of formalization, formation of the general approaches of logistics typology modeling. The logistics as set of algorithms and technologies [25, 26] itself is the logistical formation existing and considered in spatial system of coordinates, reflecting the basic directions and forming the main components of logistical activity. In turn, each basic component of logistical activity is characterized by set of elements which estimations reflect their conformity to the certain system reproductive organizational-economic technologies and by that - considered logistical technology [27].
Let's designate dimension of functional measurement of logistics F, resource measurement - R, branch measurement - S (from English sectoral - branch). Then respectively:
F - set of functional kinds reproducing process organizational-economic activities;
R - set of kinds of the resources used by managing subjects;
S - set of branch forms of enterprise activity.
Each separate element of the above-stated sets is characterized by a concrete condition and way of existence depending on specificity of classification applied by us:
F - function of reproducing process;
R - resource components of enterprise firm;
S - branch of enterprise activity.
Each separate element of the above-stated sets is characterized by a concrete condition that it is analytically possible to present as
F = {Fms; Fdp; Fs},
Where Fms - material support (supply) of firm; Fdp - directly production; Fs - selling of finished goods and services.
Similarly:
R = {Rmr; Rin; Rf; Rst},
Where Rmr - material resources of firm; Rin- the information; Rf - financial resources of firm; R st - the staff;
S = {S ib; S com; S fb},
Where S ib - industrial business; S com - commerce; S fb - financial business.
According to a concrete kind of enterprise activity for each managing subject dimension of branch
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measurement changes discretely from 0 up to 1:
S ib = 1; S com = 0; S fb= 0 - for enterprise structure only; S ib = 0; S com = 1; S fb = 0 - for a business concern; S ib = 0; S com = 0; S fb = 1 - for financial establishment.
Logistics as function of «aiming», as strategy of market behavior as functional management it is characteristic for any kind of enterprise activity:
L bl = {L il (Sib; Lcl (S com); L lf (S fb)},
Where L bl - business-logistics; L il - industrial logistics; L cl - commercial logistics; L lf - logistics of the finance.
Any kind of enterprise activity initially provides all stages a reproductive cycle (supply, manufacture, selling) that is why every corresponding to the certain kind of business logistics includes corresponding stages of a reproductive cycle of display of functional logistics: L flg= {L pl (F ms); L intl (F dp); L р (F s)},
Where L flg - functional logistics; L pl - procuring logistics; L intl - intraindustrial logistics; L р - distributive logistics.
Thus it is necessary to notice, that according to a concrete kind of enterprise activity for concrete firm dimension of their functional measurement changes from 0 up to 1 and can accept any value on this interval: Fms =0,1; Fdp = 0,1; Fs = 0,1.
And if the industrial logistics represents functional symbiosis of all components L il = {L pl ; L intl; L р } the commercial logistics in a "pure" kind can be treated as store up-distributive logistics: L cl = {L pl ; L р}.
In a general view any version of business deals with resources necessary for it {R}. Set of resources in the movement (development) makes a logistical stream with which and it is necessary to work in any kind of logistics. Unlike branch and functional the estimation of elements of a resource component practically never gets a component of zero value, and resource coordinate R = {Rmr; Rin; Rf; Rst} the resource logistics is put in conformity: L rl = {L ml (Rmr); L il (Rin); L fl (Rf); L pl (Rst)},
Where L rl - resource logistics; L ml - material logistics; L il - information logistics; L fl - financial logistics; L pl - personnel logistics.
Certainly, the given typology does not show the completed scheme. In process of development of market attitudes, expansions of sphere of the competence of logistics will appear new types and versions of logistics, however this process cannot be declared administratively, it will be demanded by a course of social and economic development and character of functioning of economic system. References
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© Grigoriev M.N., Uvarov S.A., Braila NA., 2016
