Typology of models of state policies from providing civil potential of relati ons between authorities and society Текст научной статьи по специальности «СМИ (медиа) и массовые коммуникации»

UDC 351

Mysara Alkum,

postgraduate student, Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, 03039, Kyiv, Str. Frometivska, 2, tel.: (044) 264 52 54, e-mail: MaysaraAlqum@ukr.net

ORCID: 0000-0002-9492-6773

Майсара Алкум,

астрант, Мгжрегюнальна Академ1я управлтня персоналом, 03039, м. Kuïe, вул. Фромет1вська, 2, тел.: (044) 264 52 54, e-mail: MaysaraAlqum@ukr.net

ORCID: 0000-0002-9492-6773

Майсара Алкум,

аспирант, Межрегиональная Академия управления персоналом, 03039, г. Киев, ул. Фрометовская, 2, тел.: (044) 264 52 54, e-mail: MaysaraAlqum@ukr.net

ORCID: 0000-0002-9492-6773 DOI: 10.32689/2617-2224-2018-15-5-136-143

TYPOLOGY OF MODELS OF STATE POLiciES

from providing civil potential of relations between authorities and society

Abstract. The study of models of interaction between the state and civil society allowed to consider relevant issues in a functional section. It is substantiated that determining and providing an optimal model of interaction between the state and civil society is an overriding and necessary condition for political modernization and democratization, a direct path to the political stability of any state, as adequate interaction between the parties is based on a balanced balance of interests of each of them, and mutually beneficial partnership on the basis of parity social dialogue contributes not only to improving and improving the effectiveness of social policy, but also stabilization of all social existence general. It is emphasized that for each state, taking into account its specificity, an own model of social policy is formed.

It is noted that the formation of effective interaction between civil society organizations and state institutions depends directly on qualitative changes in the model of public administration in Ukraine, including decentralization, weakening of ineffective administrative and command and purely regulatory methods, and so on. The Revolution of Dignity opened a new stage in the history of civil society development, demonstrated the public's influence on socio-political transformations, and gave impetus to the renewal and reformatting of power. Such goals

require the creation of full, rather than declarative, public institutions capable of obtaining information at an early stage in the adoption of management decisions, to propose alternatives, to exercise control. It is considered that mechanisms such as public consultations, participation in public councils, working groups, public appraisals and monitoring, public hearings, information requests to public authorities, etc. are used for interaction between authorities and civil society.

It was concluded that today the potential of the analytical and expert environment, trade union organizations, employers' organizations in forming the content of state policy remains insufficiently realized. At the same time, such cooperation should be based on the following principles: public activity, partnership, openness and responsibility, political independence, prevention of corruption, rational and balanced development, integrity.

Keywords: state policy, model of interaction of the state and civil society, social-democratic model, genesis of civil society.

ТИПОЛОГ1Я МОДЕЛЕЙ ДЕРЖАВНО! ПОЛ1ТИКИ 13 ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ГРОМАДЯНСЬКОГО ПОТЕНЦ1АЛУ В3АСМОВ1ДНОСИН ОРГАН1В ВЛАДИ ТА СУСП1ЛЬСТВА

Анотащя. Дослщження моделей взаемоди держави i громадянського сусшльства дало змогу розглядати вщповщну проблематику у функщонально-му розрiзi. Обгрунтовано, що визначення та забезпечення оптимально! моделi взаемоди мiж державою та громадянським сустльством е назршою i необхщ-ною умовою пол^ично! модершзаци та демократизаций прямим шляхом до пол^ично! стабшьносп будь-яко! держави, оскшьки адекватна взаемодiя мiж сторонами спираеться на зважений баланс штереав кожно! з них, а взаемови-пдне партнерство на основi паритетного сощального дiалогу сприяе не лише вдосконаленню i пiдвищенню ефективностi сощально! полiтики, а й стабш-заци всього суспiльного буття загалом. Наголошено, що для кожно! держави з урахуванням !! специфiки формуеться власна модель сощально'! пол^ики.

Визначено, що становлення ефективно! взаемоди мiж оргашзащями громадянського суспiльства та державними шститущями напряму залежить вiд яисних змiн моделi державного управлiння в Укра!ш, серед яких децентрал^ защя, послаблення неефективних адмiнiстративно-командних i суто регуля-тивних методiв тощо. Револющя Гiдностi вiдкрила новий етап в ютори роз-витку громадянського сусшльства, продемонструвала вплив громадськостi на сусшльно-пол^ичш перетворення, стала поштовхом для оновлення та переформатування влади. Таю цш вимагають створення повноцiнних, а не декларативних громадських шституцш, здатних отримати шформащю на по-чаткових стадiях ухвалення управлiнських рiшень, запропонувати альтерна-тиви, здiйснювати контроль. Розглянуто, що для взаемоди оргашв влади та громадянського сусшльства використовуються такi мехашзми як консульта-ци з громадсьистю, участь у громадських радах, робочих групах, громадськ експертизи i монггоринги, громадськi слухання, iнформацiйнi запити до оргашв державно! влади тощо.

Визначено, що на сьогодш недостатньо реалiзованим лишаеться потен-цiал аналiтично-експертного середовища, профспiлкових органiзацiй, ор-ганiзацiй роботодавщв у формуваннi змiсту державно! пол^ики. Разом iз тим, така сшвпраця мае Грунтуватися на таких принципах: громадська ак-тивнiсть, партнерство, вщкритють та вiдповiдальнiсть, полiтична незалеж-шсть, запобiгання корупцп, рацiональний i збалансований розвиток, комп-лекснiсть.

Ключовi слова: державна пол^ика, модель взаемодп держави i грома-дянського суспiльства, сощал-демократична модель, генезис громадянсько-го сусшльства.

ТИПОЛОГИЯ МОДЕЛЕЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

ПО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЮ ГРАЖДАНСКОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЙ ОРГАНОВ ВЛАСТИ И ОБЩЕСТВА

Аннотация. Исследование моделей взаимодействия государства и гражданского общества позволило рассматривать соответствующую проблематику в функциональном разрезе. Обосновано, что определение и обеспечение оптимальной модели взаимодействия между государством и гражданским обществом является назревшим и необходимым условием политической модернизации и демократизации, прямым путем к политической стабильности любого государства, так как адекватное взаимодействие между сторонами опирается на взвешенный баланс интересов каждой из них, а взаимовыгодное партнерство на основе паритетного социального диалога способствует не только совершенствованию и повышению эффективности социальной политики, но и стабилизации всего общественного бытия в целом. Отмечено, что для каждого государства с учетом ее специфики формируется собственная модель социальной политики.

Отмечено, что становление эффективного взаимодействия между организациями гражданского общества и государственными институтами напрямую зависит от качественных изменений модели государственного управления в Украине, среди которых децентрализация, ослабление неэффективных административно-командных и чисто регулятивных методов и тому подобное. Революция Достоинства открыла новый этап в истории развития гражданского общества, продемонстрировала влияние общественности на общественно-политические преобразования, стала толчком для обновления и переформатирования власти. Такие цели требуют создания полноценных, а не декларативных общественных институтов, способных получить информацию на начальных стадиях принятия управленческих решений, предложить альтернативы, осуществлять контроль. Рассмотрено, что для взаимодействия органов власти и гражданского общества используются такие механизмы как консультации с общественностью, участие в общественных советах, рабочих группах, общественные экспертизы и мони-торинги, общественные слушания, информационные запросы в органы государственной власти и др.

Определено, что на сегодня недостаточно реализованным остается потенциал аналитически-экспертной среды, профсоюзных организаций, организаций работодателей в формировании содержания государственной политики. Вместе с тем, такое сотрудничество должно основываться на следующих принципах: общественная активность, партнерство, открытость и ответственность, политическая независимость, предотвращения коррупции, рациональное и сбалансированное развитие, комплексность.

Ключевые слова: государственная политика, модель взаимодействия государства и гражданского общества, социал-демократическая модель, генезис гражданского общества.

Thesis statement. The interaction of the state authorities with the public is a prerequisite for their effective and transparent activity. The current international practice shows that only with the constant interaction between the state authorities and the public they can properly fulfil their functions. At the present stage of development of Ukraine, the most relevant tasks are attracting the public to the decision-making process, and as a result, achieving a greater degree of efficiency and transparency in the activity of the state authorities. In Ukraine, the process of decision-making is still very transparent, and the activity of the government activity has not always been clear for the population. A closed nature of governance from the public, especially when it comes to managerial decision-making, is a crucial brake factor on the democratic transition path. The current Ukrainian legislation provides for the possibility of interaction between the state authorities and the public, but technologies and methods of this interaction still need to be implemented and developed.

Analysis of recent publications. The problem of interaction between the

state authorities and the public within the system of public administration was carried out by the scholars, such as O. Babinova, V. Bakumenko, N. Drago-myretska, A. Kolodii, O. Krutii, O. Lit-vynenko, N. Nyzhnyk, G. Pocheptsov, M. Pukhtynskyi, V. Rebkalo, Yu. Sur-min, V. Tertychka, V. Tokovenko etc. Taking into account research conducted by domestic and foreign scholars, one should note that under the conditions of quick-flowing processes of globalization and development of information society, a substantial distrust of different social communities in the state authorities, a need arises to develop new mechanisms of interaction between the state and the public which would take into account both current international trends and Ukrainian realities.

Objective of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of trends of the formation of models of interaction between the civil society and the state in the countries of the European Union at the present stage of social development.

Results. Solving the problem of interaction between the state and the civil society has always been relevant

during the existence of modern civilization. Despite the uneven social and humanitarian development of mankind in different historical periods, the form of coexistence of state, personal and civil interests has always been decisive for social development. The study of scientific sources conducted in the previous section provides grounds for arguing that the systematization of certain historical models of interaction between the civil society and the state takes place on the basis of existence of three cultural and historical traditions — Italian, German and Anglo-American, on the basis of which in modern practice, three basic conceptual approaches to understanding the nature and problems of the formation of the civil society formed:

- individual and group;

- personal;

- corporate and group.

the

- social democratic;

- corporatist;

- liberal [1].

Let's take a closer look at each of the above mentioned models, since it is not a secret that modern humanitarian science needs certain structure for the purpose of developing a unified scientific approach to the interaction of the civil society and the state. According to the social democratic model, the state acts as a result of social structuring, and as the main political institute subordinates to itself all other areas with the help of normative regulation (laws, regulations, codes) and structural influence (bureaucracy, executive institutions, apparatus, coercion). That is, the civil society in such a model is a sphere of private and public interests

with the association of citizens by various features and purposes and is below the hierarchical level of the state. With the increase in the weight of civil society and the growth of its influence on the state, it gradually gains signs of statehood and passes into its own state form (in some cases, into a totalitarian state). That is, the question of balance and control in such a model is a factor of the existence of the social system as a whole.

The corporatist model is based on the theory of the combination of the state and the civil society. According to the model, there are three main corporate groups:

- trade unions (representing the will and interests of employees);

- economic circles (business groups, companies, corporations, employers);

- the state (administrative and bureaucratic bodies, institutions of power).

Between these groups, levers of control are distributed, which determine the form, structure, and nature of social policy. In our opinion, the core of the corporatist model lies in the fact that solidarity of all parts and their interaction are called to defend the priority of group (corporate) interest over the private one. Such a model involves a strong centralized state institute, which cooperates with various mediator groups and participates in the organization of all processes.

According to the liberal model, the main purpose of the state is the preservation and protection of natural human rights, and the relations between the individual and the state itself are determined on a contractual basis. At the

same time, rule of law is the main tool of public control and regulation. However, in such social relations, priority is given to civil liberties over political, moral and legal norms. The influence of the state is limited by constitutional and normative documents [1].

If one directly considers the immediate level of relations between the state and the civil society, the typology that is determined on the basis of three basic determinants is rather detailed:

- cooperation;

- ignoring;

- confrontation.

In its turn, the relevant determinants allow to distinguish eight historically-determined models of interaction between the state and the civil society [2]:

• support model — in which state authorities contribute to the normative and institutional design of non-governmental organizations;

• partnership model — when the state and its institutions agree with the necessity and importance of civil society structures and facilitate the establishment of interaction in the form of social dialogue and social partnership;

• architect model — when elements of civil society take part in the formation and implementation of public policy, identification of socially important problems and ways of their solution, reforming institutions of state power, education of structural elements of state institutions;

• paternalism model — in which the state contributes to a certain autonomy of non-state social structures under certain conditions (for example, loyalty and not counteraction to the existing political course);

• the model of "driving belts" is typical for mono-ideological state formations, with such a model, all non-state structures are considered solely as the levers of the influence of the ruling nomenclature in relation to ordinary citizens;

• ignoring model — in which the state does not interfere, but also does not cooperate with elements of civil society, such a form cannot be of a long-term nature, since in any case the expansion of the interests of one party will lead to a transition to another model of interaction;

• a model of struggle — when the state treats non-state public institutions as potentially dangerous from a political and social point of view and the activities of the relevant institutions are out of the reach of official institutional ties;

• a model of disobedience — when political and even power fights unfold between government and society, which manifests itself in rallies, clashes with power structures, unauthorized strikes, rebellions, such a model develops in the event of a loss of legitimacy and illegal actions by the state in relation to its citizens (repressions, violations of rights and freedoms, encroachment on private life and property).

As you can see, the first three models of interaction, in which necessary institutionalization and segmentation of civil society take place one way or another, are the ones that are acceptable for modern realities. At the same time, the improvement of the relevant relationships, based on the realities, is a very significant point. Undoubtedly, the formation of the most developed and functional model of interaction be-

tween the state and civil society has an important socio-political significance not only on a national scale for each country, but also on a global scale. Since the maintenance of a decent existence of a modern society is based on a balance of interests between all spheres, when balanced and optimal relations between the parties increase the efficiency of each of them, and mutual control and regulation allow the optimal use of resources and internal potential.

We believe that the development of a functional model of interaction between the state and civil society must first of all be based on the principles of self-organization, self-regulation, proportionality, interintegration. A decisive aspect is the proportional relations in the context of centralization and decentralization of power among state and public organizations, centres and regions. Soon a self-regulating system is created, as a result of the consensus integration of the interaction between the state and the civil society.

Regarding the self-regulatory system, it must necessarily include a feedback between state and civil elements, thus ensuring the ability for sustainable development of society as a whole. The feedback cycles contain the conditions under which civil society institutions operate within the Constitution and assist the state in implementing the national idea, preserving national sovereignty, the rights and freedoms of a citizen. On the other hand, the state, as the main political institution, through its influence and resources, contributes to the free development of civil society institutions [3].

In order to improve the functional capacity of civil society to interact ef-

fectively with the state, it must be endowed with the right of legislative initiative, the right to control and monitor the activities of executive bodies and local self-government bodies, which will enable effective implementation of the principles of direct and representative democracy and intensify civil political and social activity.

The functional interaction between the civil society and the state is based on a combination of objective vertical and horizontal ties, where civil society institutions should pass to the state institutions the functions and responsibilities that are beyond their capabilities and competences, and, accordingly, the same principle also applies to the state party. Such a model of interaction between the state as the main political institution and civil society as a sum of active citizens is intended to determine the boundaries of influence and powers on the basis of necessity and expediency, denying excessive interference and coercion by one party in relation to others, while not reducing thus to a simple restriction of functions

[4].

In my opinion, under the current conditions, in order for our state to occupy a good place in the world arena and the conditions and quality of life of the citizens accordingly to correspond to European standards, it is necessary to replace the inefficient and unprofitable social policy, by a policy, focused on the needs and desires not to only of a certain group of people, but also every person in general.

Therefore, in our opinion, the main signs of a new, improved model of state policy of our state should be:

- reduction of the poor population;

- strengthening the role of the middle class;

- strengthening the competitiveness of the state economy on the basis of an innovative model of development and implementation of effective state anti-corruption policy;

- an increase in the level of incomes of citizens in comparison with inflation;

- reduction of financially unsecured benefits;

- providing people with jobs and stimulating of a skilled personnel for the work;

- increasing state mobility;

- strengthening of the volunteer movement.

Conclusions and prospects of further research. We consider the most expedient option for Ukraine to introduce a positive experience of the civic potential of Scandinavian countries, especially Sweden. In its turn, this will help to adapt the Ukrainian civil society to the modern model of governance and ultimately implement a coherent and logical model of state policy that is in line with the advantages and disadvantages of the 21st century.

REFERENCES -

1. Hurytska M. S. (2007). Osnovni mo-deli hromadianskoho suspilstva v isto-rii politychnoi dumky [The basic model of civil society in the history of political thought]. Polyolopchnyi visnyk — Polioplophnyi Newsletter, 30, 168174 [in Ukrainian].

2. Yakobson L. I. (2008). Faktory razvi-tiya grazhdanskogo obshchestva i me-khanizmy ego vzaimodeystviya s gosu-darstvom [Factors of development of civil society and mechanisms of its interaction with the state]. (p. 209-237). Moscow: Vershyna [in Russian].

3. Boichuk M. A. (2007). Vlada i hro-madianske susshlstvo: mekhashzmy vzaemody [Authorities and civil society: Mechanisms of interaction]. (p. 187-190). Kyiv: Vyd-vo NPU ime-ni M. P. Drahomanova [in Ukrainian].

4. Romanenko Ye. A., Chaplay I. V. (2017). Modern administrative tool of the innovative development of the enterprise. Scientific bulletin of Polissia, 2, 156-163 [in English].

СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ -

1. Гурицька М. С. Основш моделi громадянського сусшльства в icropii полггично1 думки // Полиолопчний вюник. — 2007. — Вип. № 30. -С. 168-174.

2. Факторы развития гражданского общества и механизмы его взаимодействия с государством / под ред. Л. И. Якобсона. — М.: Вершина, 2008. — С. 209-237.

3. Бойчук М. А. Влада i громадянське сусшльство: мехашзми взаемодп: монографiя. — К.: Вид-во НПУ iм. М. П. Драгоманова, 2007. — С. 187-190.

4. Romanenko Y. A., Chaplay I. V. Modern administrative tool of the innovative development of the enterprise / Y. A. Romanenko, I. V. Chaplay // Наук. вшн. Полкся. — 2017. — № 2 (2017). — С. 156-163.